A regional-scale discontinuity in western Sicily revealed by a multidisciplinary approach: A new piece for understanding the geodynamic puzzle of the southern Mediterranean

Tectonics

Volumn 34, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 2067-2085

  Di Stefano, Pietro ^a,b   Favara, Rocco ^b   Luzio, Dario ^a,b   Renda, Pietro ^a,b   Cacciatore, Maria Simona ^a   Calò, Marco ^c,d   Napoli, Giuseppe ^a   Parisi, Laura ^e   Todaro, Simona ^a   Zarcone, Giuseppe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

^b SEZIONE DI PALERMO   (Italy)

^c Berkeley Seismological Laboratory   (United States)

^d UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

^e UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Belice Valley; geothermal potential; paleotectonic; seismic tomography; western Sicily

Indexed keywords

GEOTHERMAL FIELDS; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SEISMOLOGY; STRATIGRAPHY;

BELICE VALLEY; GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL; PALEOTECTONIC; SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY; WESTERN SICILY;

GEODYNAMICS;

GEODYNAMICS; MANTLE DISCONTINUITY; PERMIAN; SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY; SEISMICITY; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; TECTONIC SETTING; TRIASSIC;

ITALY; SICILY;

EID: 84955177705     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: 19449194     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2014TC003759     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Abate, B., R. Catalano, B. D'Argenio, P. Di Stefano, and, R. Riccobono, (1977), Relationships of algae with depositional environments and faunal assemblages of the Panormide carbonate platform, Upper Triassic, northwestern Sicily, in Fossil Algae, edited by, E. Flügel, pp. 293-313, Elsevier, Berlin.
2. Abate, B., R. Catalano, B. D'Argenio, E. Di Stefano, P. Di Stefano, G. Lo Cicero, L. Montanari, C. Pecoraro, and, P. Renda, (1982), Evoluzione delle zone di cerniera tra Piattaforme Carbonatiche e Bacini nel Mesozoico e nel Paleogene della Sicilia occidentale, in Guida alla Geologia della Sicilia Occidentale. Guide Geologiche Regionali, edited by, R. Catalano, and, B. D'Argenio, pp. 53-81, Soc. Geol. It., Palermo, Italy.
3. Adam, J., C. D. Reuther, M. Grasso, and, L. Torelli, (2000), Active fault kinematics and crustal stresses along the Ionian margin of southeastern Sicily, Tectonophysics, 326 (3-4), 217-239.
4. Agate, M., M. Mancuso, and, G. Lo Cicero, (2005), Late Quaternary sedimentary evolution of the Castellamare Gulf (north-western Sicily offshore), Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 124, 21-40.
5. Alaimo, R., M. Carapezza, G. Dongarra, and, S. Hauser, (1978), Geochimica delle sorgenti termali siciliane, Rend. Soc. Ital. Mineral. Petrol., 34 (2), 577-590.
6. Albanese, C., and, A. Sulli, (2012), Backthrusts and passive roof duplexes in fold-and-thrust belts, Tectonophysics, 514-517, 180-198.
7. Anderson, H., and, J. Jackson, (1987), Active tectonics in the Adriatic region, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 91, 937-983.
8. Antonelli, M., R. Franciosi, G. Pezzi, A. Querci, G. P. Ronco, and, F. Vezzani, (1992), Paleogeographic evolution and structural setting of the northern side of the Sicily Channel, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 41, 141-157.
9. Argnani, A., (1989), The Gela Nappe evidence of accretionary mélange in the Maghrebian foredeep of Sicily, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 38, 419-428.
10. Avellone, G., M. R. Barchi, R. Catalano, M. Gasparo Morticelli, and, A. Sulli, (2010), Interference between shallow and deep-seated structures in the Sicilian fold-and-belt, Italy, J. Geol. Soc. London, 167, 109-126.
11. Berra, F., and, F. Jadoul, (1996), Norian serpulid and microbial bioconstructions: Implications for the platform evolution in the Lombardy Basin, Facies, 35, 143-162.
12. Bianchi, F., S. Carbone, M. Grasso, G. Invernizzi, F. Lentini, G. Longaretti, S. Merlini, and, F. Mostardini, (1987), Sicilia Orientale: Profilo geologico Nebrodi-Iblei, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 38, 429-458.
13. Bottari, A., (1973), Attività sismica e neottettonica della Valle del Belice, Ann. Geofis., 26, 55-84.
14. Braga, J. C., and, J. R. Lopez-Lopez, (1989), Serpulid bioconstructions at the Triassic-Liassic boundary in Southern Spain, Facies, 21, 1-10.
15. Cacciatore M. S., (2010), Architettura ed evoluzione delle facies sedimentarie di una zona di raccordo piattaforma carbonatica-bacino al passaggio Triassico-Giurassico: Area di Sciacca-Monti Sicani (Sicilia), PhD thesis, Dipartimento di Geol. e Geod. dell'Univ. di Palermo.
16. Cacciatore, M. S., and, P. Di Stefano, (2008), Triassic/Jurassic carbonates from western Sicily: Their facies and implications for the end-Triassic biotic crisis, Rend. Online Soc. Geol. Ital., 2, 57-60.
17. Cacciatore, M. S., P. Di Stefano, and, R. Rettori, (2006), Carbonate platform-basin systems in Sicily around the Triassic/Jurassic boundary: New data from the Campofiorito area (Sicani Mountains, western Sicily), in Quaderni del Museo Geologico "G.G." Gemmellaro, vol. 9, edited by, P. Di Stefano, and, G. Buccheri, pp. 41-54, La Tipolitografica, Palermo, Italy.
18. Calò M., (2009), Tomography of subduction zones using regional earthquakes: Methodological developments and application to the Ionian slab, PhD thesis, EOST-Univ. de Strasbourg, pp. 1-134. [Available at http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438598/en/.]
19. Calò, M., and, L. Parisi, (2014), Evidences of a lithospheric fault zone in the Sicily Channel continental rift (southern Italy) from instrumental seismicity data, Geophys. J. Int., 199 (1), 219-225.
20. Calò, M., C. Dorbath, D. Luzio, S. Rotolo, and, G. D'anna, (2009), Local earthquake tomography in the Southern Tyrrhenian region of Italy: Geophysical and petrological inferences on the subducting lithosphere, in Subduction Zone Geodynamics, Frontiers in Earth Sciences, edited by, S. Lallemand, and, F. Funiciello, pp. 85-99, Springer, Berlin.
21. Calò, M., C. Dorbath, D. Luzio, S. G. Rotolo, and, G. D'Anna, (2012), Seismic velocity structures of southern Italy from tomographic imaging of the Ionian slab and petrological inferences, Geophys. J. Int., 191 (2), 751-764.
22. Calò, M., L. Parisi, and, D. Luzio, (2013), Lithospheric P and S wave velocity models of the Sicilian area using WAM tomography: Procedure and assessments, Geophys. J. Int., 195 (1), 625-649.
23. Capasso, G., and, S. Inguaggiato, (1998), A simple method for the determination of dissolved gases in natural waters: An application to the thermal waters from Volcano Island, Appl. Geochem., 13, 631-642.
24. Caracausi, A., R. Favara, F. Italiano, P. M. Nuccio, A. Paonita, and, A. Rizzo, (2005), Active geodynamics of the central Mediterranean Sea: Tensional tectonic evidences in western Sicily from mantle-derived helium, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L04312, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021608.
25. Casero, P., and, F. Roure, (1994), Neogene deformations at the Sicilian-North Africa plate boundary, in Peri-Tethyan Platforms, edited by, F. Roure, pp. 27-45, Ed. Technip, Paris.
26. Castellarin, A., (1982), Tettonica sinsedimentaria ed associazioni di facies carbonatiche (con principali riferimenti al Giurassico Sudalpino), in Guida alla Geologia del Sudalpino Centro-orientale. Guide Geologiche Regionali, Suppl. C delle Mem Soc. Geol. It., vol. XXIV, edited by, A. Castellarin, and, G. B. Vai, pp. 79-95, Soc. Geol. It, Rome.
27. Catalano, R., and, B. D'Argenio, (1982), Schema geologico della Sicilia, in Guida alla Geologia della Sicilia Occidentale, Guide Geol. Reg., Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. 24, edited by, R. Catalano, and, B. D'Argenio, pp. 9-41, STASS, Palermo, Italy.
28. Catalano, R., and, C. Di Maggio, (1996), Sovrapposizione tettonica delle Unità Imeresi sulle Panormidi nei Monti di Palermo (Sicilia), Nat. Sicil., 4 (20), 147-166.
29. Catalano, R., P. Di Stefano, and, H. Kozur, (1991), Permian circumpacific deep-water faunas from the western Tethys (Sicily, Italy)-New evidences for the position of the Permian Tethys, in Paleogeography and Paleocenography of Tethys, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., vol. 87, edited by, J. E. T. Channel, E. L. Winterer, and, L. F. Jansa, pp. 75-108, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
30. Catalano, R., A. Franchino, S. Merlini, and, A. Sulli, (2000), Central western Sicily structural setting interpreted from seismic reflection profiles, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 55, 5-16.
31. Catalano, R., V. Valenti, C. Albanese, F. Accaino, A. Sulli, U. Tinivella, M. Gasparo Morticelli, C. Zanolla, and, M. Giustiniani, (2013), Sicily's fold-thrust belt and slab roll-back: The SI.RI.PRO. seismic crustal transect, J. Geol. Soc., 170 (3), 451-464.
32. Channell, J. E. T., J. Oldow, R. Catalano, and, B. D'Argenio, (1990), Paleomagnetically determined rotations in the western Sicilian fold and thrust belt, Tectonics, 9, 641-660, doi: 10.1029/TC009i004p00641.
33. Chiarabba, C., L. Jovane, and, R. Di Stefano, (2005), A new look to the Italian seismicity: Seismotectonic inference, Tectonophysics, 395, 251-268.
34. De Panfilis, M., and, L. Marcelli, (1968), Il periodo sismico della Sicilia orientale iniziato il 14/1/1968, Ann. Geofis., 21, 343-422.
35. Della Vedova, B., S. Bellani, G. Pellis, and, P. Squarci, (2001), Deep temperatures and surface heat flow distribution, in Anatomy of an Orogen. The Apennines and Adjacent Mediterranean Basins, edited by, G. B. Vai, and, I. P. Martini, pp. 65-76, Kluwer Acad., Dordrecht, Netherlands.
36. Di Stefano, P., (1990), The Triassic of Sicily and the southern Apennines, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 109, 21-37.
37. Di Stefano, P., and, M. Gullo, (1997), in Timescales and Basin Dynamics: Sicily, the Adjacent Mediterranean and Other Natural Laboratories, edited by, R. Catalano, Eurobasin School, Palermo, Italy.
38. Di Stefano, P., M. Gullo, and, B. Senowbari-Daryan, (1990), The Upper Triassic reef of Monte Genuardo (southwestern Sicily), Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 109, 103-114.
39. Di Stefano, P., A. Alessi, and, M. Gullo, (1996), Mesozoic and Paleogene megabreccias in southern Sicily: New data on the Triassic paleomargin of the Siculo-Tunisian platform, Facies, 34, 101-122.
40. Di Stefano, P., M. S. Cacciatore, and, G. Zarcone, (2008), A Triassic carbonate platform edge in the Sciacca zone: Implications for the accretion of the Maghrebian chain in southwestern Sicily, Rend. Online Soc. Geol. Ital., 2, 79-82. [Available at www.socgeol.it.]
41. Di Stefano, P., P. Renda, G. Zarcone, F. Nigro, and, M. S. Cacciatore, (2013), Foglio 619 "Santa Margherita di Belice" della Carta Geologica d'Italia. Scala 1:50.000, Note illustrative, 192 pp., ISPRA-Reg. Sicil., SystemCart, Roma.
42. Di Stefano, P., M. Rigo, A. Tripodo, S. Todaro, and, G. Zarcone, (2014), New biostratigraphic data from the Ladinian pelagic limestones of Pizzo di Sant'Otiero-Madonie Mountains, Sicily, Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratigr., 120, 61-70.
43. Favara, R., F. Grassa, S. Inguaggiato, and, F. D'amore, (1998), Geochemical and hydrogeological characterization of thermal springs in western Sicily, Italy, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 84, 125-141.
44. Favara, R., F. Grassa, S. Inguaggiato, and, M. Valenza, (2001), Hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes of thermal springs: Earthquake-related chemical changes along Belice Fault (western Sicily), Appl. Geochem., 16, 1-17.
45. Finetti, I. R., (Ed.) (2005), CROP Project, Deep Seismic Exploration of the Central Mediterranean and Italy, Atlas in Geosci., 1st ed., 779 pp., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
46. Flügel, E., (2002), Triassic reefs patterns, in Phanerozoic Reef Patterns, Spec. Publ. of SEPM 72, pp. 391-463, Soc. for Sediment. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.
47. Flügel, E., and, B. Senowbari-Daryan, (2001), Triassic reefs of the Tethys, in The History and Sedimentology of Ancient Reef Systems, Top. in Geobiol., vol. 17, edited by, G. D. Stanley Jr., pp. 217-249, Springer, Berlin.
48. Flügel, E., P. Di Stefano, and, B. Senowbari-Daryan, (1991), Microfacies and depositional structure of allochthonous carbonate base-of-slope deposits: The Late Permian Pietra di Salomone Megablock, Sosio Valley (western Sicily), Facies, 25, 147-186.
49. Frixa, A., M. Bertamoni, D. Catrullo, E. Trincianti, and, G. Miuccio, (2000), Late Norian-Hettangian paleogeography in the area between wells Noto 1 and Polpo 1 (S-E Sicily), Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 55, 279-284.
50. Galea, P., (2007), Seismic history of the Maltese Islands and considerations on seismic risk, Ann. Geophys., 50, 6.
51. Gessner, K., L. Gallardo, V. Markwitz, U. Ring, and, S. Thomson, (2013), What caused the denudation of the Menderes Massif: Review of crustal evolution, lithosphere structure, and dynamic topography in southwest Turkey, Gondwana Res., 24, 243-274.
52. Ghisetti, F. C., A. R. Gorman, M. Grasso, and, L. Vezzani, (2009), Imprint of foreland structure on the deformation of a thrust sheet: The Plio-Pleistocene Gela Nappe (southern Sicily, Italy), Tectonics, 28, TC4015, doi: 10.1029/2008TC002385.
53. Giunta, G., and, V. Liguori, (1973), Evoluzione paleotettonica della Sicilia Nord-Occidentale, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 92, 903-924.
54. Giunta, G., F. Nigro, and, P. Renda, (2002), Inverted structures in western Sicily, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 121, 11-17.
55. Grassa, F., R. Favara, G. Capasso, and, S. Inguaggiato, (2006), Chemical and isotopic composition of waters and dissolved gases in some thermal springs of Sicily and adjacent volcanic islands, Italy, Pure Appl. Geophys., 163, 781-807.
56. Grasso, M., and, C. D. Reuther, (1988), The western margin of the Hyblean Plateau: A neotectonic transform system on the SE Sicilian foreland, Ann. Tecton., 2 (2), 107-120.
57. Guidoboni E., Ferrari G., Mariotti D., Comastri A., Tarabusi G., Valensise G., (2007), CFTI4-Med 2007-Catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy and Mediterranean area from the 8th century B.C. to 2000. [Available at http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/.]
58. Iannace, A., and, V. Zamparelli, (2002), Upper Triassic platform margin biofacies and the paleogeography of southern Apennines, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 179, 1-18.
59. Krystyn, L., G. W. Mandl, and, M. Schauer, (2009), Growth and termination of the Upper Triassic platform margin of the Dachstein area (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria), Aust. J. Earth Sci., 102, 23-33.
60. Lickorish, W. H., M. Grasso, R. W. H. Butler, A. Argnani, and, R. Maniscalco, (1999), Structural styles and regional tectonic setting of the "Gela Nappe" and frontal part of the Maghrebian thrust belt in Sicily, Tectonics, 18, 669-685, doi: 10.1029/1999TC900013.
61. Lucido, G., P. M. Nuccio, M. Valenza, and, G. Giunta, (1978), Magmatism in the Sicano Basin (Sicily) related to Meso-Cenozoic tectonics of the North-African paleomargin, Min. Pet. Acta, 22, 55-69.
62. Mandl, G. W., (2000), The Alpine sector of the Tethyan shelf-Examples of Triassic to Jurassic sedimentation and deformation from the Northern Calcareous Alps, Mitt. Österreichischen Geol. Ges., 92, 61-78.
63. Marcelli, L., and, G. Pannocchia, (1971), Uno studio analitico sui dati ipicentrali di 10 terremoti avvenuti in Sicilia occidentale nel Gennaio 1968, Ann. Geofis., 14, 281-305.
64. Martindale, R. C., L. Krystyn, D. J. Bottjer, F. A. Corsetti, B. Senowbari-Daryan, and, R. Martini, (2013), Depth transect of an Upper Triassic (Rhaetian) reef from Gosau, Austria: Microfacies and community ecology, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 376, 1-21.
65. Mascle, G., (1979), Étude Géologique des Monts Sicani, Riv. It. Paleont. e Strat. Mem., vol. 16, pp. 1-431, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Milano.
66. Mauz, B., and, P. Renda, (1996), Tectonic features at the NW-coast of Sicily (Gulf of Castellammare), Implications for the Plio-Pleistocene structural evolution of the southern Tyrrhenian continental margin, Stud. Geol. Camerti, 1995/2, 343-350.
67. Meghraoui, M., and, S. Pondrelli, (2012), Active faulting and transpression tectonics along the plate boundary in North Africa, Ann. Geophys., 55 (5), 955-967, doi: 10.4401/ag-4970.
68. Michetti, A. M., F. Brunamonte, and, L. Serva, (1995), Paleoseismological evidence in the epicentral area of the January 1968 earthquakes, Belice, southwestern Sicily, in Perspectives in Paleoseismology, A.E.G. Spec. Publ., vol. 6, edited by, L. Serva, and, D. B. Slemmons, pp. 127-139, Peanut Butter Publ., Seattle, Wash.
69. Mitra, S., (1997), Evolution of salients in a fold-and-thrust belt: The effects of sedimentary basin geometry, strain distribution and critical taper, in Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales, edited by, S. Sengupta, pp. 59-90, Chapman and Hall, London.
70. Monaco, C., S. Mazzoli, and, L. Tortorici, (1996), Active thrust tectonics in western Sicily (southern Italy): The 1968 Belice earthquake sequence, Terra Nova, 8, 372-381.
71. Monaco, C., L. Tortorici, and, S. Catalano, (2000), Tectonic escape in the Sicanian Mountains (western Sicily), Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 55, 17-25.
72. Morelli, A., Pondrelli S., (1998) Il terremoto del Belice del 1968, paper presented at Conference "Trenta anni di terremoti in Italia: Dal Belice a Colfiorito," Erice, Sicily, 14-18 July.
73. Nigro, F., and, P. Renda, (1999), Evoluzione geologica ed assetto strutturale della Sicilia centrosettentrionale, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 118, 375-388.
74. Nigro, F., and, P. Renda, (2002), Forced mode dictated by foreland fault-indenter shape during oblique convergence: The western Sicily mainland, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 121, 151-162.
75. Ogniben, L., (1969), Schema introduttivo alla geologia del confine Calabro-Lucano, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 8, 453-763.
76. Oldow, J. S., J. E. T. Channel, R. Catalano, and, B. D'Argenio, (1990), Contemporaneous thrusting and large-scale rotations in the western Sicilian fold and thrust belt, Tectonics, 9, 661-681, doi: 10.1029/TC009i004p00661.
77. Ozima, M., and, F. A. Podosek, (2002), Noble Gas Geochemistry, 300 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, London.
78. Regard, V., C. Faccenna, J. Martinod, and, O. Bellier, (2005), Slab pull and indentation tectonics: Insights from 3D laboratory experiments, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 149, 99-113.
79. Reuther, C. D., Z. Ben-Avraham, and, M. Grasso, (1993), Origin and role of major strike-slip transfer during plate collision in central Mediterranean, Terra Nova, 5, 249-257.
80. Rosenbaum, G., G. Lister, and, C. Duboz, (2004), The Mesozoic and Cenozoic motion of Adria (central Mediterranean): A review of constraints and limitations, Geodin. Acta, 17 (2), 125-139.
81. Senowbari-Daryan, B., P. Schäfer, and, B. Abate, (1982), Obertriadische Rifle und rifforganismen in Sizilien, Facies, 6, 165-184.
82. Sokoutis, D., M. Bonini, S. Medvedev, M. Boccaletti, C. J. Talbot, and, H. Koyi, (2000), Indentation of a continent with a built-in thickness change: Experiment and nature, Tectonophysics, 320, 243-270.
83. Speranza, F., R. Maniscalco, M. Mattei, and, R. Funiciello, (2000), Timing and magnitude of rotations in the frontal thrust system of southwestern Sicily, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 55, 95-102.
84. Tavarnelli, E., R. W. H. Butler, F. A. Decandia, F. Calamita, M. Grasso, W. Alvarez, and, P. Renda, (2004), Implications of fault reactivation and structural inheritance in the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Italy, in Special Volume of the Italian Geological Society for the IGC 32 Florence-2004, pp. 209-222, Tipolitografia Di Virgilio, Chieti.
85. Torelli, L., M. Grasso, G. Mazzoldi, and, D. Peis, (1998), Plio-Quaternary tectonic evolution and structure of the Catania foredeep, the northern Hyblean Plateau and the Ionian shelf (SE Sicily), Tectonophysics, 298, 209-221.
86. Trevisan, L., (1935), Studio geologico del centro eruttivo giurese di Giuliana in provincia di Palermo, Period. Mineral., 6 (1), 1-65.
87. Vitale, F. P., (1995), Il segmento sicano della catena sud-tirrenica: Bacini neogenici e deformazione attiva, Stud. Geol. Camerti Spec., 2, 491-507, Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
88. Wendt, J., (1969), Die stratigraphisch-Paläogeographische Entwicklung des jura in Westsizilien, Geol. Rundsch., 58 (3), 735-755.
89. Zamparelli, V., S. Cirilli, A. Iannace, and, F. Jadoul, (1999), Palaeotectonic and palaeoceanographic controls on microbial-serpulid communities in the Norian-Rhaetian carbonates of Italy: A synthesis, in Bioevents and Integrate Stratigraphy of the Triassic and the Jurassic in Italy, Palaeopelagos Spec. Publ., vol. 3, edited by, R. Colacicchi, G. Parisi, and, V. Zamparelli, pp. 7-84, River Press, Rome.
90. Zarcone, G., and, P. Di Stefano, (2008), Mesozoic discontinuities in the Panormide carbonate platform: Constraints on the palaeogeography of the central Mediterranean, Rend. Online Soc. Geol. Ital., 2, 191-194.
91. Zarcone, G., and, P. Di Stefano, (2010), The Panormide carbonate platform (Sicily): An anomalous case in the evolution of Jurassic Tethyan Basins (La Piattaforma carbonatica panormide: Un caso anomalo nell'evoluzione dei bacini della Tetide Giurassica), Ital. J. Geosci., 129 (2), 188-194.
92. Zarcone, G., F. M. Petti, A. Cillari, P. Di Stefano, D. Guzzetta, and, U. Nicosia, (2010), A possible bridge between Adria and Africa: New palaeobiogeographic and stratigraphic constraints on the Mesozoic palaeogeography of the central Mediterranean area, Earth Sci. Rev., 103, 154-162.
93. Zhang, H., and, C. H. Thurber, (2003), Double-difference tomography: The method and its application to the Hayward Fault, California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 93 (5), 1875-1889.