Unseen Travelers: Medical Tourism and the Spread of Infectious Disease

Risks and Challenges in Medical Tourism: Understanding the Global Market for Health Services

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 111-137

  Hodges, Jill R ^b   Kimball, Ann Marie ^a  

^a OceanGate   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84955694293     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (59)

1. Yong D, Toleman MA, Giske CG, Cho HS, Sundman K, Lee K, Walsh TR. Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(12):5046–5054.
2. Kumarasamy KK, Toleman MA, Walsh TR, et al. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: A molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(9):597–602.
3. Lakhani N. NHS “could save millions” by fl ying patients to India—experts urge Department of Health to consider using hospitals outside Europe. The Independent. January 17, 2010.
4. Pitout JDD. The latest threat in the war on antimicrobial resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(9):578–579.
5. Srivastava RK, Ichhpujani RI, Khare S, Rai A, Chauhan LS. Superbug—the so-called NDM-1. Indian J. Med. Res. 2011;133(5):458–460.
6. Kant S, Haldar P. Is NDM-1 actually being imported to UK from India? Indian J Public Health. 2010;54(3):151–154.
7. Guo Y, Wang J, Niu G, et al. A structural view of the antibiotic degradation enzyme NDM-1 from a superbug. Protein Cell. 2011;2(5):384–394.
8. Walsh TR, Weeks J, Livermore DM, Toleman MA. Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: An environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(5):355–362.
9. Phua CK, Chee CBE, Chua APG, et al. Managing a case of extensively drugresistant (XDR) pulmonary tuberculosis in Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 2011;40(3):132–135.
10. Singapore Ministry of Health. Impact of MDRTB cases among medical tourists in Singapore. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation EINet Presentation, Trade and Travel Impacts of Infectious Diseases, November 10, 2011.
11. Morgan DJ, Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Perencevich EN, Weisenberg S. Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: A systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(9):692–701.
12. Rogers BA, Aminzadeh Z, Hayashi Y, Paterson DL. Country-to-country transfer of patients and the risk of multi-resistant bacterial infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011;53(1):49–56.
13. Jean S-S, Hsueh P-R. High burden of antimicrobial resistance in Asia. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2011;37(4):291–295.
14. Peiris JSM, Guan Y, Yuen KY. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat. Med. 2004;10(12 Suppl):S88–97.
15. World Health Organization. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from November 1, 2002, to July 31, 2003. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/index.html. Published 2004. Accessed July 17, 2011.
16. Cui F, Luo H, Zhou L, et al. Transmission of pandemic infl uenza A (H1N1) virus in a train in China. J Epidemiol. 2011;21(4):271–277.
17. World Health Organization. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009—update 112. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2010_08_06/en/index.html. Published 2010. Accessed July 17, 2011.
18. Brownstein JS, Wolfe CJ, Mandl KD. Empirical evidence for the effect of airline travel on inter-regional infl uenza spread in the United States. PLoS Med. 2006;3(10):e401.
19. Khan K, Arino J, Hu W, et al. Spread of a novel infl uenza A (H1N1) virus via global airline transportation. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009;361(2):212–214.
20. Torresi J, Leder K. Defining infections in international travellers through the GeoSentinel surveillance network. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2009;7(12):895–901.
21. World Health Organization. International travel and health 2011 edition. World Health Organization; 2011. http://www.who.int/ith/en/. Accessed July 17, 2011.
22. Mangili A, Gendreau MA. Transmission of infectious diseases during commercial air travel. Lancet. 2005;365(9463):989–996.
23. Moser MR, Bender TR, Margolis HS, et al. An outbreak of infl uenza aboard a commercial airliner. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1979;110(1):1–6.
24. Olsen SJ, Chang H-L, Cheung TY-Y, et al. Transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome on aircraft. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003;349(25):2416–2422.
25. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis and Air Travel—Guidelines for Prevention and Control. World Health Organization. www.who.int/tb/publications/2008/WHO_HTM_TB_2008.399_eng.pdf. Published 2008. Accessed July 17, 2011.
26. Gerberding J. Recent Case of Extensively Drug Resistant TB: CDC’s Public Health Response. Testimony before the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor-HHS-Education, United States Senate. Wednesday June 6, 2007.
27. House HR, Ehlers JP. Travel-related infections. Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 2008;26(2):499–516, x.
28. World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Control 2010. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2010/en/index.html. Published 2010. Accessed July 18, 2011.
29. Memish ZA, Venkatesh S, Shibl AM. Impact of travel on international spread of antimicrobial resistance. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2003;21(2):135–142.
30. Laupland KB, Church DL, Vidakovich J, Mucenski M, Pitout JDD. Community-onset extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli: Importance of international travel. J. Infect. 2008;57(6):441–448.
31. Zhong N-S, Wong GWK. Epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): Adults and children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2004;5(4):270–274.
32. Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: Description of an epidemic of pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1977;297(22):1189–1197.
33. World Health Organization. WHO Health Care–Associated Infections Fact Sheet. World Health Organization. www.who.int/gpsc/country_work/gpsc_ccisc_fact_sheet_en.pdf. Published 2011. Accessed July 18, 2011.
34. Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL Jr, et al. Estimating health care– associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002. Public Health Rep. 2007;122(2):160–166.
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare–associated Infections (HAIs): The Burden. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/burden.html. Published December 13, 2010. Accessed September 8, 2011.
36. World Health Organization. Report on the Burden of Healthcare– Associated Infection Worldwide. World Health Organization. www.who.int/gpsc/country_work/summary_20100430_en.pdf. Published 2011. Accessed September 8, 2011.
37. World Health Organization. Blood Safety Fact Sheet. 2011. http://www.who.int/topics/blood_safety/en/. World Health Organization. Published 2011. Accessed July 13, 2011.
38. Stenhem M, Ortqvist A, Ringberg H, et al. Imported methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Sweden. Emerging Infect. Dis. 2010;16(2):189–196.
39. Furuya EY, Paez A, Srinivasan A, et al. Outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus wound infections among “lipotourists” from the United States who underwent abdominoplasty in the Dominican Republic. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008;46(8):1181–1188.
40. Cheung IK, Wilson A. Arthroplasty tourism. Med. J. Aust. 2007;187(11–12): 666–667.
41. Martín-Dávila P, Fortún J, López-Vélez R, et al. Transmission of tropical and geographically restricted infections during solid-organ transplantation. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2008;21(1):60–96.
42. Franco-Paredes C, Jacob JT, Hidron A, et al. Transplantation and tropical infectious diseases. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2010;14(3):e189–196.
43. Harling R, Turbitt D, Millar M, et al. Passage from India: An outbreak of hepatitis B linked to a patient who acquired infection from health care overseas. Public Health. 2007;121(10):734–741.
44. Ivanovski N, Masin J, Rambabova-Busljetic I, et al. The outcome of commercial kidney transplant tourism in Pakistan. Clin Transplant. 2011;25(1): 171–173.
45. Alghamdi SA, Nabi ZG, Alkhafaji DM, et al. Transplant tourism outcome: a single center experience. Transplantation. 2010;90(2):184–188.
46. Allam N, Al Saghier M, El Sheikh Y, et al. Clinical outcomes for Saudi and Egyptian patients receiving deceased donor liver transplantation in China. Am. J. Transplant. 2010;10(8):1834–1841.
47. Gill J, Madhira BR, Gjertson D, et al. Transplant tourism in the United States: A single-center experience. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(6):1820–1828.
48. Canales MT, Kasiske BL, Rosenberg ME. Transplant tourism: Outcomes of United States residents who undergo kidney transplantation overseas. Transplantation. 2006;82(12):1658–1661.
49. Lau D, Ogbogu U, Taylor B, et al. Stem cell clinics online: The direct-toconsumer portrayal of stem cell medicine. Cell Stem Cell. 2008;3(6):591–594.
50. World Health Organization. The Changsha Communiqué: First WHO Global Consultation on Regulatory Requirements for First Xenotransplantation Clinical Trials. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/entity/transplantation/xeno/ChangshaCommunique.pdf. Published 2008. Accessed September 8, 2011.
51. Chan EH, Brewer TF, Madoff LC, et al. Global capacity for emerging infectious disease detection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010;107(50):21701–21706.
52. Keller M, Blench M, Tolentino H, et al. Use of unstructured eventbased reports for global infectious disease surveillance. Emerging Infect. Dis. 2009;15(5):689–695.
53. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2003—Shaping the Future. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/whr/2003/en/index.html. Published 2003. Accessed August 24, 2011.
54. Cash RA, Narasimhan V. Impediments to global surveillance of infectious diseases: Consequences of open reporting in a global economy. Bull. World Health Organ. 2000;78(11):1358–1367.
55. Conly J. Antimicrobial resistance: Revisiting the “tragedy of the commons.” Bull. World Health Organ. 2010;88(11):805–806.
56. Haustein T, Hollmeyer H, Hardiman M, Harbarth S, Pittet D. Should this event be notified to the World Health Organization? Reliability of the international health regulations notification assessment process. Bull. World Health Organ. 2011;89(4):296–303.
57. Lemon SM. Global infectious disease surveillance and detection: Assessing the challenges—finding solutions: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007.
58. Groene O, Suñol R. Factors associated with the implementation of quality and safety requirements for cross-border care in acute myocardial infarction: Results from 315 hospitals in four countries. Health Policy. 2010;98(2–3):107–113.
59. Grundmann H, Livermore DM, Giske CG, et al. Carbapenem-non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae in Europe: Conclusions from a meeting of national experts. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(46). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21144429. Accessed July 12, 2011.