Sentinel lymph nodes for breast carcinoma: An update on current practice

Histopathology

Volumn 68, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 152-167

  Maguire, Aoife ^a   Brogi, Edi ^a  

^a MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast carcinoma; Neoadjuvant chemotherapy; Sentinel lymph node

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

BREAST CARCINOMA; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; HUMAN; METASTASIS; MICROSCOPY; PARTIAL MASTECTOMY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; FEMALE; LYMPH NODE; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; FEMALE; HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; PRACTICE PATTERNS, PHYSICIANS'; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY;

EID: 84954560967     PISSN: 03090167     EISSN: 13652559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/his.12853     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB et al. Sentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010; 11; 927-933.
2. Canavese G, Catturich A, Vecchio C et al. Sentinel node biopsy compared with complete axillary dissection for staging early breast cancer with clinically negative lymph nodes: results of randomized trial. Ann. Oncol. 2009; 20; 1001-1007.
3. Mansel RE, Fallowfield L, Kissin M et al. Randomized multicenter trial of sentinel node biopsy versus standard axillary treatment in operable breast cancer: the ALMANAC Trial. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 2006; 98; 599-609.
4. Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G et al. A randomized comparison of sentinel-node biopsy with routine axillary dissection in breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 349; 546-553.
5. Veronesi U, Viale G, Paganelli G et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: ten-year results of a randomized controlled study. Ann. Surg. 2010; 251; 595-600.
6. Zavagno G, De Salvo GL, Scalco G et al. A randomized clinical trial on sentinel lymph node biopsy versus axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer: results of the SENTINELLA/GIVOM trial. Ann. Surg. 2008; 247; 207-213.
7. Edge S, Byrd D, Compton C, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A eds. AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York: Springer, 2010.
8. Sobin LH, Gospodarowic MK, Wittekind C eds. International Union against Cancer (UICC). TNM classification of malignant tumours. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
9. Singletary SE, Connolly JL. Breast cancer staging: working with the sixth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2006; 56; 37-47; quiz 50-51.
10. Weaver DL. Sentinel lymph nodes and breast carcinoma: which micrometastases are clinically significant? Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2003; 27; 842-845.
11. Julian T, Anderson SJ, Krag DN et al. 10-yr follow-up results of NSABP B-32, a randomized phase III clinical trial to compare sentinel node resection (SNR) to conventional axillary dissection (AD) in clinically node-negative breast cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013; 31; (suppl; abstr 1000).
12. Weaver DL, Ashikaga T, Krag DN et al. Effect of occult metastases on survival in node-negative breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 364; 412-421.
13. Weaver DL, Le UP, Dupuis SL et al. Metastasis detection in sentinel lymph nodes: comparison of a limited widely spaced (NSABP protocol B-32) and a comprehensive narrowly spaced paraffin block sectioning strategy. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2009; 33; 1583-1589.
14. Lester SC, Bose S, Chen Y-Y et al. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with invasive carcinoma of the breast. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2009; 133; 1515-1538.
15. Lyman GH, Temin S, Edge SB et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with early-stage breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014; 32; 1365-1383.
16. National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical practice guidelines in oncology 2015. Access date: 26th February 2015. Available at: https://www.nccn.org/store/login/login.aspx?ReturnURL=http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdf .
17. Senkus E, Kyriakides S, Penault-Llorca F et al. Primary breast cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 2013; 24(Suppl. 6); vi7-vi23.
18. Ellis IO. Pathology reporting of breast disease. National Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP) Publication. Publication No. 58. London: NHS Cancer Screening Programmes and The Royal College of Pathologists, 2005.
19. Albertini JJ, Lyman GH, Cox C et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the patient with breast cancer. JAMA 1996; 276; 1818-1822.
20. Borgstein PJ, Pijpers R, Comans EF, van Diest PJ, Boom RP, Meijer S. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: guidelines and pitfalls of lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe detection. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 1998; 186; 275-283.
21. Giuliano AE, Jones RC, Brennan M, Statman R. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1997; 15; 2345-2350.
22. Giuliano AE, Kirgan DM, Guenther JM, Morton DL. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann. Surg. 1994; 220; 391-398; discussion 398-401.
23. Krag D, Weaver D, Ashikaga T et al. The sentinel node in breast cancer - a multicenter validation study. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998; 339; 941-946.
24. Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB et al. Technical outcomes of sentinel-lymph-node resection and conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer: results from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2007; 8; 881-888.
25. Krag DN, Weaver DL, Alex JC, Fairbank JT. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surg. Oncol. 1993; 2; 335-339; discussion 340.
26. Lyman GH, Giuliano AE, Somerfield MR et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005; 23; 7703-7720.
27. Turner RR, Chu KU, Qi K et al. Pathologic features associated with nonsentinel lymph node metastases in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma in a sentinel lymph node. Cancer 2000; 89; 574-581.
28. Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Galimberti V et al. Sentinel-node biopsy to avoid axillary dissection in breast cancer with clinically negative lymph-nodes. Lancet 1997; 349; 1864-1867.
29. Bilimoria KY, Bentrem DJ, Hansen NM et al. Comparison of sentinel lymph node biopsy alone and completion axillary lymph node dissection for node-positive breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009; 27; 2946-2953.
30. Kim T, Giuliano AE, Lyman GH. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast carcinoma: a metaanalysis. Cancer 2006; 106; 4-16.
31. Houvenaeghel G, Nos C, Giard S et al. A nomogram predictive of non-sentinel lymph node involvement in breast cancer patients with a sentinel lymph node micrometastasis. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009; 35; 690-695.
32. Katz A, Niemierko A, Gage I et al. Can axillary dissection be avoided in patients with sentinel lymph node metastasis? J. Surg. Oncol. 2006; 93; 550-558.
33. Katz A, Smith BL, Golshan M et al. Nomogram for the prediction of having four or more involved nodes for sentinel lymph node-positive breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008; 26; 2093-2098.
34. Mittendorf EA, Hunt KK, Boughey JC et al. Incorporation of sentinel lymph node metastasis size into a nomogram predicting nonsentinel lymph node involvement in breast cancer patients with a positive sentinel lymph node. Ann. Surg. 2012; 255; 109-115.
35. Rubio IT, Espinosa-Bravo M, Rodrigo M et al. Nomogram including the total tumoral load in the sentinel nodes assessed by one-step nucleic acid amplification as a new factor for predicting nonsentinel lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2014; 147; 371-380.
36. Van Zee KJ, Manasseh DM, Bevilacqua JL et al. A nomogram for predicting the likelihood of additional nodal metastases in breast cancer patients with a positive sentinel node biopsy. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2003; 10; 1140-1151.
37. Pal A, Provenzano E, Duffy SW, Pinder SE, Purushotham AD. A model for predicting non-sentinel lymph node metastatic disease when the sentinel lymph node is positive. Br. J. Surg. 2008; 95; 302-309.
38. Degnim AC, Reynolds C, Pantvaidya G et al. Nonsentinel node metastasis in breast cancer patients: assessment of an existing and a new predictive nomogram. Am. J. Surg. 2005; 190; 543-550.
39. Hwang RF, Krishnamurthy S, Hunt KK et al. Clinicopathologic factors predicting involvement of nonsentinel axillary nodes in women with breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2003; 10; 248-254.
40. Kohrt HE, Olshen RA, Bermas HR et al. New models and online calculator for predicting non-sentinel lymph node status in sentinel lymph node positive breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2008; 8; 66. Access date: 21st September 2015. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315887
41. Barranger E, Coutant C, Flahault A, Delpech Y, Darai E, Uzan S. An axilla scoring system to predict non-sentinel lymph node status in breast cancer patients with sentinel lymph node involvement. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2005; 91; 113-119.
42. Chue KM, Yong WS, Thike AA et al. Predicting the likelihood of additional lymph node metastasis in sentinel lymph node positive breast cancer: calidation of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) nomogram. J. Clin. Pathol. 2014; 67; 112-119.
43. Galimberti V, Cole BF, Zurrida S et al. Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23-01): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14; 297-305.
44. Giuliano AE, Hunt KK, Ballman KV et al. Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2011; 305; 569-575.
45. Giuliano AE, McCall L, Beitsch P et al. Locoregional recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection with or without axillary dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node metastases: the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group z0011 randomized trial. Ann. Surg. 2010; 252; 426-432; discussion 432-433.
46. Donker M, van Tienhoven G, Straver ME et al. Radiotherapy or surgery of the axilla after a positive sentinel node in breast cancer (EORTC 10981-22023 AMAROS): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15; 1303-1310.
47. Caudle AS, Hunt KK, Tucker SL et al. American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) z0011: impact on surgeon practice patterns. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 19; 3144-3151.
48. Gainer SM, Hunt KK, Beitsch P, Caudle AS, Mittendorf EA, Lucci A. Changing behavior in clinical practice in response to the ACOSOG z0011 trial: a survey of the American Society of Breast Surgeons. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 19; 3152-3158.
49. Massimino KP, Hessman CJ, Ellis MC, Naik AM, Vetto JT. Impact of American College of Surgeons Oncology Group z0011 and National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-32 trial results on surgeon practice in the Pacific Northwest. Am. J. Surg. 2012; 203; 618-622.
50. Yi M, Kuerer HM, Mittendorf EA et al. Impact of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group z0011 criteria applied to a contemporary patient population. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2013; 216; 105-113.
51. Wright GP, Mater ME, Sobel HL et al. Measuring the impact of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group z0011 trial on breast cancer surgery in a community health system. Am. J. Surg. 2015; 209; 240-245.
52. Joyce DP, Lowery AJ, McGrath-Soo LB et al. Management of the axilla: has z0011 had an impact? Ir. J. Med. Sci. 2015; DOI: 10.1007/s11845-015-1246-0. [Epub ahead of print]
53. Guth U, Myrick ME, Viehl CT, Schmid SM, Obermann EC, Weber WP. The post ACOSOG z0011 era: does our new understanding of breast cancer really change clinical practice? Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 38; 645-650.
54. Nadeem R, Saidan Z. Implications of omitting axillary clearance in positive sentinel nodes: a retrospective application of the ACOSOG z0011 and POSNOC trials. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013; 39; 461-514.
55. Jagsi R, Chadha M, Moni J et al. Radiation field design in the ACOSOG z0011 (Alliance) trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014; 32; 3600-3606.
56. Ahmed M, Douek M. What is the future of axillary surgery for breast cancer? Ecancermedicalscience 2013; 7; 319.
57. Coates AS, Winer EP, Goldhirsch A et al. Tailoring therapies - improving the management of early breast cancer: St Gallen international expert consensus on the primary therapy of early breast cancer 2015. Ann. Oncol. 2015; 26; 1533-1546.
58. National Cancer Control Program. National clinical guideline. Diagnosis, staging and treatment of patients with breast cancer. 2015. Access date: 15th April 2015. Available at: http://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/5/cancer/profinfo/guidelines/breast/breastguideline.pdf
59. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Early and locally advanced breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Clinical guideline 80. London: NICE, 2009. Access date: 15th April 2015. Available at: http://www.nice.org/CG80.
60. Association of Breast Surgery. Consensus statement on management of the malignant axilla in early breast cancer. 2015. Access date: 26th July 2015. Available at: http://www.associationofbreastsurgery.org.uk/publications/guidelines/abs-consensus-statement-management-of-the-malignant-axilla-in-early-breast-cancer-(2015)/
61. Goyal A, Dodwell D, Reed MW, Coleman RE. Axillary treatment in women with one or two sentinel nodes with macrometastases: more evidence is needed to inform practice. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014; 32; 3902.
62. Carroll PA, O'Mahony D, McDermott R et al. Perioperative diagnosis of the positive axilla in breast cancer: a safe, time efficient algorithm. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 37; 205-210.
63. Ibrahim-Zada I, Grant CS, Glazebrook KN, Boughey JC. Preoperative axillary ultrasound in breast cancer: safely avoiding frozen section of sentinel lymph nodes in breast-conserving surgery. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2013; 217; 7-15; discussion 15-16.
64. Verma R, Sundara Rajan S, Verghese ET, Horgan K, Hanby AM, Lane S. Pathological evaluation of the staging axillary lymph nodes for breast cancer: a national survey in the United Kingdom. Histopathology 2014; 65; 707-711.
65. Weber WP, Barry M, Stempel MM et al. A 10-year trend analysis of sentinel lymph node frozen section and completion axillary dissection for breast cancer: are these procedures becoming obsolete? Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 19; 225-232.
66. Brogi E, Torres-Matundan E, Tan LK, Cody HS 3rd. The results of frozen section, touch preparation, and cytological smear are comparable for intraoperative examination of sentinel lymph nodes: a study in 133 breast cancer patients. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2005; 12; 173-180.
67. Lu Q, Tan EY, Ho B et al. Achieving breast cancer surgery in a single setting with intraoperative frozen section analysis of the sentinel lymph node. Clin. Breast Cancer 2013; 13; 140-145.
68. Sabel MS, Jorns JM, Wu A, Myers J, Newman LA, Breslin TM. Development of an intraoperative pathology consultation service at a free-standing ambulatory surgical center: clinical and economic impact for patients undergoing breast cancer surgery. Am. J. Surg. 2012; 204; 66-77.
69. Memar B, Sadeghi R, Ayati NK et al. The value of touch imprint cytology and frozen section for intra-operative evaluation of axillary sentinel lymph nodes. Pol. J. Pathol. 2010; 61; 161-165.
70. Chao C. The use of frozen section and immunohistochemistry for sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. Am. Surg. 2004; 70; 414-419.
71. Van Diest PJ, Torrenga H, Borgstein PJ et al. Reliability of intraoperative frozen section and imprint cytological investigation of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Histopathology 1999; 35; 14-18.
72. Komenaka IK, Torabi R, Nair G et al. Intraoperative touch imprint and frozen section analysis of sentinel lymph nodes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Ann. Surg. 2010; 251; 319-322.
73. Motomura K, Inaji H, Komoike Y et al. Intraoperative sentinel lymph node examination by imprint cytology and frozen sectioning during breast surgery. Br. J. Surg. 2000; 87; 597-601.
74. Ali R, Hanly AM, Naughton P et al. Intraoperative frozen section assessment of sentinel lymph nodes in the operative management of women with symptomatic breast cancer. World J. Surg. Oncol. 2008; 6; 69. Access date: 21st September 2015. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18582366
75. Chan SW, LaVigne KA, Port ER et al. Does the benefit of sentinel node frozen section vary between patients with invasive duct, invasive lobular, and favorable histologic subtypes of breast cancer? Ann. Surg. 2008; 247; 143-149.
76. Jensen AJ, Naik AM, Pommier RF, Vetto JT, Troxell ML. Factors influencing accuracy of axillary sentinel lymph node frozen section for breast cancer. Am. J. Surg. 2010; 199; 629-635.
77. Liu LC, Lang JE, Lu Y et al. Intraoperative frozen section analysis of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer patients: a meta-analysis and single-institution experience. Cancer 2011; 117; 250-258.
78. Wong J, Yong WS, Thike AA et al. False negative rate for intraoperative sentinel lymph node frozen section in patients with breast cancer: a retrospective analysis of patients in a single Asian institution. J. Clin. Pathol. 2015; 68; 536-540.
79. Deo S, Samaiya A, Jain P et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy assessment using intraoperative imprint cytology in breast cancer patients: results of a validation study. Asian J. Surg. 2004; 27; 294-298.
80. Van Eetvelde E, Vanhoeij M, Verfaillie G, Bourgain C, Lamote J. Role of intra-operative touch imprint cytology in the treatment of breast cancer. Acta Chir. Belg. 2011; 111; 130-135.
81. Cserni G. The potential value of intraoperative imprint cytology of axillary sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. Am. Surg. 2001; 67; 86-91.
82. Hamidian Jahromi A, Narayanan S, MacNeill F, Osin P, Nerurkar A, Gui G. Testing the feasibility of intra-operative sentinel lymph node touch imprint cytology. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl. 2009; 91; 336-339.
83. Zgajnar J, Frkovic-Grazio S, Besic N et al. Low sensitivity of the touch imprint cytology of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer patients - results of a large series. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004; 85; 82-86; discussion 87.
84. Jeruss JS, Hunt KK, Xing Y et al. Is intraoperative touch imprint cytology of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer cost effective? Cancer 2006; 107; 2328-2336.
85. Lee A, Krishnamurthy S, Sahin A, Symmans WF, Hunt K, Sneige N. Intraoperative touch imprint of sentinel lymph nodes in breast carcinoma patients. Cancer 2002; 96; 225-231.
86. Chicken DW, Kocjan G, Falzon M et al. Intraoperative touch imprint cytology for the diagnosis of sentinel lymph node metastases in breast cancer. Br. J. Surg. 2006; 93; 572-576.
87. Chen JJ, Yang BL, Zhang JX, Xu WP, Shao ZM, Wu J. The evaluation and optimization of intraoperative touch imprint cytology for sentinel lymph nodes in early-stage breast cancer in China. World J. Surg. 2010; 34; 2325-2332.
88. Creager AJ, Geisinger KR, Perrier ND et al. Intraoperative imprint cytologic evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes for lobular carcinoma of the breast. Ann. Surg. 2004; 239; 61-66.
89. Clarke D, Leung E, Chachlani N et al. Intraoperative assessment of sentinel node using imprint cytology. World J. Surg. 2010; 34; 55-61.
90. Llatjos M, Castella E, Fraile M et al. Intraoperative assessment of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with breast carcinoma: accuracy of rapid imprint cytology compared with definitive histologic workup. Cancer 2002; 96; 150-156.
91. Shiver SA, Creager AJ, Geisinger K, Perrier ND, Shen P, Levine EA. Intraoperative analysis of sentinel lymph nodes by imprint cytology for cancer of the breast. Am. J. Surg. 2002; 184; 424-427.
92. Tew K, Irwig L, Matthews A, Crowe P, Macaskill P. Meta-analysis of sentinel node imprint cytology in breast cancer. Br. J. Surg. 2005; 92; 1068-1080.
93. Cserni G. Intraoperative analysis of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer by one-step nucleic acid amplification. J. Clin. Pathol. 2012; 65; 193-199.
94. Tsujimoto M, Nakabayashi K, Yoshidome K et al. One-step nucleic acid amplification for intraoperative detection of lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007; 13; 4807-4816.
95. Le Frere-Belda MA, Bats AS, Gillaizeau F et al. Diagnostic performance of one-step nucleic acid amplification for intraoperative sentinel node metastasis detection in breast cancer patients. Int. J. Cancer 2012; 130; 2377-2386.
96. Maiorano E, Mazzarol GM, Pruneri G et al. Ectopic breast tissue as a possible cause of false-positive axillary sentinel lymph node biopsies. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2003; 27; 513-518.
97. Bernet L, Cano R, Martinez M et al. Diagnosis of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer: a reproducible molecular method: a multicentric Spanish study. Histopathology 2011; 58; 863-869.
98. Tiernan JP, Verghese ET, Nair A et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of cytokeratin 19-based one-step nucleic acid amplification versus histopathology for sentinel lymph node assessment in breast cancer. Br. J. Surg. 2014; 101; 298-306.
99. Jara-Lazaro AR, Hussain IH, Thike AA et al. Assessment of suitability of the one step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) assay as an intraoperative procedure for detection of metastasis in sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer. J. Clin. Pathol. 2014; 67; 1032-1037.
100. Pathmanathan N, Renthawa J, French JR et al. Intraoperative sentinel lymph node assessment in breast cancer: a comparison of rapid diagnostic method based on CK19 mRNA expression and imprint cytology. ANZ J. Surg. 2014; 84; 730-734.
101. Tamaki Y, Akiyama F, Iwase T et al. Molecular detection of lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients: results of a multicenter trial using the one-step nucleic acid amplification assay. Clin. Cancer Res. 2009; 15; 2879-2884.
102. Dengel LT, Van Zee KJ, King TA et al. Axillary dissection can be avoided in the majority of clinically node-negative patients undergoing breast-conserving therapy. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2014; 21; 22-27.
103. Weaver DL. Pathology evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer: protocol recommendations and rationale. Mod. Pathol. 2010; 23(Suppl. 2); S26-S32.
104. Gooch J, King TA, Eaton A et al. The extent of extracapsular extension may influence the need for axillary lymph node dissection in patients with T1-T2 breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2014; 21; 2897-2903.
105. Cserni G, Amendoeira I, Bianchi S et al. Distinction of isolated tumour cells and micrometastasis in lymph nodes of breast cancer patients according to the new tumour node metastasis (TNM) definitions. Eur. J. Cancer 2011; 47; 887-894.
106. Turner RR, Weaver DL, Cserni G et al. Nodal stage classification for breast carcinoma: improving interobserver reproducibility through standardized histologic criteria and image-based training. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008; 26; 258-263.
107. Walker RA, Hanby A, Pinder SE, Thomas J, Ellis IO; National Coordinating Committee for Breast Pathology Research Subgroup. Current issues in diagnostic breast pathology. J. Clin. Pathol. 2012; 65; 771-785.
108. Sahin AA, Guray M, Hunt KK. Identification and biologic significance of micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes in patients with invasive breast cancer. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2009; 133; 869-878.
109. Mauri D, Pavlidis N, Ioannidis JP. Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant systemic treatment in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 2005; 97; 188-194.
110. Mieog JS, van der Hage JA, van de Velde CJ. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast cancer. Br. J. Surg. 2007; 94; 1189-1200.
111. Mamounas EP. Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on locoregional surgical treatment of breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 22; 1425-1433.
112. Wolmark N, Wang J, Mamounas E, Bryant J, Fisher B. Preoperative chemotherapy in patients with operable breast cancer: nine-year results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-18. J. Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr. 2001; 30; 96-102.
113. van der Hage JA, van de Velde CJ, Julien JP, Tubiana-Hulin M, Vandervelden C, Duchateau L. Preoperative chemotherapy in primary operable breast cancer: results from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Trial 10902. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001; 19; 4224-4237.
114. Bear HD, Anderson S, Brown A et al. The effect on tumor response of adding sequential preoperative docetaxel to preoperative doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide: preliminary results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol B-27. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003; 21; 4165-4174.
115. Mamounas EP, Brown A, Anderson S et al. Sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol B-27. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005; 23; 2694-2702.
116. Menard JP, Extra JM, Jacquemier J et al. Sentinel lymphadenectomy for the staging of clinical axillary node-negative breast cancer before neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009; 35; 916-920.
117. Sabel MS, Schott AF, Kleer CG et al. Sentinel node biopsy prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Am. J. Surg. 2003; 186; 102-105.
118. Schrenk P, Hochreiner G, Fridrik M, Wayand W. Sentinel node biopsy performed before preoperative chemotherapy for axillary lymph node staging in breast cancer. Breast J. 2003; 9; 282-287.
119. Straver ME, Rutgers EJ, Russell NS et al. Towards rational axillary treatment in relation to neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 2009; 45; 2284-2292.
120. Xing Y, Foy M, Cox DD, Kuerer HM, Hunt KK, Cormier JN. Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node biopsy after preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Br. J. Surg. 2006; 93; 539-546.
121. Kelly AM, Dwamena B, Cronin P, Carlos RC. Breast cancer sentinel node identification and classification after neoadjuvant chemotherapy - systematic review and meta analysis. Acad. Radiol. 2009; 16; 551-563.
122. van Deurzen CH, Vriens BE, Tjan-Heijnen VC et al. Accuracy of sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: a systematic review. Eur. J. Cancer 2009; 45; 3124-3130.
123. van der Heiden-van der Loo M, de Munck L, Sonke GS et al. Population based study on sentinel node biopsy before or after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in clinically node negative breast cancer patients: identification rate and influence on axillary treatment. Eur. J. Cancer 2015; 51; 915-921.
124. Fu JF, Chen HL, Yang J, Yi CH, Zheng S. Feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinically node-positive breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2014; 9; e105316.
125. Kuehn T, Bauerfeind I, Fehm T et al. Sentinel-lymph-node biopsy in patients with breast cancer before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (SENTINA): a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14; 609-618.
126. Boughey JC, Suman VJ, Mittendorf EA et al. Sentinel lymph node surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with node-positive breast cancer: the ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance) clinical trial. JAMA 2013; 310; 1455-1461.
127. Boughey JC, Ballman KV, Hunt KK et al. Axillary ultrasound after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its impact on sentinel lymph node surgery: results from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z1071 trial (Alliance). J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; doi: 10.1200/JCO2014.57.8401. [Epub ahead of print]
128. Boileau JF, Poirier B, Basik M et al. Sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in biopsy-proven node-positive breast cancer: the SN FNAC study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; 33; 258-264.
129. King TA, Morrow M. Surgical issues in patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2015; 12; 335-343.
130. Mamounas EP, White JR, Bandos H et al. NSABP B-51/RTOG 1304: randomized phase III clinical trial evaluating the role of postmastectomy chest wall and regional nodal XRT (CWRNRT) and post-lumpectomy RNRT in patients (PTS) with documented positive axillary (AX) nodes before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) who convert to pathologically negative AX nodes after NC. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014; 32; 5s. (suppl; abstr TPS1141).
131. A Randomized Phase III Trial Comparing Axillary Lymph Node Dissection to Axillary Radiation in Breast Cancer Patients (cT1-3 N1) Who Have Positive Sentinel Lymph Node Disease After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy United States: Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology 2015. Access date: 2nd October 2015. Available at: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01901094
132. Lyman GH. Appropriate role for sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early-stage breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; 33; 232-234.
133. Zhang GC, Zhang YF, Xu FP et al. Axillary lymph node status, adjusted for pathologic complete response in breast and axilla after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, predicts differential disease-free survival in breast cancer. Curr. Oncol. 2013; 20; e180-e192.
134. Kawajiri H, Takashima T, Aomatsu N et al. Prognostic significance of pathological complete response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast cancer. Oncol. Lett. 2014; 7; 663-668.
135. Hennessy BT, Hortobagyi GN, Rouzier R et al. Outcome after pathologic complete eradication of cytologically proven breast cancer axillary node metastases following primary chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005; 23; 9304-9311.
136. Penault-Llorca F, Abrial C, Raoelfils I et al. Comparison of the prognostic significance of Chevallier and Sataloff's pathologic classifications after neoadjuvant chemotherapy of operable breast cancer. Hum. Pathol. 2008; 39; 1221-1228.
137. Gralow JR, Zujewski JA, Winer E. Preoperative therapy in invasive breast cancer: reviewing the state of the science and exploring new research directions. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008; 26; 696-697.
138. Symmans F, P S, Lester S, Kulka J. Post-therapy effects. In Lakhani SR, EI Schnitt SJ, Tan PH, de van Vijver MJ eds. World Health Organization classification of tumours of the breast. 4th ed. Lyons: IARC, 2012; 24-26.
139. Pinder SE, Rakha EA, Purdie CA et al. Macroscopic handling and reporting of breast cancer specimens pre- and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment: review of pathological issues and suggested approaches. Histopathology 2015; 67; 279-293.
140. Sahoo S, Lester SC. Pathology of breast carcinomas after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: an overview with recommendations on specimen processing and reporting. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2009; 133; 633-642.
141. Wilsher MJ, Bonar SF. Megakaryocytes in axillary lymph nodes mimicking metastatic breast carcinoma following neoadjuvant chemotherapy and herceptin. Pathology 2014; 46; 453-455.
142. Prieto-Granada C, Setia N, Otis CN. Lymph node extramedullary hematopoiesis in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy: a potential diagnostic pitfall. Int. J. Surg. Pathol. 2013; 21; 264-266.
143. Takhar AS, Ney A, Patel M, Sharma A. Extramedullary haematopoiesis in axillary lymph nodes following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer. BMJ Case Rep. 2013. Access date: 21st September 2015. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23704429.
144. Millar EK, Inder S, Lynch J. Extramedullary haematopoiesis in axillary lymph nodes following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer - a potential diagnostic pitfall. Histopathology 2009; 54; 622-623.
145. Caudle AS, Yang WT, Mittendorf EA et al. Selective surgical localization of axillary lymph nodes containing metastases in patients with breast cancer: a prospective feasibility trial. JAMA Surg. 2015; 150; 137-143.
146. Klauber-DeMore N, Ollila DW, Moore DT et al. Size of residual lymph node metastasis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer patients is prognostic. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2006; 13; 685-691.
147. Shimazu K, Tamaki Y, Taguchi T, Tsukamoto F, Kasugai T, Noguchi S. Intraoperative frozen section analysis of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2008; 15; 1717-1722.
148. Rubio IT, Aznar F, Lirola J, Peg V, Xercavins J. Intraoperative assessment of sentinel lymph nodes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2010; 17; 235-239.
149. Han A, Moon HG, Kim J et al. Reliability of sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. J. Breast Cancer 2013; 16; 378-385.