메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 80-89

Mobility Limitations and Fall-Related Factors Contribute to the Reduced Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

Author keywords

Fall risk; Health related quality of life; Mobility limitations; Musculoskeletal pain; Pain in the elderly

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BODY EQUILIBRIUM; CHRONIC PAIN; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FALLING; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL HISTORY; MEDICAL PARAMETERS; MIDDLE AGED; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; PREDICTION; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; WALKING AID; WALKING DIFFICULTY; COMPLICATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PSYCHOLOGY; VERY ELDERLY; WALKER;

EID: 84955174593     PISSN: 15307085     EISSN: 15332500     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/papr.12264     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (55)

References (56)
  • 1
    • 84871099014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
    • Murray CJL, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2197-2223.
    • (2012) Lancet. , vol.380 , pp. 2197-2223
    • Murray, C.J.L.1    Vos, T.2    Lozano, R.3
  • 2
    • 0022523784 scopus 로고
    • Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Prepared by the International Association for the Study of Pain, Subcommittee on Taxonomy
    • Classification of chronic pain.
    • Classification of chronic pain. Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Prepared by the International Association for the Study of Pain, Subcommittee on Taxonomy. Pain Suppl. 1986;3:S1-S226.
    • (1986) Pain Suppl. , vol.3 , pp. S1-S226
  • 3
    • 34250373264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IASP global year against pain in older persons: highlighting the current status and future perspectives in geriatric pain
    • Gibson SJ. IASP global year against pain in older persons: highlighting the current status and future perspectives in geriatric pain. Expert Rev Neurother. 2007;7:627-635.
    • (2007) Expert Rev Neurother. , vol.7 , pp. 627-635
    • Gibson, S.J.1
  • 4
    • 84874528511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on management of pain in older people
    • Abdulla A, Bone M, Adams N, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on management of pain in older people. Age Ageing. 2013;42:151-153.
    • (2013) Age Ageing. , vol.42 , pp. 151-153
    • Abdulla, A.1    Bone, M.2    Adams, N.3
  • 6
    • 84864445461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The economic costs of pain in the United States
    • Gaskin DJ, Richard P. The economic costs of pain in the United States. J Pain. 2012;13:715-724.
    • (2012) J Pain. , vol.13 , pp. 715-724
    • Gaskin, D.J.1    Richard, P.2
  • 7
    • 0035909854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widespread musculoskeletal pain and the progression of disability in older disabled women
    • Leveille SG, Ling S, Hochberg MC, et al. Widespread musculoskeletal pain and the progression of disability in older disabled women. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:1038-1046.
    • (2001) Ann Intern Med. , vol.135 , pp. 1038-1046
    • Leveille, S.G.1    Ling, S.2    Hochberg, M.C.3
  • 8
    • 43049159707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of pain and mobility limitation in older people: cross-sectional findings from a population survey of 18,497 adults aged 50 years and over
    • Mottram SGERP. Patterns of pain and mobility limitation in older people: cross-sectional findings from a population survey of 18, 497 adults aged 50 years and over. Qual Life Res. 2008;17:529-539.
    • (2008) Qual Life Res. , vol.17 , pp. 529-539
    • Mottram, S.G.E.R.P.1
  • 9
    • 84861725380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal pain and use of analgesics in relation to mobility limitation among community-dwelling persons aged 75 years and older
    • Karttunen N, Lihavainen K, Sipilä S, Rantanen T, Sulkava R, Hartikainen S. Musculoskeletal pain and use of analgesics in relation to mobility limitation among community-dwelling persons aged 75 years and older. Eur J Pain. 2012;16:140-149.
    • (2012) Eur J Pain. , vol.16 , pp. 140-149
    • Karttunen, N.1    Lihavainen, K.2    Sipilä, S.3    Rantanen, T.4    Sulkava, R.5    Hartikainen, S.6
  • 12
    • 84904821581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain is associated with recurrent falls in community dwelling older adults: evidence from a systematic review and Meta-analysis
    • Stubbs B, Schofield P, Binnekade T, Patchay S, Sepehry A, Eggermont L. Pain is associated with recurrent falls in community dwelling older adults: evidence from a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Pain Med. 2014;15:1115-1128.
    • (2014) Pain Med. , vol.15 , pp. 1115-1128
    • Stubbs, B.1    Schofield, P.2    Binnekade, T.3    Patchay, S.4    Sepehry, A.5    Eggermont, L.6
  • 13
    • 84883758673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain less active than older adults without pain? a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Stubbs B, Binnekade TT, Soundy A, Schofield P, Huijnen IPJ, Eggermont LHP. Are older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain less active than older adults without pain? a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Med. 2013;14:1316-1331.
    • (2013) Pain Med. , vol.14 , pp. 1316-1331
    • Stubbs, B.1    Binnekade, T.T.2    Soundy, A.3    Schofield, P.4    Huijnen, I.P.J.5    Eggermont, L.H.P.6
  • 14
    • 69649101095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and correlates of musculoskeletal pain in Chinese elderly and the impact on 4-year physical function and quality of life
    • Woo J, Leung J, Lau E. Prevalence and correlates of musculoskeletal pain in Chinese elderly and the impact on 4-year physical function and quality of life. Public Health (Elsevier). 2009;123:549-556.
    • (2009) Public Health (Elsevier). , vol.123 , pp. 549-556
    • Woo, J.1    Leung, J.2    Lau, E.3
  • 15
    • 84969322859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there a relationship between pain and psychological concerns related to falling in community dwelling older adults? A systematic review
    • Stubbs B, West E, Patchay S, Schofield P. Is there a relationship between pain and psychological concerns related to falling in community dwelling older adults? A systematic review Disabil Rehabil. 2014;62:1007-1016.
    • (2014) Disabil Rehabil. , vol.62 , pp. 1007-1016
    • Stubbs, B.1    West, E.2    Patchay, S.3    Schofield, P.4
  • 16
    • 84907494409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain interference is associated with psychological concerns related to falls in community dwelling older adults: a multisite observational study
    • Stubbs B, Eggermont L, Patchay S, Schofield P. Pain interference is associated with psychological concerns related to falls in community dwelling older adults: a multisite observational study. In Rev. 2014;94:1410-1420.
    • (2014) In Rev. , vol.94 , pp. 1410-1420
    • Stubbs, B.1    Eggermont, L.2    Patchay, S.3    Schofield, P.4
  • 17
    • 0035427907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity and health-related quality of life
    • Fontaine KR, Barofsky I. Obesity and health-related quality of life. Obes Rev. 2001;2:173-182.
    • (2001) Obes Rev. , vol.2 , pp. 173-182
    • Fontaine, K.R.1    Barofsky, I.2
  • 18
    • 79957973248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of physical activity during leisure time contributes to an impaired health related quality of life in patients with schizophrenia
    • Vancampfort D, Probst M, Scheewe T, et al. Lack of physical activity during leisure time contributes to an impaired health related quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2011;129:122-127.
    • (2011) Schizophr Res. , vol.129 , pp. 122-127
    • Vancampfort, D.1    Probst, M.2    Scheewe, T.3
  • 20
    • 84955212511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed 10 Feburary 2013).
    • ERAiAE-A. 2010. http://www.era-age.group.shef.ac.uk (accessed 10 Feburary 2013).
    • (2010)
  • 21
    • 84866994356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Components and determinants of quality of life in community-dwelling older adults
    • Martinez-Martin P, Prieto-Flores M-E, Forjaz M, et al. Components and determinants of quality of life in community-dwelling older adults. Eur J Ageing. 2012;9:255-263.
    • (2012) Eur J Ageing. , vol.9 , pp. 255-263
    • Martinez-Martin, P.1    Prieto-Flores, M.-E.2    Forjaz, M.3
  • 22
    • 84955195424 scopus 로고
    • ™ is a trade mark of the EuroQol Group.
    • ™ is a trade mark of the EuroQol Group. 1990.
    • (1990)
  • 23
    • 84955211410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D.
    • Szende A, Williams A, Health OboTEGsITFoS-R. Measuring Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D. 2004.
    • (2004) Health OboTEGsITFoS-R
    • Szende, A.1    Williams, A.2
  • 24
    • 27744589862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials: the prevention of Falls Network Europe consensus
    • Lamb SE, Jørstad-Stein EC, Hauer K, Becker C. Development of a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials: the prevention of Falls Network Europe consensus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1618-1622.
    • (2005) J Am Geriatr Soc. , vol.53 , pp. 1618-1622
    • Lamb, S.E.1    Jørstad-Stein, E.C.2    Hauer, K.3    Becker, C.4
  • 25
    • 84955191192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Geneva: WHO.
    • World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Geneva: WHO. 2001.
    • (2001)
  • 27
    • 84862799602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depressive symptoms, chronic pain, and falls in older community-dwelling adults: the MOBILIZE Boston study
    • Eggermont LHP, Penninx BWJH, Jones RN, Leveille SG. Depressive symptoms, chronic pain, and falls in older community-dwelling adults: the MOBILIZE Boston study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:230-237.
    • (2012) J Am Geriatr Soc. , vol.60 , pp. 230-237
    • Eggermont, L.H.P.1    Penninx, B.W.J.H.2    Jones, R.N.3    Leveille, S.G.4
  • 28
    • 71849097187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic musculoskeletal pain and the occurrence of falls in an older population
    • Leveille SG, Jones RN, Kiely DK, et al. Chronic musculoskeletal pain and the occurrence of falls in an older population. JAMA. 2009;302:2214-2221.
    • (2009) JAMA. , vol.302 , pp. 2214-2221
    • Leveille, S.G.1    Jones, R.N.2    Kiely, D.K.3
  • 29
    • 68249114476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons
    • American Geriatrics Society Panel on Pharmacological Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons.
    • American Geriatrics Society Panel on Pharmacological Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:1331-1346.
    • (2009) J Am Geriatr Soc. , vol.57 , pp. 1331-1346
  • 30
    • 0001530288 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of pain by subjective report
    • Chapman C, Loeser J, eds. New York, NY: Raven Press;
    • Cleeland C. Measurement of pain by subjective report. In: Chapman C, Loeser J, eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Vol 12. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1991: 391-403.
    • (1991) Advances in Pain Research and Therapy , vol.12 , pp. 391-403
    • Cleeland, C.1
  • 31
    • 4243057259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validity of the brief pain inventory for use in documenting the outcomes of patients with noncancer pain
    • Keller S, Bann CM, Dodd SL, Schein J, Mendoza TR, Cleeland CS. Validity of the brief pain inventory for use in documenting the outcomes of patients with noncancer pain. Clin J Pain. 2004;20:309-318.
    • (2004) Clin J Pain. , vol.20 , pp. 309-318
    • Keller, S.1    Bann, C.M.2    Dodd, S.L.3    Schein, J.4    Mendoza, T.R.5    Cleeland, C.S.6
  • 33
    • 0026031194 scopus 로고
    • The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons
    • Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:142-148.
    • (1991) J Am Geriatr Soc. , vol.39 , pp. 142-148
    • Podsiadlo, D.1    Richardson, S.2
  • 34
    • 0033822729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go Test
    • Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go Test. Phys Ther. 2000;80:896-903.
    • (2000) Phys Ther. , vol.80 , pp. 896-903
    • Shumway-Cook, A.1    Brauer, S.2    Woollacott, M.3
  • 35
    • 79959551444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal association of physical activity and sedentary behavior during leisure time with health-related quality of life in community-dwelling older adults
    • Balboa-Castillo T, León-Muñoz LM, Graciani A, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Guallar-Castillón P. Longitudinal association of physical activity and sedentary behavior during leisure time with health-related quality of life in community-dwelling older adults. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:47-56.
    • (2011) Health Qual Life Outcomes. , vol.9 , pp. 47-56
    • Balboa-Castillo, T.1    León-Muñoz, L.M.2    Graciani, A.3    Rodríguez-Artalejo, F.4    Guallar-Castillón, P.5
  • 36
    • 0042855872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. including commentary by Bassett DR Jr
    • Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, et al. International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. including commentary by Bassett DR Jr. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1381-1396.
    • (2003) Med Sci Sports Exerc. , vol.35 , pp. 1381-1396
    • Craig, C.L.1    Marshall, A.L.2    Sjöström, M.3
  • 37
    • 84855550339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability and validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in elderly adults: the Fujiwara-kyo Study
    • Tomioka K, Iwamoto J, Saeki K, Okamoto N. Reliability and validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in elderly adults: the Fujiwara-kyo Study. J Epidemiol. 2011;21:459-465.
    • (2011) J Epidemiol. , vol.21 , pp. 459-465
    • Tomioka, K.1    Iwamoto, J.2    Saeki, K.3    Okamoto, N.4
  • 38
    • 0028939720 scopus 로고
    • The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale
    • Powell LE, Myers AM. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale. J Gerontol. 1995;50A:M28-M34.
    • (1995) J Gerontol. , vol.50A , pp. M28-M34
    • Powell, L.E.1    Myers, A.M.2
  • 39
    • 56749180413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of fall-related psychological constructs among independent-living older adults: a review of the research literature
    • Moore DS, Ellis R. Measurement of fall-related psychological constructs among independent-living older adults: a review of the research literature. Aging Ment Health. 2008;12:684-699.
    • (2008) Aging Ment Health. , vol.12 , pp. 684-699
    • Moore, D.S.1    Ellis, R.2
  • 40
    • 80053981829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the validity of four fall-related psychological measures in a community-based falls risk screening
    • Moore DS, Ellis R, Kosma M, Fabre JM, McCarter KS, Wood RH. Comparison of the validity of four fall-related psychological measures in a community-based falls risk screening. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2011;82:545-554.
    • (2011) Res Q Exerc Sport. , vol.82 , pp. 545-554
    • Moore, D.S.1    Ellis, R.2    Kosma, M.3    Fabre, J.M.4    McCarter, K.S.5    Wood, R.H.6
  • 41
    • 0036162166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of the relationship between feared consequences of falling and avoidance of activity in community-living older people
    • Yardley L, Smith H. A prospective study of the relationship between feared consequences of falling and avoidance of activity in community-living older people. Gerontologist. 2002;42:17-23.
    • (2002) Gerontologist. , vol.42 , pp. 17-23
    • Yardley, L.1    Smith, H.2
  • 43
    • 84889052428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and impact of pain among older adults in the United States: findings from the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study
    • Patel KV, Guralnik JM, Dansie EJ, Turk DC. Prevalence and impact of pain among older adults in the United States: findings from the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study. Pain. 2013;154:2649-2657.
    • (2013) Pain. , vol.154 , pp. 2649-2657
    • Patel, K.V.1    Guralnik, J.M.2    Dansie, E.J.3    Turk, D.C.4
  • 44
    • 84893658099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported chronic pain is associated with physical performance in older people leaving aged care rehabilitation
    • Pereira LSM, Sherrington C, Ferreira ML, et al. Self-reported chronic pain is associated with physical performance in older people leaving aged care rehabilitation. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:259-265.
    • (2014) Clin Interv Aging. , vol.9 , pp. 259-265
    • Pereira, L.S.M.1    Sherrington, C.2    Ferreira, M.L.3
  • 45
    • 84902348112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain characteristics associated with the onset of disability in older adults: the maintenance of balance, independent living, intellect, and zest in the elderly boston study
    • Eggermont LH, Leveille SG, Shi L, et al. Pain characteristics associated with the onset of disability in older adults: the maintenance of balance, independent living, intellect, and zest in the elderly boston study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62:1007-1016.
    • (2014) J Am Geriatr Soc. , vol.62 , pp. 1007-1016
    • Eggermont, L.H.1    Leveille, S.G.2    Shi, L.3
  • 46
    • 84868226509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of onset and progression of basic ADL disability by physical activity in community dwelling older adults: a meta-analysis
    • Tak E, Kuiper R, Chorus A, Hopman-Rock M. Prevention of onset and progression of basic ADL disability by physical activity in community dwelling older adults: a meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12:329-338.
    • (2013) Ageing Res Rev. , vol.12 , pp. 329-338
    • Tak, E.1    Kuiper, R.2    Chorus, A.3    Hopman-Rock, M.4
  • 47
    • 84899628370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of physical activity time to incident disability in community dwelling adults with or at risk of knee arthritis: prospective cohort study
    • Dunlop DD, Song J, Semanik PA, et al. Relation of physical activity time to incident disability in community dwelling adults with or at risk of knee arthritis: prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 2014;348:g2472-g2472.
    • (2014) BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). , vol.348 , pp. g2472-g2472
    • Dunlop, D.D.1    Song, J.2    Semanik, P.A.3
  • 48
    • 84884758942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise for lower limb osteoarthritis: systematic review incorporating trial sequential analysis and network meta-analysis
    • Uthman OA, van der Windt DA, Jordan JL, et al. Exercise for lower limb osteoarthritis: systematic review incorporating trial sequential analysis and network meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 2013;347:f5555-f5555.
    • (2013) BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). , vol.347 , pp. f5555-f5555
    • Uthman, O.A.1    van der Windt, D.A.2    Jordan, J.L.3
  • 50
    • 84865849584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of exercise on depression severity in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
    • Bridle C, Spanjers K, Patel S, Atherton NM, Lamb SE. Effect of exercise on depression severity in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;201:180-185.
    • (2012) Br J Psychiatry. , vol.201 , pp. 180-185
    • Bridle, C.1    Spanjers, K.2    Patel, S.3    Atherton, N.M.4    Lamb, S.E.5
  • 52
    • 84899642354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivity, disability, and death are all interlinked
    • Badley E. Inactivity, disability, and death are all interlinked. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 2014;348:g2804-g2804.
    • (2014) BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). , vol.348 , pp. g2804-g2804
    • Badley, E.1
  • 53
    • 61449092865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical inactivity: the biggest public health problem of the 21st century
    • Blair SN. Physical inactivity: the biggest public health problem of the 21st century. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43:1-2.
    • (2009) Br J Sports Med. , vol.43 , pp. 1-2
    • Blair, S.N.1
  • 54
    • 84921000953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed November 19, 2014).
    • WHO. 10 facts on physical activity. 2014. http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/physical_activity/en/ (accessed November 19, 2014).
    • (2014) 10 facts on physical activity
  • 55
    • 84888166170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
    • El-Khoury F, Cassou B, Charles M-A, Dargent-Molina P. The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2013;347:f6234.
    • (2013) BMJ. , vol.347 , pp. f6234
    • El-Khoury, F.1    Cassou, B.2    Charles, M.-A.3    Dargent-Molina, P.4
  • 56
    • 84886603261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: metaepidemiological study
    • Naci H, Ioannidis JPA. Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: metaepidemiological study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 2013;347:f5577-f5577.
    • (2013) BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). , vol.347 , pp. f5577-f5577
    • Naci, H.1    Ioannidis, J.P.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.