Education flashpoints: Fighting for America's schools

Education Flashpoints: Fighting for America's Schools

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-195

  Singer, Alan J ^a  

^a HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84955105648     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315813400     Document Type: Book

References (129)

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2. John Dewey, Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education (New York: Macmillan, 1922), p. 19, www.gutenberg.org/files/852/852-h/852-h.htm
3. John Dewey, The Problems of Men (New York: Philosophical Library, 1946), p. 113.
4. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of Hope (New York: Continuum, 1995), p. 105.
5. Septima Clark, Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement, ed. Cynthia Brown (Lawrenceville, NJ: Africa World Press, 1990).
6. Septima Clark, Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement, ed. Cynthia Brown (Lawrenceville, NJ: Africa World Press, 1990) p. 37.
7. Septima Clark, Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement, ed. Cynthia Brown (Lawrenceville, NJ: Africa World Press, 1990) p. 37.
8. Septima Clark, Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement, ed. Cynthia Brown (Lawrenceville, NJ: Africa World Press, 1990) 71
9. Septima Clark, Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement, ed. Cynthia Brown (Lawrenceville, NJ: Africa World Press, 1990) p. 126.
10. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, edited and translated by Quinton Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971).
11. Sam Roberts, “No Longer Majority Black, Harlem Is in Transition,” New York Times (January 6, 2010), p. A16.
12. Paul Krugman, “Stranded By Sprawl,” New York Times (July 29, 2013), p.A17. http://deniskitchen.com/Merchant2/merchant.mv?Screen=CTGY&Category_Code=bios.gen.bullmoose.
13. Mary Ann Giordano and Anna Phillips, “Mayor Hits Nerve in Remarks on Class Sizes and Teachers,” New York Times (December 3, 2011), p. A19.
14. Spence School, www.spenceschool.org/.
15. Ben Chapman, “New York State Board of Regents Chancellor Merryl Tisch Blasts Mayor Bloomberg's School Reforms,” New York Daily News (November 9, 2011), www.nydailynews.com/new-york/education/new-york-state-board-regents-chancellor-merryl-tisch-blasts-mayor-bloomberg-school-reforms-article-1.974918.
16. Rich Bockman, “City Plans to Close Three Struggling Boro Schools,”www.times ledger.com/stories/2013/2/phaseoutschools_all_2013_01_10_q.html.
17. Juan Gonzalez, “New York City Specialized High Schools Admission Test a Tool for Affluent Residents to Buy Their Children’s Way into Elite Public Schools,” New York Daily News (September 27, 2012), www.nydailynews.com/new-york/education/new-york-city-specialized-high-schools-admission-test-tool-affluent-residents-buy-children-elite-public-schools-article-1.1170080.
18. Al Baker, “Charges of Bias in Admission Test Policy at Eight Elite Public High Schools,” New York Times (September 28, 2012), www.nytimes.com/2012/09/28/nyregion/specialized-high-school-admissions-test-is-racially-discriminatory-complaint-says.
19. Fred Hechinger, “Education; High School: Challenge To the Concept Of the Elite,” New York Times (May 23, 1971), http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0815F8355F127A93C1AB178ED85F458785F9.
20. David Herszenhorn, “Admission Test’s Scoring Quirk Throws Balance Into Question,” New York Times (November 12, 2005), www.nytimes.com/2005/11/12/nyregion/12exam.html?pagewanted = print.
21. Council of State Governments Justice Center, http://csgjusticecenter.org/youth/. www.nyclu.org/publications/report-criminalizing-classroom-2007.www.nyclu.org/schooltoprison/lookatsafety.
22. Susan Edelman, Schools at ‘Scan Still,’” New York Post (September 25, 2011), http://nypost.com/2011/09/25/schools-at-scan-still/.
23. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Color Blindness(2010), New York: New Press, 2012.
24. Jody Sokolower, “Schools and the New Jim Crow: An Interview with Michelle Alexander,” RethinkingSchools, www.rethinkingschools.org/restrict.asp?path=archive/26_02/26_02_sokolower.shtml.
25. Donna Lieberman, “The Impact of School Suspensions, and a Demand for Passage of the Student Safety Act,” www.nyclu.org/content/impact-of-school-suspensions-and-demand-passage-of-student-safety-act.
26. NYCLU, Education Interrupted, www.scribd.com/doc/47686951/Suspension-Report-FINAL-Spreads.
27. Motoko Rich, “At Charter Schools, Short Careers by Choice"New York Times (August 27, 2013), www.nytimes.com/2013/08/27/education/at-charter-schools-short-careers-by-choice.html.
28. Erin Einhorn, “Air Force May Ground Bronx H.S."New York Daily News (May 13, 2008), www.nydailynews.com/new-york/education/air-force-ground-bronx-h-s-article-1.327399.
29. Jill Tucker, “California Teacher Pink Slips Snag Veterans,”San Francisco Chronicle (March 16, 2011), www.sfgate.com/education/article/California-teacher-pink-slips-snag-veterans-2389209.php
30. Rehema Ellis, Victor Limjoco, and Alex Johnson, “Teacher Layoffs Raise Class-Size Tensions,” Education Nation on NBCNews.com, wwwnbcnews.com/id/41739184/ns/today-education_nation/#.Ut72lxb0Bz8.
31. Michael Winewrip, “A Chosen Few Are Teaching for America,” New York Times (July 12, 2010), www.nytimes.com/2010/07/12/education/12winerip.html?adxnnl=1&ref=teach_for_America&adxnnlx=1279310540-S78oAf3mfF4gYQHH9wNePA.
32. Sharon Otterman and Robert Gebeloff, “In Teacher Ratings, Good Test Scores Are Sometimes Not Good Enough,” New York Times (February 26, 2012), www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/nyregion/in-new-york-teacher-ratings-good-test-scores-arent-always-good-enough.html.
33. Michael Winerip, “Hard-Working Teachers, Sabotaged When Student Test Scores Slip,” New York Times (March 5, 2012), www.nytimes.com/2012/03/05/nyregion/in-brooklyn-hard-working-teachers-sabotaged-when-student-test-scores-slip.html?_r=1&ref=nyregion.
34. Winnie Hu and Robert Gebeloff, “After Release of Ratings, a Focus on ‘Top’ Teachers,” New York Times(February 27, 2012), www.nytimes.com/2012/02/27/education/after-release-of-ratings-a-focus-on-top-teachers.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=top%20teachers&st=cse.
35. Sharon Otterman, Test for Pupils, but the Grades Go to Teachers, New York Times(May 24, 2011), www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/education/24tests.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=testing%20teacher&st=cse.
36. Bruce Baker, Passing Muster Fails Muster? (An Evaluation of Evaluating Systems), http://nepc.colorado.edu/thinktank/passing-muster-fails-muster.
37. Jennifer Medina, “Progress Slow in City Goal to Fire Bad Teachers,” New York Times(February 24, 2010), wwwnytimes.com/2010/02/24/education/24teachers.html?pagewanted=all
38. Jennifer Medina,“Better Teachers for New York City,” New York Times (June 6,2013), www.nytimes.com/2013/06/06/opinion/better-teachers-for-new-york-city html?src=rechp.
39. Geoff Decker, “What Charlotte Danielson Saw When the UFT Came Calling,”http://nychalkbeat.org/2011/11/07/what-charlotte-danielson-saw-when-the-uft-came-calling/.
40. Geoff Decker, “NY Daily News: Some Schools Already Using Danielson Rubric to ‘Rate Teachers,’”http://perdidostreetschool.blogspot.com/2012/12/ny-daily-news-some-schools-already.html.
41. NCTQ, Training Our Future Teachers: Classroom Management, p.6, www.nctq.org/dmsStage/Future_Teachers_Classroom_Management_NCTQ_Report.
42. NCTQ, www.nctq.org/teacherPrep/ourApproach/support/endorsements.jsp.
43. Joy Resmovits, “Teacher Preparation Program Rankings Make U.S. News Debut,”Huffington Post (June 18, 2013), www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/18/teacher-preparation-program-rankings_n_3456389.html?ncid=edlinkusaolp00000003&ir=Education.
44. Michelle Reese, “Our View: A Bleak Assessment of Education in Arizona,”East Valley Tribune(April 5, 2011), www.eastvalleytribune.com/opinion/article_a7071f04-5cc2-11e0-9f49-001cc4c03286.html.
45. Michelle Reese, “Arizona Students Near Bottom in National Science Assessment,” East Valley Tribune (January 25, 2011), www.eastvalleytribune.com/local/education/article_350f7cc6-28af-11e0-89da-001cc4c002e0.html.
46. Jackie Mader, “Do New Exams Produce Better Teachers? States Act While Educators Debate,” Hechinger Report (May 16, 2013), http://hechingerreport.org/content/do-new-exams-produce-better-teachers-states-act-while-educators-debate_12057/.
47. Howard Blume, “N.Y. Mayor Gives $1 million to Back L.A. School Board Slate,”Los Angeles Times (February 12, 2013), http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/12/local/la-me-bloomberg-lausd-20130213
48. NPR, “Student Loan Debt Exceeds One Trillion Dollars” (April 24, 2012), www.npr.org/2012/04/24/151305380/student-loan-debt-exceeds-one-trillion-dollars.
49. NPR, “Politicized Curriculum in Texas,”New York Times (May 26, 2010), www.nytimes.com/2010/05/26/opinion/26wed4.html.
50. Gail Collins, “A Very Pricey Pineapple,” New York Times (April 28, 2012), www.nytimes.com/2012/04/28/opinion/collins-a-very-pricey-pineapple.html.
51. Fred Smith, “Pearson and how 2012 standardized tests were designed,” on The Answer Sheet by Valerie Strauss, April 27, 2012.
52. Michael Winerip, “New Questions about Trips Sponsored by Education Publisher,” New York Times (January 2,2012), www.nytimes.com/2012/01/02/education/inquiry-into-school-officials-travels-paid-for-by-pearson.html.
53. Stephanie Simon, “Private Firms Eyeing Profits from U.S. Public Schools,” Reuters (August 2, 2012), www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/02/usa-education-investment-idUSL2E8J15FR20120802.
54. Lina Saigol and Cynthia O’Murchu, “After Gaddafi: A Spent Force,”Financial Times of London (September 8, 2011), www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/1b5e11b6-d4cb-11e0-a7ac-00144feab49a.html#axzz2r91hOSeJ.
55. Elizabeth Judge, “Business big shot: Glen Moreno,”The Times (February 11, 2009), www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/industries/banking/article2160598.ece.
56. Elizabeth Judge, “Moreno buys Into Lloyds,”The Sunday Times (March 31, 2010), www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/money/article253188.ece.
57. Barbara Jones, “LAUSD Spending $30 Million to Buy 30,000 iPads for Students,” Los Angeles Daily News (June 17, 2013), www.dailynews.com/general-news/20130618/lausd-spending-30-million-to-buy-30000-ipads-for-students
58. Howard Blume, “L.A. Students Breach iPads’ Security,” Los Angeles Times (September 24, 2013), http://articles.latimes.com/2013/sep/24/local/la-me-lausd-ipads-20130925.
59. Thomas Friedman, “Teaching for America,”New York Times (November 21, 2010), www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/opinion/21friedman.html.
60. Tony Wagner, The Global Achievement Gap, Why Even Our Best Schools Don’t Teach the New Survival Skills Our Children Need—and What We Can Do About It (New York: Basic Books, 2010), www.tonywagner.com/resources/the-global-achievement-gap.
61. Thomas Friedman, “Teaching for America,”New York Times (November 21, 2010), www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/opinion/21friedman.html.
62. Joydeep Roy, “Compared to Other Countries, U.S. Flunks in Teacher Pay,” Economic Policy Institute (April 1, 2008), www.epi.org/publication/webfeatures_snapshots_20080402/.
63. Joydeep Roy, “Duncan: ‘Revolutionary Change’ Needed in Teachers Colleges,” USA Today(October 22, 2009), http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/education/2009-10-22-obama-teachers_N.htm.
64. Azam Ahmed, “How VIPs Lobbied Schools,” Chicago Tribune (March 23, 2010), http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-03-23/news/ct-met-cps-admissions-0323—20100322_1_schools-chief-arne-duncan-principals-david-pickens.
65. Michael Winerip, “In Tennessee, Following the Rules for Evaluations Off a Cliff,” New York Times (November 7, 2011), www.nytimes.com/2011/11/07/education/tennessees-rules-on-teacher-evaluations-bring-frustration.html?ref=opinion.
66. Liana Heitin, “Teacher-Evaluation Rush May Jinx Other States’ Efforts,” Education Week (October 18, 2011), www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2011/10/19/08eval.h31.html.
67. Liana Heitin, “Tennessee’s Push to Transform Schools,”New York Times (November 12, 2011), www.nytimes.com/2011/11/12/opinion/tennessees-push-to-transform-schools.html.
68. Liana Heitin, “Obama’s 2013 State of the Union Address,” New York Times (February 12, 2013), www.nytimes.com/2013/02/13/us/politics/obamas-2013-state-of-the-union-address.html?_r=0
69. Al Baker, “At Technology High school, Goal Isn’t to Finish in 4 Years,” New York Times (October 22, 2012), www.nytimes.com/2012/10/22/nyregion/pathways-in-technology-early-college-high-school-takes-a-new-approach-to-vocational-education.
70. Stephanie Saul, “Profits and Questions at Online Charter Schools,”New York Times(December 13, 2011), www.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/education/online-schools-score-better-on-wall-street-than-in-classrooms.html?hp.
71. Deborah White, “President Obama’s Education Policy ‘Guiding Principles,’” About.com (April 7, 2010), http://usliberals.about.com/od/education/a/ObamaEdcuationPolicies.htm.
72. Paul Krugman, “Degrees and Dollars,” New York Times (March 7, 2011), www.nytimes.com/2011/03/07/opinion/07krugman.html.
73. Cecilia Capuzzi Simon, “Top 10 List: Where the Jobs Are,” New York Times (April 17, 2011), www.nytimes.com/2011 /04/17/education/edlife/edl- 17conted-t.html?pagewanted=all.
74. Cecilia Capuzzi Simon, “Gov. Christie to Propose Permanent Caps on Salary Raises for Public Workers,” NJ. com (May 8, 2010), www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/05/gov_christie_to_propose_public.html.
75. Cecilia Capuzzi Simon, “Thinking Sensibly about Charter Schools,”New York Times (October 16, 2013), www.nytimes.com/2013/10/16/opinion/thinking-sensibly-about-charter-schools.html.
76. Winnie Hu, “Studying Engineering Before They Can Spell It,”New York Times (June 14, 2010), www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/education/14engineering.html?pagewanted=all.
77. Russ Buettner, “Sale of Property Positioned Queens Pastor to Gain,”New York Times(June 18, 2010), www.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/nyregion/18flake.html?pagewanted=all.
78. James O’Toole, “Amazon’s Bezos Buys Washington Post for $250 million,” CNNMoney (August 5, 2013), http://money.cnn.com/2013/08/05/news/companies/washington-post-bezos/.
79. Sam Dillon, “School Is Turned Around, but Cost Gives Pause,”New York Times (June 25, 2010), www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/education/25school.html?pagewanted=all.
80. Elissa Gootman, “Six Days of School, and Then a Day Not of Rest,”New York Times(May 9, 2010), www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/nyregion/09routine.html.
81. Trip Gabriel, “Despite Push, Success at Charter Schools Is Mixed,” New York Times (May 2, 2010), www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/education/02charters.htmhpagewanted=all.
82. John Hildebrand, “LI Schools Start Using Common Core Plan,”Newsday (April 1, 2012), www.newsday.com/long-island/education/li-schools-start-using-common-core-plan-1.3636770.
83. John Taylor Gatto, The Underground History of American Education, 2nd edition (New York: Oxford Village Press, 2001), http://johntaylorgatto.com/chapters/1s.htm.
84. Catherine Gewertz, “Gates, Pearson Partner to Craft Common Core,” Education Week (April 27, 2011), www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2011/04/27/30pearson.h30.
85. Maxine Greene, Releasing the Imagination: Essays on Education, the Arts, and Social Change(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000)
86. Stephen Jay Gould, Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977).
87. Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson, “Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, no. 5, (1995), pp. 797-811, http://mrnas.pbworks.com/f/claude+steele+stereotype+threat+1995.pdf.
88. Sean Reardon, “No Rich Child Left Behind,” New York Times (April 28, 2013), http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/27/no-rich-child-left-behind/.
89. Philissa Cramer, “Fewer Black and Hispanic Students Admitted to Top High Schools,”Chalkbeat New York (March 15, 2013), http://ny.chalkbeat.org/2013/03/15/fewer-black-and-hispanic-students-admitted-to-top-high-schools/.
90. Al Baker, “Girls Excel in the Classroom but Lag in Entry to 8 Elite Schools in the City,”New York Times (March 23, 2013), www.nytimes.com/2013/03/23/nyregion/girls-outnumbered-in-new-yorks-elite-public-schools.html?hpw.
91. Javier Hernandez and Robert Gebeloff, “Test Scores Sink as New York Adopts Tougher Benchmarks,” New York Times (August 8, 2013), www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/nyregion/under-new-standards-students-see-sharp-decline-in-test-scores.html?hpw&_r=0.
92. Javier Hernandez and Robert Gebeloff, “New York’s Common Core Test Scores,” New York Times (August 8, 2013), www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/opinion/new-yorks-common-core-test-scores.html?ref=nyregion.
93. Joie Tyrrell and Colleen Jaskot, “State Test Score Drop Could Strengthen Parents’ Opt-Out Efforts,” Newsday (August 8, 2013), www.newsday.com/long-island/education/state-test-score-drop-could-strengthen-parents-opt-out-efforts-1.5859428.
94. Javier Hernandez and Robert Gebeloff, “Test Scores Sink as New York Adopts Tougher Benchmarks,” New York Times (August 8, 2013), www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/nyregion/under-new-standards-students-see-sharp-decline-in-test-scores.html?hpw&_r=0.
95. Michael Winerip, “Despite Focus on Data, Standards for Diploma May Still Lack Rigor,” New York Times (February 6, 2012), www.nytimes.com/2012/02/06/education/despite-focus-on-data-standards-for-diploma-may-still-lack-rigor.html.www.nysedregents.org/comprehensiveenglish/.
96. Anemona Hartcollis, “Under Fire, Test Maker Says Its Work Is Reliable,” New York Times (May5,2012), http://querynytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504EEDE1F3BF936A35756C0A9649D8B63.
97. Anna Phillips, “State Officials Throw Out Another Pearson Test Question,”SchoolBook(May 2, 2012), www.wnyc.org/story/302903-state-officials-throw-out-another-pearson-test-question/.
98. Mortimer Adler ed., The Great Ideas, A Syntopicon of Great Books of the Western World(Chicago, IL: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952). Wisdom is discussed in volume 3.
99. Alan Judd and Heather Vogell, “A System-Wide Scandal,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution (July 5,2011), http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/ajc/_projects_and_planning_group/APS_investigations/APS.html.
100. Alan Judd and Heather Vogell, “A System-Wide Scandal,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution (July 5,2011), http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/ajc/_projects_and_planning_group/APS_investigations/APS.html.
101. Anne Barnard and Eric Newcomer, “At Stuyvesant, Allegations of Widespread Cheating,”New York Times (June 27, 2012), www.nytimes.com/2012/06/27/nyregion/looking-into-mass-cheating-via-text-message-at-stuyvesant.html.
102. John Perry and Heather Vogell, “Are Drastic Swings in CRCT Scores Valid?,”Atlanta Journal-Constitution (October 19, 2009), www.ajc.com/news/news/local/are-drastic-swings-in-crct-scores-valid/nQYQm/.
103. John Perry and Heather Vogell, “Cheating Scandal Rocks Texas,” FairTest, http://fairtest.org/cheating-scandal-rocks-texas.
104. John Perry and Heather Vogell, “Cheating Cases Continue to Proliferate,” FairTest Examiner(July 2007), http://fairtest.org/cheating-cases-continue-proliferate.
105. Alfie Kohn, “Who’s Cheating Whom?,” Phi Delta Kappan (October 2007), www. alfiekohn.org/teaching/cheating.htm.
106. Benjamin Fine, “Ignorance of U.S. History Shown by College Freshman,” New York Times (April 4, 1943), p. 1.
107. Sam Dillon, “Failing Grades on Civics Exam Called a ‘Crisis,’”New York Times (May 5, 2011), www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/education/05civics.html.
108. J. Natale, “Bone of Contention,” American School Board Journal (January 18-23, 1995).
109. Jo Thomas, “Revised History Standards Disarm the Explosive Issues,” New York Times(April 3 1996), www.nytimes.com/1996/04/03/us/revised-history-standards-disarm-the-explosive-issues.html.
110. Amanda Ripley, The Smartest Kids in the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013)
111. Kenneth Chang, “Expecting the Best Yields Results in Massachusetts,”New York Times(September 3, 2013), www.nytimes.com/2013/09/03/science/expecting-the-best-yields-results-in-massachusetts.html?ref=science.
112. Robert Moses and Charles Cobb, Radical Equations: Civil Rights from Mississippi to the Algebra Project (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002), www.algebra.org.
113. Robert Gordon, “The Great Stagnation of American Education,”New York Times(September 8, 2013), http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/07/the-great-stagnation-of-American-education/.
114. National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk: The Imperative For Educational Reform (1983), www2.ed.gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/risk.html.
115. Alan Singer, “Bill Gates Admits He Was Wrong (Bloomberg Doesn’t),” Huffington Post (December 11, 2009), www.gatesfoundation.org/who-we-are/resources-and-media/annual-letters-list/annual-letter-2009
116. Rachel Monahan, “Mayor Bloomberg’s Schools Set Students Up for Failure When It Comes to College Preparation, but More Graduate,”Daily News (October 27, 2011), www.nydailynews.com/new-york/education/mayor-bloomberg-schools-set-students-failure-college-preparation-graduate-article-1.966263.
117. Rachel Monahan, “Graduating Students, but Then What?” New York Times (October 30, 2011), http://query nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04EEDA153DF933A05753C1A9679D8B63.
118. Anna Phillips, “At Most High Schools, Fewer Than Half of Graduates Are Ready for College,”SchoolBook(October 25, 2011), www.wnyc.org/story/303098-at-most-high-schools-fewer-than-half-of-graduates-are-ready-for-college/.
119. Sharon Otterman, “Nine City High Schools to Stay Open, With Private Management,”New York Times (May 13, 2011), www.nytimes.com/2011/05/13/nyregion/9-low-scoring-new-york-high-schools-to-stay-open.html?_r=0.
120. Matt Richtel, “In Classroom of Future, Stagnant Scores,” New York Times(September 4, 2011), www.nytimes.com/2011/09/04/technology/technology-in-schools-faces-questions-on-value.html?hp.
121. Sharon Otterman and Robert Gebeloff, “Triumph Fades on Racial Gap in City Schools,” New York Times August 16, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/08/16/nyregion/16gap.html.
122. Brian Stelter and Tim Arango, “News Corp. Reels In a Top Educator,” New York Times (November 9, 2010), http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/news-corp-reels-in-a-top-educator/.
123. Roger Kimball, Tenured Radicals, How Politics Has Corrupted Our Higher Education (New York: Harper & Row, 1990)
124. Jennifer Medina, “A Crackdown on Bake sales in City Schools,”New York Times (October 3, 2009), www.nytimes.com/2009/10/03/nyregion/03bakesale.html.
125. Winnie Hu, “Schools in New Jersey Plan Heavy Cuts After Voters Reject Most Budgets,” New York Times (April 22, 2010), www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/education/22schools.html.
126. Winnie Hu, “In New Jersey, a Civics Lesson in the Internet Age,” New York Times (April 28, 2010), www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/nyregion/28jersey.html.
127. Frederick Douglass, www.blackpast.org/1857-frederick-douglass-if-there-no-struggle-there-no-progress
128. Henry Highland Garnet, www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2937t.
129. Antonio Gramsci, www.alternet.org/story/151018/10_steps_to_defeat_the_corporatocracy.