Monitoring Methods Based on Algae and Macrophytes

Biological Monitoring of Rivers: Applications and Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 155-170

  Prygiel, Jean ^a   Haury, Jacques ^b  

^a Agence de l'Eau Artois Picardie   (France)

^b AGROCAMPUS OUEST   (France)

Author keywords

Canonical Correspondence Analysis; Ecological dimension approach; Habitat monitoring and vegetation structure; IBD index and chlorophyll a; River phytoplankton assessment; Shannon Weaver index and phytobenthic algae; Species ecophysiology and morphology; Water Framework Directive (WFD) of algae and macrophytes; Water quality assessment

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS; WATER CONSERVATION; WATER QUALITY;

CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS; CHLOROPHYLL A; ECOLOGICAL DIMENSION APPROACH; ECOPHYSIOLOGY; MACROPHYTES; SHANNON; VEGETATION STRUCTURE; WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENTS;

ALGAE;

EID: 84954613969     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/0470863781.ch9     Document Type: Chapter

References (110)

1. AFNOR, 2000. 'Détermination de l'indice biologique diatomées (IBD)', NF T90-354, June, 2000.
2. AFNOR, 2003. 'Détermination de l'indice biologique macrophytique en rivière (IBMR)', NF T90-395, October, 2003. AFNOR: Saint-Denis La Plaine, France.
3. Agence de l'eau, 2003. 'Utilisation des indices biologiques pour évaluer l'état écologique des cours d'eau au sens de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau'. Document final provisoire, April, 2003. Agence de l'Eau Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse, Lyon, France.
4. Ali, M. M., Murphy, K. J. and Abernethy, V. J., 1999. 'Macrophyte functional variables versus species assemblages as predictors of trophic status in flowing waters'. Hydrobiologia, 415, 131-138.
5. Almeida, S. F. P. and Gil, M. C. P., 2001. 'Ecology of freshwater diatoms from the central region of Portugal'. Cryptogamie Algologie, 22, 109-126.
6. Alverson, A. J., Manoylov, K. M. and Stevenson, R. J., 2003. 'Laboratory sources of error for algal community attributes during sample preparation and counting'. Journal of Applied Phycology, 15, 357-369.
7. Amoros, C., Bornette, G. and Henry, C. P., 2000. 'A vegetation-based method for the ecological diagnosis of riverine wetlands'. Environmental Management, 25, 211-227.
8. Antosegui, A., Trigueros, J. M. and Orive, E., 2001. 'The Use of Pigment Signatures to Assess Phytoplankton Assemblage Structure in Estuarine Waters'. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 52, 689-703.
9. Baattrup-Pedersen, A., Andersson, B., Bandrud, T. E., Karttumen, K., Tiis, T. and Toivinen, H., 2001. '7-Macrophytes'. In: Biological Monitoring in Nordic Rivers and Lakes, Skriver, J. (Ed.). TemaNord: Copenhagen, pp. 53-60.
10. Barendregt, A. and Bio, A. M. F., 2003. 'Relevant variables to predict macrophyte communities in running waters'. Ecological Modelling, 160, 205-217.
11. Bornette, G., Henry, C., Barrat, M. H. and Amoros, C., 1995. 'Theoretical habitat templets, species traits, and species richness: aquatic macrophytes in the Upper Rhone River and its floodplain'. Freshwater Biology, 31, 487-505.
12. Cattaneo, A. and Amireault, M. C., 1992. 'How artificial are artificial substrates for periphyton?'. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 11, 244-256.
13. CEN, 2003. European Standard EN 14184: 2003 E: Water quality - Guidance standard for the surveying of aquatic macrophytes in running waters. European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium.
14. Chessman, B., Growns I. O., Currey J. and Plunkett-Cole, N., 1999. 'Predicting diatom communities at the genus level for the rapid biological assessment of rivers'. Freshwater Biology, 41, 317-331.
15. Coesel, P. F. M., 1977. 'On the ecology of Desmids and the suitability of these algae inmonitoring the aquatic environment'. Hydrobiology Bulletin, 11, 20-21.
16. Coste, M., Tison, J. and Delmas, F., 2004. 'Flores diatomiques des cours d'eau: propositions de valeurs limites du 'bon état' pourl'IPS et l'IBD', Document de travail -10/02/2004. Cemagref: Bordeaux, France.
17. Dawson, F. H. and Szoszkiewicz, K., 1999. 'Relationships of some ecological factors with the associations of vegetation in British rivers'. Hydrobiologia, 415, 117-122.
18. Dawson, F. H., Newman, J. R., Gravelle, M. J., Rouen, K. J. and Henville, P., 1999a. Assessment of the Trophic Status of Rivers Using Macrophytes - Evaluation of the Mean Trophic Rank, Research and Development, Technical Report E39. Environment Agency: Bristol, UK.
19. Dawson, F. H., Raven, P. J. and Gravelle, M. J., 1999b. 'Distribution of the morphological groups of aquatic plants for rivers in the UK'. Hydrobiologia, 415, 123-130.
20. Dell'Uomo, A., 1991. 'Use of benthic macroalgae for monitoring rivers in Italy'. In: Use of Algae for Monitoring Rivers,Düsseldorf, Germany, Whitton, B. A., Rott, E. and Friedrich, G. (Eds). Institut für Botanik, Universität Innsbruck: Innsbruck, Austria, pp. 129-137.
21. Den Hartog, C. and Van der Velde, G., 1988. 'Structural aspects of aquatic plant communities'. In: Handbook of Vegetation Science,Vol.15/1, Vegetation of Inland Waters, Symoens, J. J. (Ed.). Kluwer Academic Publisher: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 113-153.
22. Descy, J.-P., Higgins, H. W., Mackey, D. J., Hurley, J. P. and Frost, T. M., 2000. 'Pigment ratios and phytoplankton assessment in northern Wisconsin lakes'. Journal of Phycology, 36, 274-286.
23. Dokulil, M. T., Schmidt, R. and Kofler, S., 1997. 'Benthic diatom assemblages as indicators of water quality in an urban flood-water inpoundment, Neue Donau, Vienna, Austria'. Nova Hedwigia, 65, 273-283.
24. Doutelero, I., Perona, E. and Mateo, P., 2004. 'Use of cyanobacteria to assess water quality in running waters'. Environmental Pollution, 127, 377-384.
25. Dufiêne, M. and Legendre, P., 1997. 'Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach'. Ecological Monographs, 67, 345-366.
26. Dutartre, A. and Montel, M. H. N. (Eds), 2002. Gestion des Plantes Aquatiques, Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Aquatic Weeds - EWRS, 3-7 September, 2002, Moliets et Maâ (40), Cemagref, Conseil Général des Landes, INRA, ENSAR: Bordeaux, France, pp. 448.
27. Economou-Amilli, A., 1980. 'Marine Diatom from Greece. I. Diatoms from the Saronikos Gulf'. Nova Hedwigia, 32, 63-104.
28. Ector, L., Loncin, A. and Hoffmann, L., 1999. 'Compte rendu du 17èmc colloque de l'Association des diatomistes de langue française'. Cryptogamie - Algologie, 20, 105-148.
29. Eloranta, P. and Soininen, J., 2002. 'Ecological status of some Finnish rivers evaluated using benthic diatom communities'. Journal of Applied Phycology, 14, 1-7.
30. Empain, A., Lambinon, J., Mouvet, C. and Kirchamann, R., 1980. 'Utilisation des bryophytes aquatiques et subaquatiques comme indicateurs biologiques de la qualité des eaux courantes'. In: La Pollution des Eaux Continentales - Incidences sur les Biocénoses Aquatiques, 2nd Edition, Pesson, P. (Ed.). Gauthier-Villars: Paris, pp. 195-223.
31. EC, 1991. 'Council directive of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste water treatment (91/271/EEC)'. Official Journal of the European Communities, L135, 40-52.
32. EC, 2000. 'Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy'. Official Journal of the European Communities, L327/1.
33. Everbecq, E., Gosselain, V., Viroux, L. and Descy, J. P., 2001. 'Potamon: A dynamic model for predicting phytoplankton composition and biomass in lowland rivers'. Water Research, 35, 901-912.
34. Fawzi, B., Loudiki, M., Oubraim, S., Sabour, B. and Chlaida, M., 2002. 'Impact of Wastewater Effluent on the Diatom Assemblages Structure of a Brackish Small Stream: Oued Hassar (Morocco)'. Limnologica, 32, 54-65.
35. Ferreira, M. T. and Moreira, I. S., 1999. 'River plants from an Iberian basin and environmental factors influencing their distribution'. Hydrobiologia, 415, 101-107.
36. Fore, L. S. and Grafe, C., 2002. 'Using diatoms to assess the biological condition of large rivers in Idaho (USA)'. Freshwater Biology, 47, 2015-2037.
37. Friedrich, G., Gerhardt, V., Bodemer, U. andPohlmann, M., 1998. 'Phytoplankton Composition and Chlorophyll Concentration in Freshwaters: Comparison of Delayed Fluorescence Excitation Spectroscopy, Extractive Spectrophotometric Method, and UTERMÖHL-Method'. Limnologica, 28, 323-328.
38. Garbey, C., Murphy, K. J., Thiébaut, G. and Muller, S., 2004. 'Variation in P-content in aquatic plant tissues offers an efficient tool for determining plant growth strategies along a resource gradient'. Freshwater Biology, 49, 346-356.
39. Giovanni, R. and Haury, J., 1995. 'Pesticides et milieu aquatique'. In: Colloque Qualite des Eaux et Produits Phytosanitaires: du Diagnostic à l'Action. Bilan de 5 Années d'Études et Propositions de la CORPEP en Bretagne, 27 November 1995, Bretagne Eau Pure, Rennes, France, pp. 57-70.
40. Gomez, N. and Licursi, M., 2001. 'The Pampean Diatom Index (IDP) for assessment of rivers and streams in Argentina'. Aquatic Ecology, 35, 173-181.
41. Grasmuck, N., Haury, J., Leglize, L. and Muller, S., 1995. 'Assessment of the bioindicator capacity of aquatic macrophytes using multivariate analysis'. Hydrobiologia, 300-301, 115-122.
42. Haslam, S. M. and Wolseley, P. A., 1987. River Plants of Western Europe. The Macrophytic Vegetation of Watercourses of the European Economic Community. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
43. Haury, J. and Muller, S., 1991. 'Variations écologiques et chorologiques de la végétation macro-phytique des rivières acides du Massif Armoricain et des Vosges du Nord (France)'. Revue des Sciences de l'Eau, 4, 463-482.
44. Haury, J., Thiébaut, G. and Muller, S., 1995. 'Les associations rhéophiles des rivières acides du Massif armoricain, de Lozère et des Vosges du Nord, dans un contexte Ouest-Européen'. 37th International Colloquim of the International Association of Vegetation Science, 'Large Area Vegetation Surveys', Bailleul, 1994. Colloquia Phytosociology, 23, 145-168.
45. Haury, J., Peltre, M.-C., Muller, S., Thiébaut, G., Trémolières, M., Demars, B., Barbe, J., Dutartre, A., Guerlesquin, M. and Lambert, E., 2001. Les Macrophytes Aquatiques Bioindicateurs des Systèmes Lotiques - Intérêts et Limites des Indices Macrophytiques. Synthèse Bibliographique des Principales Approches Européennes, Etudes sur l'Eau en France, No. 87. Ministère de l'Ecologie et du Devéloppement Durable: Paris, France (www.eaufrance.tm.fr).
46. Haury, J., Peltre, M.-C., Trémolieres, M., Barbe, J., Thiebaut, G., Bernez, I., Daniel, H., Chatenet, P., Muller, S., Dutartre, A., Laplace-Treyture, C., Cazaubon, A. and Lambert-Servien, E., 2002. 'A method involving macrophytes to assess water trophy and organic pollution: the Macrophyte Biological Index for Rivers (I.B.M.R.) - Application to different types of rivers and pollutions'. In: Gestion des Plantes Aquatiques, Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Aquatic Weeds - EWRS, Dutartre, A. and Montel, M. H. N. (Eds), 3-7 September, 2002, Moliets et Maâ (40), Cemagref, Conseil Général des Landes, INRA, ENSAR): Bordeaux. France, pp. 247-250.
47. Hill, B. H., Herlihy, A. T., Kaufmann, P. R., Decelles, S. J. and Vanderborgh, M. A., 2003. 'Assessment of streams of the eastern United States using a periphyton index of biotic integrity'. Ecological Indicators, 2, 325-338.
48. Hirst, H., Jüttner, I. and Ormerod, S. J., 2002. 'Comparing the responses of diatoms and macroin-vertebrates to metals in upland streams of Wales and Cornwall'. Freshwater Biology, 47, 1752-1765.
49. Holmes, N. T. H. and Whitton, B. A., 1977. 'The macrophytic vegetation of the river Tees: observed and predicted changes'. Freshwater Biology, 7, 43-60.
50. Holmes, N. T. H., Boon, P. J. and Rowell, T. A., 1998. 'A revised classification system for British rivers based on their aquatic plant communities'. Aquatic Conservation: Marine Freshwater Ecosystems, 8, 555-578.
51. Holmes, N. T. H., Newman, J. R., Chadd, J. R., Rouen, K. J., Saint, L. and Dawson, F. H. 1999. Mean Trophic Rank: A User's Manual, Research and Development, Technical Report E38. Environment Agency: Bristol, UK.
52. Hürlimann, J. and Niederhauser, P., 2002. Méthodes d'Étude et d'Appréciation de l'État de Santé des Cours d'Eau: Diatomées - Niveau R (Région). Office Fédéral de l'Environnement, des Forêts et du Paysage (OFEFP): Berne, Switzerland.
53. Husák, S., Sládecek, V. and Sládecková, A., 1989. 'Freshwater macrophytes as indicators of organic pollution'. Acta Hydrochimica Hydrobiology, 17, 693-697.
54. Ibelings, B., Admiraal, W., Bijerk, R., Ietswaart, T. and Prins, H., 1998. 'Monitoring of algae in Dutch rivers: does it meet its goals?'. Journal of Applied Phycology, 10, 171-181.
55. Janauer, G., Hale, P. and Sweeting, R. (Eds), 2003. 'Macrophyte inventory of the River Danube: a pilot study'. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement, 147(1-2).
56. Jarvie, H. P., Lycett, E., Neal, C. and Love, A., 2002. 'Patterns in nutrient concentrations and biological quality indices across the upper Thames river basin, UK'. Science of the Total Environment, 282-283, 263-294.
57. Kelly, M. G., 1998a. 'Use of community-based indices to monitor eutrophication in European rivers'. Environmental Conservation, 25, 22-29.
58. Kelly, M. G., 1998b. 'Use of the trophic diatom index to monitor eutrophication in rivers'. Water Research, 32, 236-242.
59. Kelly, M. G., 2001. 'Use of similarity measures for quality control of benthic diatom samples'. Water Research, 35, 2784-2788.
60. Kohler, A., 1975. 'Submerse Makrophyten und ihre Gesellschaften als Indikatoren der Gewasserbelastung'. Beiträge Naturkundliche Forschung in Südwest Deutschland, 34, 149-159.
61. Köhler, J. and Descy, J. P., 2003. 'Main results of a workshop on phytoplankton in European rivers. FBA News, (22), 7.
62. Kohler, A. and Janauer, G. A., 1995. 'Zur Methodik der Untersuchung von aquatischen Makrophyten in Fließgewässern'. In: Handbuch Angewandte Limnologie, VIII, 1.1.3, Steinberg, Ch., Bernhardt, H. and Klapper, H. (Eds). Ecomed-Verlag: Landsberg, Germany.
63. Kohler, A. and Schneider, S., 2003. 'Macrophytes as bioindicators'. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Large Rivers, 147(1-2), 17-31.
64. Kohonen, T., 1995. Self-Organizing Maps, 2nd Edition, Springer Series in Information Sciences, Vol. 30. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany.
65. Kutka, F. J. and Richards, C., 1996. 'Relating diatom assemblage structure to stream habitat quality'. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 15, 469-480.
66. Kwandrans, J., Eloranta, P., Kawecka, B. and Wojtan, K., 1998. 'Use of benthic diatom communities to evaluate water quality in rivers of southern Poland'. Journal of Applied Phycology, 10, 193-201.
67. Lane, C. M., Taffs, K. H. and Corfield, J. L., 2003. 'A comparison of diatom community structure on natural and artificial substrata'. Hydrobiologia, 493, 65-79.
68. Leland, H. V., Brown, L. R. and Mueller, D. K., 2001. 'Distribution of algae in the San Joaquin River, California, in relation to nutrient supply, salinity and other environmental factors'. Freshwater Biology, 46, 1139-1167.
69. Lopez, J., Retuerto, R. and Carballeira, A., 1997. 'D665/D665a Index vs frequencies as indicators of bryophyte response to physicochemical gradients'. Ecology, 78, 261-271.
70. Mackey, M. D., Mackey, D. J., Higgins, H. W. and Wright, S. W., 1996. 'CHEMTAX - a program for estimating class aboundances from chemical markers - application to HPLC measurements of phytoplankton'. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 144, 265-283.
71. Maksimov, V. N., Bulgakov, N. G. and Dzhabrueva, L. V., 1997. 'Rank Distributions of Size-Morphological Groups of the Algae in Periphyton and Their Relationship to the Level of Water Body Pollution'. Biology Bulletin, 24, 575-582.
72. McCormick, P. V and Cairns, J. J., 1994. 'Algae as indicators of environmental change'. Journal of Applied Phycology, 6, 509-526.
73. Montesanto, B., Ziller, S. and Coste, M., 1999. 'Diatomées épilithiques et qualité biologique des ruisseaux de mont Stratonikon, Chalkidiki (Grèce)'. Cryptogamie - Algologie, 20, 235-251.
74. Munn, M. D., Black, R. W. and Gruber, S. J., 2002. 'Response of benthic algae to environmental gradients in an agriculturally dominated landscape'. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 21, 221-237.
75. Nunes, M. L., Ferreira Da Silva, E. and De Almeida, S. F. P., 2003. 'Assessment of water quality in the Caima and Mau river basins (Portugal) using geochemical and biological indices'. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 149, 227-250.
76. Patrick, R., Hohn, M. H. and Wallace, J. H., 1954. 'A new method for determining the pattern of the diatom flora'. Notulae Naturae, 259, 2-12.
77. Pot, R., 1996. 'Monitoring watercourse vegetation, a synecological approach to dynamic gradients'. Hydrobiologia, 340, 59-65.
78. Potapova, M. G. and Charles, D. F., 2002. 'Benthic diatoms in USA rivers: distributions along spatial and environmental gradients'. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 167-187.
79. Potapova, M. and Charles, D. F., 2003. 'Distribution of benthic diatoms in US rivers in relation to conductivity and ionic composition'. Freshwater Biology, 48, 1311-1328.
80. Prygiel, J., 2002. 'Management of the diatom monitoring networks in France'. Journal of Applied Phycology, 14, 19-26.
81. Prygiel, J., Bukowska, J. and Whitton, B. A., 1999. Use of Algae for Monitoring Rivers, III. Agence de l'Eau Artois-Picardie: Douai, France.
82. Prygiel, J., Carpentier, P., Almeida, S., Coste, M., Druart, J-C., Ector, L., Guillard, D., Honoré, M-A., Iserentant, R., Ledeganck, P., Lalanne-Cassou, C., Lesniak, C., Mercier, I., Moncaut, P., Nazart, M., Nouchet, N., Peres, F., Peeters, V., Rimet, F., Rumeau, A., Sabater, S., Straub, F.,Torrisi, M., Tudesque, L., Van de Vijver, B., Vidal, H., Vizinet, J. and Zydek, N., 2002. 'Determination of the biological diatom index (IBD NF T 90-354): results of an intercomparison exercise'. Journal of Applied Phycology, 14, 27-39.
83. Reid, M. A., Tibby, J. C., Penny, D. and Gell, P. A., 1995. 'The use of diatoms to assess past and present water quality'. Australian Journal of Ecology, 20, 57-64.
84. Reynolds, C. S. and Descy, J. P., 1996. 'The production, biomass and structure of phytoplankton in large rivers'. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement, 113(1-4), 161-187.
85. Riis, T., 2000. Distribution and Abundance of Macrophytes in Danish Streams, PhD Thesis. University of Copenhagen: Copenhagen, Denmark.
86. Robach, F., Thiébaut, G., Trémolières, M. and Muller, S., 1996. 'A reference system for continental running waters: plant communities as bioindicators of increasing eutrophication in alkaline and acidic water in north-east France'. Hydrobiologia, 340, 67-76.
87. Rott, E., Duthie, H. C. and Pipp, E., 1998. 'Monitoring organic pollution and eutrophication in the Grand River, Ontario, by means of diatoms'. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55, 1443-1453.
88. Rott, E., Pipp, E. and Pfister P., 2003. 'Diatom methods developed for river quality assessment in Austria and a cross-check against numerical trophic indication methods used in Europe'. Algological Studies, 110, 91-115.
89. Sabater, S., Sabater, F. and Armengol, J., 1988. 'Relationships between diatom assemblages and physico-chemical variables in the river Ter (NE Spain)'. Internationale Revue dergesamten Hydrobiologie, 73, 171-179.
90. Sgro, G. V. and Johansen, J. R., 1998. Algal Periphyton Bioassessment Methods For Lake Erie Estuaries,Vol. 1, Metric Development. Lake Erie Office, Toledo, OH, USA.
91. Stevenson, R. J. and Pan, Y., 2003. 'Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms'. In: The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences, Smol, J. P. (Ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 11-40.
92. Szoszkiewicz, K., Karolewicz, K., Lawniczak, A. and Dawson, F. H., 2002. 'An assessment of the MTR aquatic plant bioindication system for determining the trophic status of Polish rivers'. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 11, 421-427.
93. Thiebaut, G. and Muller, S., 1999. 'A macrophyte communities sequence as an indicator of eutrophication and acidification levels in weakly mineralised streams in North-Eastern France'. Hydrobiologia, 410, 17-24.
94. Thiébaut, G., Guerold, F. and Muller, S., 2002. 'Are trophic and diversity indices based on macrophyte communities pertinent tools to monitor water quality?'. Water Research, 36, 3602-3610.
95. Tison, J., Giraudel, J. L., Park, Y.-S., Coste, M. and Delmas, F., 2005. 'Classification of stream diatom communities using a self-organizing map'. In: Modelling Community Structure in Freshwater Ecosystems,Vol. 55, Lek, S., Scardi, M., Verdonschot, P. F. M., Descy, J.-P. and Park, Y. S. (Eds.). Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, pp. 304-316.
96. Tremp, H. and Kohler, A., 1995. 'The usefullness of macrophyte monitoring systems, examplified on eutrophication and acidification of running water'. Acta Botanica Gallica, 142, 541-550.
97. Triest, L., Kaur, P., Heylen, S. and De Pauw, N., 2001. 'Comparative monitoring of diatoms, macroinvertebrates and macrophytes in the Woluwe River (Brussels, Belgium)'. Aquatic Ecology, 35, 183-194.
98. Van de Vijver, B. and Beyens, L., 1998. 'Diatoms and water quality in the kleine Nete, a Belgian lowland stream'. Limnologica, 28, 145-152.
99. Vanderpoorten, A., Thiebaut, G., Tremolieres, M. and Muller, S., 2000. 'A model for assessing water mineralization and trophic level by using aquatic bryophyte assemblages in Eastern France'. International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, 27, 807-810.
100. Wasson, J. G., Chandesris, A., Pella, H. and Blanc, L., 2002. 'Definition des hydro-écorégions françaises métropolitaines', Rapport final, BEA/LHQ, Ministère de l'Ecologie et du Developpement Durable, June 2002. Cemagref: Lyon, France.
101. Wehr, J. D. and Descy, J.-P., 1998. 'Use of phytoplankton in large river management'. Journal of Phycology, 34, 741-749.
102. Weithoff, G., 2003. 'The concepts of "plant functional types" and "functional diversity" in lake phytoplankton - a new understanding of phytoplankton ecology?'. Freshwater Biology, 48, 1669-1675.
103. Whitton, B. A., 1979. 'Plants as indicators of river water quality'. In: Biological Indicators of Water Quality, James, A. and Evison, L. (Eds). Wiley: Chichester, UK, pp. 5.1-5.34.
104. Whitton, B. A. and Kelly, M. G., 1995. 'Use of algae and other plants for monitoring rivers'. Australian Journal of Ecology, 20, 45-56.
105. Whitton, B. A., Boulton, P. N. G., Clegg, E. M., Gemmel, J. J., Graham, G. G., Gustar, R. and Moorhouse, T. P., 1998. 'Long-term changes in macrophytes of British rivers; 1. River Wear'. Science of the Total Environment, 210/211, 411-426.
106. Wiegleb, G., 1983. 'A phytosociological study of the macrophytic vegetation of running waters in Western Lower Saxony (Federal Republic of Germany)'. Aquatic Botany, 17, 251-274.
107. Willby, N. J., Abernethy, V. J. and Demars B. O. L., 2000. 'Attribute-based classification of European hydrophytes and its relationship to habitat utilization'. Freshwater Biology, 43, 43-74.
108. Winter, J. G. and Duthie, H. C., 2000. 'Epilithic diatoms as indicators of stream total N and total P concentration'. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 19, 32-49.
109. Wright, S. W., Jeffreys, S. W., Mantoura, R. F. C., Llewellyn, C. A., Bjornland, T., Repeta, D., and Welschmeyer, N., 1991. 'Improved HPLC method for the analysis of chlorophylls and carotenoids from marine phytoplankton'. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 77, 183-196.
110. Wu, J.-T., 1999. 'A generic index of diatom assemblages as bioindicator of pollution in the Keeung River of Taiwan'. Hydrobiologia, 397, 79-87.