Living shorelines: Coastal resilience with a blue carbon benefit

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 11, 2015, Pages

  Davis, Jenny L ^a,b   Currin, Carolyn A ^a   O'Brien, Colleen ^c   Raffenburg, Craig ^d   Davis, Amanda ^e  

^a Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research   (United States)

^b CSS Inc under contract to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office for Coastal Management   (United States)

^c ECKERD COLLEGE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^e Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ORGANIC MATTER; CARBON; SOIL;

ARTICLE; BIOACCUMULATION; BIOMASS; BLUE CARBON; BULK DENSITY; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CELL DENSITY; COASTAL WATERS; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DENSITY; ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; ESTUARY; GRASS; MINERALIZATION; NONHUMAN; SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA; UNITED STATES; VEGETATION; WETLAND; CHEMISTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; NORTH CAROLINA; PHYSIOLOGY; POACEAE; RIVER; SOIL; TIME FACTOR;

BIOMASS; CARBON; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ESTUARIES; NORTH CAROLINA; POACEAE; RIVERS; SOIL; TIME FACTORS; WETLANDS;

EID: 84956599743     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142595     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Arkema KA, Guannel G, Verutes G, Wood SA, Guerry A, Ruckelshaus M, et al. Coastal habitats shield people and property from sea-level rise and storms. Nat Clim Chang. 2013; 3: 913-918.
2. Barbier EB, Geordiou IY, Enchelmeyer B, Reed DJ. The value of wetlands in protecting southeast Louisiana from hurricane storm surges. PLoS One 2013; 8(3): e58715. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058715 PMID: 23536815
3. Sutton-Grier AE, Wowk K, Bamford H. Future of our coasts: the potential for natural and hybrid infrastructure to enhance the resilience of our coastal communities, economies and ecosystems. Environ Sci Policy. 2015; 51: 137-148.
4. Currin CA, Chappell WS, Deaton A. Developing alternative shoreline armoring strategies: the living shoreline approach in North Carolina. In: Shipman H, Dethier MN, Gelfenbaum G, Fresh KL, Dinicola RS, editors. Puget Sound Shorelines and the Impacts of Armoring - Proceedings of a State of the Science Workshop. Reston VA: U.S. Geological Survey; 2010. pp. 91-102.
5. Ray-Culp M. A living shoreline initiative for the Florida panhandle: taking a softer approach. Natl Wetl Newsl. 2007; 29: 9-12.
6. Scyphers SB, Powers SP, Heck KL, Byron D. Oyster reefs as natural breakwaters mitigate shoreline loss and facilitate fisheries. PLoS One 2011; 6: e22396. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022396 PMID: 21850223
7. Bilkovic DM, Mitchell MM. Ecological tradeoffs of stabilized salt marshes as a shoreline protection strategy: effects of artificial structures on macrobenthic assemblages. Ecol Eng. 2013; 61: 169-481.
8. Manis JE, Garvis SK, Jachec SM, Walters LJ. Wave attenuation experiments over living shorelines over time: a wave tank study to assess recreational boating pressures. J Coast Conserv. 2015; 19:1-11. doi: 10.1007/s11852-014-0349-5
9. Gedan KB, Kirwan ML, Wolanski E, Barbier EB, Silliman BR. The present and future role of coastal wetland vegetation in protecting shorelines: answering recent challenges to the paradigm. Clim Change. 2011; 106: 7-29.
10. Shepard CC, Crain CM, Beack MW. The protective role of coastal marshes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e27374. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027374 PMID: 22132099
11. Gittman RK, Popowich AM, Bruno JF, Peterson CH. Marshes with and without sills protect estuarine shorelines from erosion better than bulkheads during a category 1 hurricane. Ocean Coast Manage. 2014; 102: 94-102.
12. Davis JLD, Tackas RL, Schnabel R. Evaluating ecological impacts of living shorelines and shoreline habitat elements: an example from the upper western Chesapeake Bay. In: Erdel S, Davis JLD, Sellner KG, editors. Management, policy, science, and engineering of nonstructural erosion control in the Chesapeake Bay. Edgewater MD: Chesapeake Research Consortium; 2006. pp. 55-61.
13. Swann L. The use of living shorelines to mitigate the effects of storm events on Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA. In: McLaughlin KD editor. Mitigating impacts of natural hazards on fishery ecosystems. Bethesda MD: American Fisheries Society; 2008. pp. 47-57.
14. Gittman RK, Peterson CH, Currin CA, Fodrie FJ, Piehler MF, Bruno JF. Living shorelines can enhance the biogenic structure and nursery role of threatened estuarine habitat. In press. Ecol Appl.
15. Laffoley Dd'A, Grimsditch G, editors. The management of natural coastal carbon sinks. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2009.
16. Mcleod E, Chmura GL, Bouillon S, Salm R, Björk M, Duarte CM, et al. A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Front Ecol Environ. 2011; 9: 552-560.
17. Pendleton L, Donato DC, Murray BC, Crooks S, Jenkins WA, Sifleet S, et al. Estimating global "blue carbon" emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7 e43542, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043542 PMID: 22962585
18. Greiner JT, McGlathery KJ, Gunnell J, McKee BA. Seagrass restoration enhances "blue carbon" sequestration in coastal waters. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8:e72469 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072469 PMID: 23967303
19. Crooks S, Herr D, Tamelander J, Laffoley JD, Vandever J. Mitigating climate change through restoration and management of coastal wetlands and near-shore marine ecosystems: challenges and opportunities. Washington, DC: Environment Department of the World Bank; 2011.
20. Commission for Environmental Cooperation. North American blue carbon scoping study. Montreal, Canada. 2013; Available: http://www3.cec.org/islandora/en/item/11368-north-american-blue-carbonscoping-study.
21. Verified Carbon Standard. Methodology for coastal wetland creation, v1.0. 2014; Available: http://www. v-c-s.org/methodologies/methodology-coastal-wetland-creation-v10.
22. Chmura GL, Anisfeld SC, Cahoon DR, Lynch JC. Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetlands. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2003; 17: 1111. doi: 10.1029/2002GB001917
23. Ouyang X, Lee S. Updated estimates of carbon accumulation rates in coastal marsh sediments. Biogeosciences. 2014; 11: 5057-5071.
24. Currin CA, Delano PC, Valdes-Weaver LM. Utilization of a citizen monitoring protocol to assess the structure and function of natural and stabilized fringing salt marshes in North Carolina. Wetl Ecol Manag. 2008; 16: 97-118.
25. Craft C, Broome S, Campbell C. Fifteen years of vegetation and soil development after brackish-water marsh creation. Restor Ecol. 2002; 10: 248-258.
26. Craft CB, Reader JM, Sacco JN, Broome SW. Twenty five years of ecosystem development on constructed Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) marshes. Ecol Appl. 1999; 9: 1405-1419.
27. Sacco JN, Seneca ED, Wentworth T. Infaunal community development of artificially established salt marshes in North Carolina. Estuaries. 1994; 17: 489-500.
28. Craft C, Megonigal P, Broome S, Stevenson J, Freese R, Cornell J, et al. The pace of ecosystem development of constructed Spartina alterniflora marshes. Ecol Appl. 2003; 13: 1417-1432.
29. Currin CA, Joye SB, Paerl HW. Diel rates of N2-fixation and denitrification in a transplanted Spartina alternflora marsh: Implications for N-flux dynamics. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 1996; 42: 597-616.
30. PiehlerMF, Currin CA, Cassanova R, Paerl HW. Development and N2-fixing activity of the benthicmicrobial community in transplanted Spartina alterniflora marshes in North Carolina. Restor Ecol. 1998; 6: 290-296.
31. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Adminstration. Vertical Datum Transformation v.3.4. 2014. Available: http://vdatum.noaa.gov.
32. Ellison AA, Bertness MD, Miller T. Seasonal patterns in the belowground biomass of Spartina alterniflora (gramineae) across a tidal gradient. Am J Bot. 1986; 73: 1548-1554.
33. Darby FA. Belowground biomass of Spartina alterniflora: seasonal variability and response to nutrients. Ph.D. Dissertation, Louisiana State University. 2009. Available: http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11142006-125308/unrestricted/Darby-dis.pdf.
34. Redfield AC, Rubin M. The age of salt marsh peat and its relation to recent changes in sea level at Barnstable, Massachusettes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1962; 48: 1728-1735. PMID: 16591005
35. Morris JT, Sundareshwar PV, Nietch CT, Kjerfve B, Cahoon DR. Responses of coastal wetlands to rising sea level. Ecology. 2002; 83: 2869-2877.
36. Bricker-Urso S, Nixon SW, Cochran JK, Hirschberg DJ, Hunt C. Accretion rates and sediment accumulation in Rhode Island salt marshes. Estuaries. 1989; 12: 300-317.
37. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Tides and currents, sea level trends. 2013; Available: http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends.html.
38. Dame RF, Kenny P. Variability of Spartina alterniflora production in the euhaline North Inlet estuary. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1986; 32: 71-80.
39. Blum LK. Spartina-alterniflora root dynamics in a Virginiamarsh.Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1993; 102: 169-178.
40. Wigand C, Davey E, Johnson R, Sundberg K, Morris J, Kenny P, et al. Nutrient effects on belowground organic matter in a minerogenic salt marsh, North Inlet, SC. Estuaries Coasts. 2015; doi: 10.1007/s12237-014-9937-8
41. Nyman JA, Delaune RD. CO2 emission and soil Eh responses to different hydrological conditions in fresh, brackish, and saline marsh soils. Limnol Oceanogr. 1991; 36: 1406-1414.
42. Kirwan ML, Langley JA, Guntenspergen GR, Megonigal JP. The impact of sea-level rise on organic matter decay rates in Chesapeake Bay brackish tidal marshes. Biogeosciences. 2013; 10: 1869-1876.
43. Simenstad CA, Thom RM. Functional equivalency trajectories of the restored Gog-Le-Hi-Te estuarine wetland. Ecol Appl. 1996; 6: 38-56.
44. Ballentine K, Schneider R. Fifty-five years of soil development in restored freshwater depressional wetlands. Ecol Appl. 2009; 19: 1467-1480. PMID: 19769095
45. Craft CB, Broome SW, Seneca ED. Nitrogen, phosphorous and organic carbon pools in natural and transplanted marsh soils. Estuaries. 1998; 11: 272-280.
46. Bruland G, Richardson CJ. Comparison of soil organic matter in created, restored and paired natural wetlands in North Carolina. Wetl Ecol Manag. 2006; 14: 245-251.
47. Wolf KL, Ahn C, Noe GB. Development of soil properties and nitrogen cycling in created wetlands. Wetlands. 2011; 31:699-712.
48. Connor RF, Chmura GL, Beecher CB. Carbon accumulation in Bay of Fundy salt marshes: implications for restoration of reclaimed marshes. Global Biogeochem Cycles. 2001; 15: 943-954.
49. Mudd SM, Howell SM, Morris JT. Impact of dynamic feedbacks between sedimentation, sea-level rise, and biomass production on near-surface marsh stratigraphy and carbon accumulation. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 2009; 82: 377-389.
50. Neubauer SC, Anderson IC, Constantine JA, Kuehl SA. Sediment deposition and accretion in a Mid-Atlantic (U.S.A.) tidal freshwater marsh. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 2002; 54: 713-727.
51. Craft CB, Casey WP. Sediment and nutrient accumulation in floodplain and depressional freshwater wetlands of Georgia, USA. Wetlands. 2000; 20: 323-332.
52. Morris JT, Edwards J, Crooks S, Reyes E. Assessment of carbon sequestration potential in coastal wetlands. In: Lal R, Lorenz K, Hüttl RF, Schneider BU, von Braun J, editors. Recarbonization of the biosphere: ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. New York NY: Springer; 2012. pp. 517-531.
53. Baldock JA, Masiello CA, Gélinas Y, Hedges JI. Cycling and composition of organic matter in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Mar Chem. 2004; 92: 39-64.
54. Schmidt MWI, Torn MS, Abiven S, Dittmar T, Guggenberger G, Janssens IA, et al. Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature. 2011; doi: 10.1038/nature10386
55. Fear J, Bendell B. North Carolina Division of Coastal Management assessment of 27marsh sills in North Carolina: Final Report. 2011; Available: http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/cm/marsh-sill-evaluation-project.
56. McVerry K. North Carolina Shoreline Mapping Project Statewide and County Statistics. North Carolina Division of Coastal Management. 2015; Available: http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/cm/estuarine-shorelinemapping-project.
57. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA's State of the Coast: national coastal population report, population trends from 1970-2020. 2013; Available: http://stateofthecoast. noaa.gov/coastal-population-report.pdf.
58. Douglas SL, Pickel BH. The tide doesn't go out anymore!-bulkheading our urban bay shorelines. Shore & Beach. 1999; 67:19-25. Available: http://www.mobilebaynep.com/images/uploads/library/Effect-of-Bulkheads-on-Urban-Shorelines.pdf.
59. Gittman RK, Fodrie FJ, Popowich AM, Keller DA, Bruno JF, Currin CA, Peterson CH, Piehler MF. Engineering away our natural defenses: an analysis of shoreline hardening in the US. Front Ecol Environ. 2015; 13(6): 301-307.
60. Canadell JG, Raupach MR. Managing forests for climate change mitigation. Science. 2008; 320: 1456-1457. doi: 10.1126/science.1155458 PMID: 18556550