Structure, spatio-temporal dynamics and disturbance regime of the mixed beech–silver fir–Norway spruce old-growth forest of Biogradska Gora (Montenegro)

Plant Biosystems

Volumn 149, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 966-975

  Motta, R ^a   Garbarino, M ^b   Berretti, R ^a   Bjelanovic, I ^c   Borgogno Mondino, E ^a   Curovic M ^d   Keren, S ^e   Meloni, F ^a   Nosenzo, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE   (Serbia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MONTENEGRO   (Montenegro)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BANJA LUKA   (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Author keywords

coarse woody debris; disturbances; forest structure; gaps; Old growth forest; satellite images

Indexed keywords

EID: 84955202457     PISSN: 11263504     EISSN: 17245575     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2014.945978     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. A.Alessandrini, F.Biondi, A.Di Filippo, E.Ziaco, G.Piovesan. 2011. Tree size distribution at increasing spatial scales converges to the rotated sigmoid curve in two old-growth beech stands of the Italian Apennines. For Ecol Manage 262: 1950–1962.
2. M.Andjelić, M.Dees, D.Pantić, D.Borota, B.Šljukić, M.Čurović. 2012. Status of forest resources of Montenegro. Agric For 57: 39–52.
3. I.Anić, S.Mikac. 2008. Structure, texture and regeneration of dinaric beech–fir virgin forest of Čorkova uvala. Šumarski List 132: 505–515.
4. A.Barbati, R.Salvati, B.Ferrari, D.Di Santo, A.Quatrini, L.Portoghesi, et al. 2012. Assessing and promoting old-growthness of forest stands: Lessons from research in Italy. Plant Biosyst 146: 167–174.
5. P.O.Bilovitz, B.KnežEvić, D.StešEvić, H.Mayrhofer. 2009. Lichenized and lichenicolous fungi from Bjelasica (Montenegro) with special emphasis on the Biogradska Gora National park. Biblioth Lichenol 99: 67–80.
6. A.Bottero, M.Garbarino, V.Dukić, Z.Govedar, E.Lingua, T.A.Nagel, et al. 2011. Gap-phase dynamics in the old growth forest of Lom (Bosnia-Herzegovina). Silva Fennica 45: 865–873.
7. C.Bruyninx, H.Habrich, W.Söhne, A.Kenyeres, G.Stangl, C.Völksen. 2012. Enhancement of the EUREF permanent network services and products. In: S.Kenyon, M.C.Pacino, U.Marti, editors. Geodesy for planet earth. Berlin: Springer. pp. 27–34.
8. S.Burrascano, W.S.Keeton, F.M.Sabatini, C.Blasi. 2013. Commonality and variability in the structural attributes of moist temperate old-growth forests: A global review. For Ecol Manage 291: 458–479.
9. J.H.Cissel, F.Swanson, P.J.Weisberg. 1999. Landscape management using historical reference fire regimes: Blue River, Oregon. Ecol Appl 9: 1217–1231.
10. M.Čurović. 2011. Forest types in National park Biogradska Gora (Dissertation). Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade.
11. M.Čurović, M.Medarević, R.Cvjetićanin, M.Knežević. 2011a. Major characteristics of mixed fir and beech virgin forests in the National park Biogradska Gora in Montenegro. Bull Fac For 103: 157–172.
12. M.Čurović, M.Medarević, D.Pantić, V.Spalević. 2011b. Major types of mixed forests of spruce, fir and beech in Montenegro. Central Gesamte Forstwes 128: 93–111.
13. J.Diaci, editor. 1999. Virgin forests and forest reserves in Central and East European Countries. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana.
14. J.Diaci, L.Kozjek. 2005. Beech sapling archiecture following small and medium gap disturbances in silver fir–beech old-growth forests in Slovenia. Schweiz Z Forstwes 156: 481–486.
15. J.Diaci, D.Rozenbergar, I.Anic, S.Mikac, M.Saniga, S.Kucbel, et al. 2011. Structural dynamics and synchronous silver fir decline in mixed old-growth mountain forests in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Forestry 84: 479–491.
16. J.Diaci, D.Rozenbergar, A.Boncina. 2010. Stand dynamics of Dinaric old-growth forest in Slovenia: Are indirect human influences relevant? Plant Biosyst 144: 194–201.
17. E.P.Farrell, E.Führer, D.Ryan, F.Andersson, R.Hüttl, P.Piussi. 2000. European forest ecosystems: Building the future on the legacy of the past. For Ecol Manage 132: 5–20.
18. F.Ferlin. 2002. The growth potential of understorey silver fir and Norway spruce for uneven-aged forest management in Slovenia. Forestry 75: 375–383.
19. D.R.Foster, D.A.Orwig, J.S.Mclachlan. 1996. Ecological and conservation insights from reconstructive studies of temperate old-growth forests. Trends Ecol Evol 11: 419–424.
20. J.Franklin, T.A.Spies, R.V.Pelt, A.B.Carey, D.A.Thornburgh, D.R.Berg, et al. 2002. Disturbance and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fire forests as an example. For Ecol Manage 155: 399–423.
21. J.F.Franklin. 1993. Lesson from old-growth. J For 91: 10–13.
22. J.F.Franklin, T.A.Spies. 1991. Ecological definitions of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. In: L.F.Ruggiero, K.B.Aubry, A.B.Carey, M.H.Huff, editors. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. Portland: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. pp. 61–69.
23. J.F.Franklin, R.Van Pelt. 2004. Spatial aspects of structural complexity in old-growth forests. J For 102: 22–28.
24. S.Fraver, A.S.White, R.S.Seymour. 2009. Natural disturbance in an old-growth landscape of northern Maine, USA. J Ecol 97: 289–298.
25. M.Garbarino, E.Borgogno Mondino ELingua, T.Nagel, V.Dukić, Z.Govedar, et al. 2012. Gap disturbances and regeneration patterns in a Bosnian old-growth forest: A multispectral remote sensing and ground-based approach. Ann For Sci 69: 617–625.
26. M.Garbarino, E.Lingua, P.Weisberg, A.Bottero, F.Meloni, R.Motta. 2013. Land-use history and topographic gradients as driving factors of subalpine Larix decidua forests. Landsc Ecol 28: 805–817.
27. M.Garbarino, P.J.Weisberg, R.Motta. 2009. Interacting effects of physical environment and anthropogenic disturbances on the structure of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) forests. For Ecol Manage 257: 1794–1802.
28. C.Gascon, G.B.Williamson, G.A.B.Da Fonseca. 2000. Receding forest edges and vanishing reserves. Science 288: 1356–1358.
29. U.Gimmi, M.Bürgi, M.Stuber. 2008. Reconstructing anthropogenic disturbance regimes in forest ecosystems: A case study from the Swiss Rhone Valley. Ecosystems 11: 113–124.
30. J.Holeksa, M.Saniga, J.Szwagrzyk, M.Czerniak, K.Staszynska, P.Kapusta. 2009. A giant tree stand in the West Carpathians: An exception or a relic of formerly widespread mountain European forests? For Ecol Manage 257: 1577–1585.
31. M.K.Janowiak, L.M.Nagel, C.R.Webster. 2008. Spatial scale and stand structure in northern hardwood forests: Implications for quantifying diameter distributions. For Sci 54: 497–506.
32. K.Král, T.Vrška, L.Hort, D.Adam, P.Šamonil. 2010. Developmental phases in a temperate natural spruce–fir–beech forest: Determination by a supervised classification method. Eur J For Res 129: 339–351.
33. P.B.Landres, P.Morgan, F.J.Swanson. 1999. Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems. Ecol Appl 9: 1179–1188.
34. W.F.Laurance, T.E.Lovejoy, H.L.Vasconcelos, E.M.Bruna, R.K.Didham, P.C.Stouffer, et al. 2002. Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: A 22-year investigation. Cons Biol 16: 605–618.
35. M.Marchetti, R.Tognetti, F.Lombardi, U.Chiavetta, G.Palumbo, M.Sellitto, et al. 2010. Ecological portrayal of old-growth forests and persistent woodlands in the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park (southern Italy). Plant Biosyst 144: 130–147.
36. Z.Maunaga. 2001. Management plan for forests with special purpose in the strict natural reservations “Janj” and “Lom”. Banja Luka: Bosnia and Herzegovina Forestry Project.
37. S.Mikac, M.Klopf, I.Anić, H.Hasenauer. 2013. Using the tree growth model MOSES to assess the dynamics of Dinaric old-growth mixed beech–fir forest ecosystems. Plant Biosyst 147: 664–671.
38. R.Motta. 2002. Old-growth forests and silviculture in the Italian Alps: The case-study of the strict reserve of Paneveggio (TN). Plant Biosyst 136: 223–232.
39. R.Motta, R.Berretti, D.Castagneri, V.Dukić, M.Garbarino, Z.Govedar, et al. 2011. Toward a definition of the range of variability of central European mixed Fagus-Abies-Picea forests: The nearly steady-state forest of Lom (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Can J For Res 41: 1871–1884.
40. R.Motta, R.Berretti, D.Castagneri, E.Lingua, P.Nola, G.Vacchiano. 2010. Stand and coarse woody debris dynamics in subalpine Norway spruce forests withdrawn from regular management. Ann For Sci 67: 803–808.
41. R.Motta, R.Berretti, E.Lingua, P.Piussi. 2006. Coarse woody debris, forest structure and regeneration in the Valbona Forest Reserve, Paneveggio, Italian Alps. For Ecol Manage 235: 155–163.
42. R.Motta, M.Garbarino, R.Berretti, F.Meloni, G.Vacchiano 2014. Development of old-growth characteristics in uneven-aged forests of the Italian Alps. Eur J For Res doi:10.1007/s10342-014-0830-6.
43. T.A.Nagel, J.Diaci. 2006. Intermediate wind disturbance in an old-growth beech–fir forest in southeastern Slovenia. Can J For Res 36: 629–638.
44. T.A.Nagel, M.Svoboda. 2008. Gap disturbance regime in an old-growth Fagus-Abies forest in the Dinaric Mountains, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Can J For Res 38: 2728–2737.
45. T.A.Nagel, M.Svoboda, M.Kobal. 2013. Disturbance, life history traits, and dynamics in an old-growth forest landscape of southeastern Europe. Ecological Applications 24 (4):663–679. doi:10.1890/13-0632.1.
46. T.A.Nagel, M.Svoboda, T.Rugani, J.Diaci. 2010. Gap regeneration and replacement patterns in an old-growth Fagus-Abies forest of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Plant Ecol 208: 307–318.
47. C.D.Oliver, B.C.Larson. 1996. Forest stand dynamics. New York: Wiley.
48. J.G.Paluch, 2007. The spatial pattern of a natural European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)-silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) forest: a patch-mosaic perspective. For Ecol Manage 253: 161–170.
49. R.Parish, J.A.Antos. 2004. Structure and dynamics of an ancient montane forest in coastal British Columbia. Oecologia 141: 562–576.
50. R.Parish, J.A.Antos. 2006. Slow growth, long-lived trees, and minimal disturbance characterize the dynamics of an ancient montane forest in coastal British Columbia. Can J For Res 36: 2826–2838.
51. G.F.Peterken. 1996. Natural woodland. Ecology and conservation in northern temperate regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. A.Petriţan, B.Lüpke, I.Petriţan. 2009. Influence of light availability on growth, leaf morphology and plant architecture of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) saplings. Eur J For Res 128: 61–74.
53. A.M.Petritan, B.Von Lüpke, I.C.Petritan. 2007. Effects of shade on growth and mortality of maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings. Forestry 80: 397–412.
54. W.H.Romme, E.H.Everham, L.E.Frelich, M.A.Moritz, R.E.Sparks. 1998. Are large, infrequent disturbances qualitatively different from small, frequent disturbances? Ecosystems 1: 524–534.
55. D.Rozenbergar, S.Mikac, I.Anic, J.Diaci. 2007. Gap regeneration patterns in relationship to light heterogeneity in two old-growth beech fir forest reserves in South East Europe. Forestry 80: 431–443.
56. J.R.Runkle. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forest of eastern North-America. Ecology 63: 1533–1546.
57. A.Schuck, T.Hytönen. 2000. Forest reserve research network. In: COST action E4. Joensuu: EFI (European Forest Institute). p.195.
58. J.P.Schütz. 1992. Die waldbaulichen Formen und die Grenzen der Plenterung mit Laubbaumarten [The silvicultural forms and limits of the selection system with deciduous tree species]. Schweiz Z Forstwes 143: 442–460.
59. J.P.Schütz. 2001. Opportunities and strategies of transforming regular forests to irregular forests. For Ecol Manage 151: 87–94.
60. D.G.Sprugel. 1991. Disturbance, equilibrium, and environmental variability: What is “Natural” vegetation in a changing environment? Biol Conserv 58: 1–18.
61. M.Svoboda, P.Janda, R.BaČe, S.Fraver, T.A.Nagel, J.Rejzek, et al. 2013. Landscape-level variability in historical disturbance in primary Picea abies mountain forests of the Eastern Carpathians, Romania. J Veg Sci. doi:10.1111/jvs.12109.
62. J.Szwagrzyk, W.Sulowski, T.Skrzydlowski, 2006. Structure of a natural stand of a Carpathian beech forest in the Tatra mountains compared with natural beech stands from other parts of the Carpathians. Sylwan 150: 3–15.
63. M.G.Turner, W.H.Romme, R.H.Gardner, R.V.O'Neill, T.K.Kratz. 1993. A revised concept of landscape equilibrium: Disturbance and stability on scaled landscapes. Landsc Ecol 8: 213–227.
64. C.E.Van Wagner. 1968. The line intersect method in forest fuel sampling. For Sci 14: 20–26.
65. Ć.Višnjić, S.Solaković, F.Mekić, B.Balić, S.Vojniković, M.Dautbašić, S.Gurda, F.Ioras, J.Ratnasingam, I.V.Abrudan 2012. Comparison of structure, regeneration and dead wood in virgin forest remnant and managed forest on GrmeČ Mountain in Western Bosnia. Plant Biosyst 147: 913–922.
66. E.Ziaco, A.Di Filippo, A.Alessandrini, M.Baliva, E.D'andrea, G.Piovesan. 2012. Old-growth attributes in a network of Apennines (Italy) beech forests: Disentangling the role of past human interferences and biogeoclimate. Plant Biosyst 146: 153–166.