Differential effects of ethnic density on the risk of postnatal depression and personality dysfunction

British Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 208, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 49-55

  Preez, Andrea Du ^a   Conroy, Susan ^a   Pawlby, Susan ^a   Moran, Paul ^a   Pariante, Carmine M ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ETHNIC GROUP; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MATERNAL AGE; PARITY; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PREVALENCE; PUERPERAL DEPRESSION; ADULT; CAUCASIAN; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPRESSION, POSTPARTUM; ENGLAND; MOTHER; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TEACHING HOSPITAL; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; DEPRESSION, POSTPARTUM; ETHNIC GROUPS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HOSPITALS, TEACHING; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; LONDON; MOTHERS; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84956656696     PISSN: 00071250     EISSN: 14721465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.132472     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Faris RE, Dunham HW. Mental Disorders in Urban Areas: An Ecological Study of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses. University of Chicago Press, 1939.
2. Halpern D. Minorities and mental health. Soc Sci Med 1993; 36: 597-607.
3. Halpern D, Nazroo J. The ethnic density effect: Results from a national community survey of England and Wales. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2000; 46: 34-46.
4. Onozawa K, Kumar R, Adams D, Doré C, Glover V. High EPDS scores in women from ethnic minorities living in London. Arch Womens Ment Health 2003; 6: 51-5.
5. Jayaweera H, Quigley MA. Health status, health behaviour and healthcare use among migrants in the UK: Evidence from mothers in the Millennium Cohort Study. Soc Sci Med 2010; 71: 1002-10.
6. Crawford MJ, Rushwaya T, Bajaj P, Tyrer P, Yang M. The prevalence of personality disorder among ethnic minorities: Findings from a national household survey. Personal Ment Health 2012; 6: 175-82.
7. Pickett KE, Shaw RJ, Atkin K, Kiernan KE, Wilkinson RG. Ethnic density effects on maternal and infant health in the Millennium Cohort Study. Soc Sci Med 2009; 69: 1476-83.
8. Coid J, Tyrer P, Roberts A, Ullrich S. Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in Great Britain. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188: 423-31.
9. Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson T. Perinatal depression: A systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106: 1071-83.
10. Hirschfeld RM. Personality disorders and depression: comorbidity. Depress Anxiety 1999; 10: 142-6.
11. Mulder RT. Personality pathology and treatment outcome in major depression: A review. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 359-71.
12. Conroy S, Marks MN, Schacht R, Davies HA, Moran P. The impact of maternal depression and personality disorder on early infant care. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2010; 45: 285-92.
13. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 606-13.
14. Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F, Crengle S, Gunn J, Kerse N, Fishman T, et al. Validation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to screen for major depression in the primary care population. Ann Fam Med 2010; 8: 348-53.
15. Kocalevent RD, Hinz A, Brä hler E. Standardization of the depression screener patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013; 35: 551-5.
16. Huang FY, Chung H, Kroenke K, Delucchi KL, Spitzer RL. Using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to measure depression among racially and ethnically diverse primary care patients. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21: 547-52.
17. Kendrick T, Dowrick C, McBride A, Howe A, Clarke P, Maisey S, et al. Management of depression in UK general practice in relation to scores on depression severity questionnaires: Analysis of medical record data. BMJ 2009; 338: b750.
18. Manea L, Gilbody S, McMillan D. Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): A meta-analysis. CMAJ 2012; 184: 191-6.
19. Moran P, Leese M, Lee T, Walters P, Thornicroft G, Mann A. Standardised Assessment of Personality-Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS): preliminary validation of a brief screen for personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 183: 228-32.
20. Gorwood P, Rouillon F, Even C, Falissard B, Corruble E, Moran P. Treatment response in major depression: Effects of personality dysfunction and prior depression. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196: 139-42.
21. Fok M, Hotopf M, Stewart R, Hatch S, Hayes R, Moran P. Personality disorder and self-rated health: A population-based cross-sectional survey. J Pers Disord 2013; 119: 1-15.
22. Crawford MJ, Price K, Gordon F, Josson M, Taylor B, Bateman A, et al. Engagement and retention in specialist services for people with personality disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009; 119: 304-11.
23. Office for National Statistics. Ethnic Group Statistics. A Guide for the Collection and Classification of Ethnicity Data. HMSO, 2003.
24. Office for National Statistics. Census: People and Society; Ethnic group (data tables). London, United Kingdom: Office for National Statistics. ONS, 2001 (http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/datasetList.doG10).
25. Office for National Statistics. Beginner's Guide to UK Geography-Super Output Areas (SOAs). ONS, 2007 (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/beginners-guide.asp).
26. Shaw RJ, Atkin K, Bé cares L, Albor CB, Stafford M, Kiernan KE, et al. Impact of ethnic density on adult mental disorders: narrative review. Br J Psychiatry 2012; 201: 11-9.
27. Noble M, Wright G, Smith G, Dibben C. Measuring multiple deprivation at the small-area level. Environ Plan A 2006; 38: 169-85.
28. Fagg J, Curtis S, Stansfeld S, Congdon P. Psychological distress among adolescents, and its relationship to individual, family and area characteristics in East London. Soc Sci Med 2006; 63: 636-48.
29. Das-Munshi J, Becares L, Dewey ME, Stansfeld SA, Prince MJ. Understanding the effect of ethnic density on mental health: multi-level investigation of survey data from England. BMJ 2010; 341: c5367.
30. Stafford M, Becares L, Nazroo J. Objective and perceived ethnic density and health: Findings from a United Kingdom general population survey. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 484-93.
31. Karlsen S, Nazroo JY, Stephenson R. Ethnicity, environment and health: putting ethnic inequalities in health in their place. Soc Sci Med 2002; 55: 1647-61.
32. Ecob R, Williams R. Sampling Asian minorities to assess health and welfare. J Epidemiol Community Health 1991; 45: 93-101.
33. Shields MA, Wailoo A. Exploring the determinants of unhappiness for ethnic minority men in Britain. Scott J Polit Econ 2002; 49: 445-66.
34. Beck CT. Predictors of postpartum depression: An update. Nurs Res 2001; 50: 275-85.
35. Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart DE. Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: A synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004; 26: 289-95.
36. Lancaster CA, Gold KJ, Flynn HA, Yoo H, Marcus SM, Davis MM. Risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy: A systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 5-14.
37. Propper C, Jones K, Bolster A, Burgess S, Johnston R, Sarker R. Local neighbourhood and mental health: Evidence from the UK. Soc Sci Med 2005; 61: 2065-83.
38. Boydell J, van Os J, McKenzie K, Allardyce J, Goel R, McCreadie RG, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities in London: Ecological study into interactions with environment. BMJ 2001; 323: 1336-8.
39. Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, Fearon P, Dazzan P, Murray RM, Jones PB. Neighbourhood-level effects on psychoses: Re-examining the role of context. Psychol Med 2007; 37: 1413-25.
40. Kirkbride JB, Boydell J, Ploubidis GB, Morgan C, Dazzan P, McKenzie K, et al. Testing the association between the incidence of schizophrenia and social capital in an urban area. Psychol Med 2008; 38: 1083-94.
41. O'Hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depression-a metaanalysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 1996; 8: 37-54.