The Politics of judicial interpretation: The federal courts, department of justice, and civil rights, 1866-1876

The Politics of Judicial Interpretation: The Federal Courts, Department of Justice, and Civil Rights, 1866-1876

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-246

  Kaczorowski, Robert J ^a  

^a FORDHAM UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84954168494     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (245)

1. George Santayana. Reason in Common Sense, vol. 1, Life of Reason or the Phases of Human Progress (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 2nd ed., 1936): 284.
2. Robert J. Kaczorowski. The Nationalization of Civil Rights: Constitutional Theory and Practice in a Racist Society, 1866-1883 (New York, 1987);
3. Congress, Citizenship, and Civil Rights After the Civil War," American Historical Review 92 (1987): 45;
4. Harold M. Hyman. A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution (New York, 1973);
5. Michael Les Benedict. A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 1863-1869 (New York, 1974);
6. Herman Belz. Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era (New York, 1978);
7. Raoul Berger. Government by Judiciary: The Transformation of the Fourteenth Amendment (Cambridge, 1977);
8. Michael Kent Curtis. No State Shall Abridge: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights (Durham, NC, 1986);
9. William E.Nelson. The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine (Cambridge, 1988);
10. Earl M.Maltz. Civil Rights, The Constitution, and Congress, 1863-1869 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1990);
11. Akhil R. Amar. The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction (New Haven, CT, 1998);
12. Xi Wang. The Trial of Democracy: Black Suffrage and Northern Republicans, 1860-1910 (Athens, GA, 1997).
13. Eric Foner. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York, 1988).
14. Allen W. Trelease. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction (New York, 1971).
15. William Gillette. Retreat From Reconstruction, 1869-1879 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1979);
16. Xi Wang. The Trial of Democracy: Black Suffrage and Northern Republicans, 1860-1910 (Athens, GA, 1997).
17. Kermit L. Hall. "Political Power and Constitutional Legitimacy: The South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials, 1871-1872," Emory Law Journal 33 (1984): 936;
18. Lou Falkner Williams. "The South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials and Enforcement of Federal Rights, 1871-1872," Civil War History 39 (1993): 47-66;
19. Lou Falkner Williams. The Great South Carolina Ku Klux Trials, 1871-1872(Athens, GA, 1996);
20. Richard Zuczek. "The Federal Government's Attack on the Ku Klux Klan: A Reassessment," South Carolina Historical Magazine 97 (January 1996): 47;
21. Richard Zuczek. State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia, SC, 1996).
22. Journal of Southern History 53 (August 1987): 421-40.
23. Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (16Wall.) 36 (1873).
24. United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. (2 Otto) 542 (1875).
25. Ch. 114, 18 Stat. 335 (1875);
26. Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883).
27. Robert M. Goldman. "A Free Ballot and a Fair Count" The Department of Justice and the Enforcement of Voting Rights in the South, 1877-1893 (New York, 2001);
28. Stanley Hirshon. Farewell to the Bloody Shirt: Northern Republicans and the Negro, 1877-1893 (Bloomington, IN, 1962);
29. Vincent P. DeSantis. Republicans Face the Southern Question: The New Departure Years, 1877-1897 (Baltimore, 1959).
30. Michael Les Benedict. "Preserving Federalism: Reconstruction and the Waite Court," Supreme Court Review (1978): 39-62.
31. United States v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214 (1875);
32. Ex parte Siebold, 100 U.S.371 (1880);
33. Ex parte Clarke, 100 U.S. 399 (1880);
34. Ex parte Yarbrough, 110 U.S. 651 (1884);
35. James v. Bowman, 190 U.S. 127 (1903);
36. Ex parte Virginia, 100 U.S. 339 (1880);
37. Virginia v. Rives, 100 U.S. 313 (1880).
38. Barney v. City of New York, 193 U.S. 430 (1904).
39. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
40. A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr.. Shades of Freedom: Racial Politics and Presumptions of the American Legal Process (New York, 1996);
41. Michael J. Klarman. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004);
42. Charles Lofgren. The Plessy Case: A Legal-Historical Interpretation (New York, 1987);
43. C.Vann Woodward. The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York, 3rd edition, 1974).
44. Richard Ayers. The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction (New York, 1992);
45. W. Fitzhugh Brundage. Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880-1930 (Urbana, 1993);
46. W. Fitzhugh Brundage. ed., Under Sentence of Death: Lynching in the South (Chapel Hill, 1997);
47. William Cohen. At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861-1915 (Baton Rouge, 1991);
48. Philip Dray. At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black Americans (New York, 2002);
49. Glenda E. Gilmore. Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1996);
50. J. Morgan Kousser. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910 (New Haven, 1974);
51. Leon Litwack. Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow (New York, 1998);
52. C. Vann Woodward. Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 (Baton Rouge, 1951);
53. Joel Williamson. The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation (New York, 1984);
54. George C. Wright. Racial Violence in Kentucky, 1865-1940: Lynchings, Mob Rule and "Legal Lynchings" (Baton Rouge, 1990).
55. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
56. Richard Kluger. Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality (New York, 1976);
57. Mark Tushnet. The NAACP's Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education, 1925-1950 (Chapel Hill, 1987);
58. Mark Tushnet.Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936-1961 (New York, 1964).
59. Taylor Branch. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63 (New York, 1989);
60. Clayborne Carson. In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge, 1981);
61. David Garrow. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York, 1986); August
62. Meier and Elliott Rudwick. CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942-1968 (New York, 1973);
63. Adam Fairclough. To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Athens, GA, 1987).
64. Hugh Davis Graham. The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972 (New York, 1990);
65. Carl M. Brauer. John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction (New York, 1977);
66. Mark Stern. Calculating Visions: Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights (New Brunswick, NJ, 1992);
67. Robert Dallek. Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973 (New York, 1998);
68. Michael R. Belknap. Federal Law and Southern Order: Racial Violence and Constitutional Conflict in the Post-Brown South (Athens, GA, New Edition, 1995).
69. Quoted in Dallek. Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973, 112;
70. Michael J. Klarman. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality (New York, 2004): 363, 221.
71. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 379
72. U.S. 241 (1964); Katzenbach v. McClung, 379
73. U.S. 294 (1964); South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383
74. U.S. 301 (1966); v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392
75. U.S. 409 (1968). Stern, Calculating Visions, 231-232.
76. Graham. The Civil Rights Era, 320, 382;
77. Richard Reeves. President Nixon: Alone in the White House (New York, 2001): 117-119, 159, 166-167, 192, 238, 303-304, 317-318;
78. Stern. Calculating Visions, at 705;
79. James T. Patterson. Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (New York, 1996): 461, 702.
80. Kevin P. Phillips. The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, NY, 1969).
81. Steven A. Shull. American Civil Rights Policy From Truman to Clinton: The Role of Presidential Leadership (Armonk, NY, 1999);
82. Hugh Davis Graham. "Race, History, and Policy: African Americans and Civil Rights Since 1964," 12-39.
83. Hugh Davis Graham, ed.. Civil Rights in the United States (University Park, PA, 1994);
84. W. Elliot Brownlee and Hugh Davis Graham. The Reagan Presidency: Pragmatic Conservatism and Its Legacies (Lawrence, KS, 2003);
85. Norman C. Amaker. Civil Rights and the Reagan Administration (Washington, DC, 1988);
86. Raymond Wolters. Right Turn: William Bradford Reynolds, the Reagan Administration, and Black Civil Rights (New Brunswick, NJ, 1996).
87. U.S. 1 (1971); Keyes v. School District No.1, Denver, CO, 413
88. U.S. 189 (1973); Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974).
89. Bernard Schwartz. Swann's Way: The School Busing Case and the Supreme Court (New York, 1986);
90. Davison M. Douglas. Reading, Writing, & Race: The Desegregation of the Charlotte Schools (Chapel Hill, 1995);
91. Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong. The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court (New York, 1981).
92. Jack Bass. Unlikely Heroes (New York, 1981);
93. J.W. Peltason. Fifty-Eight Lonely Men (New York, 1961);
94. Frank Read and Lucy McGough. Let Them Be Judged: The Judicial Integration of the Deep South (Metuchen, NJ, 1978);
95. Gerald N. Rosenberg. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? (Chicago, 1991);
96. Harvie J. Wilkinson. From Brown to Bakke: The Supreme Court and School Integration: 1954-1978 (New York, 1979).
97. U.S. 265 (1978); City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co., 488
98. U.S. 469 (1989); Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515
99. U.S. 200 (1995). Grutter v. Bollinger, 539
100. U.S. 306 (2003). Gratz v. Bollinger, 539
101. U.S. 244 (2003). Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491
102. U.S. 164 (1989), Runyon v. McCrary; 427
103. U.S. 160 (1976) Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer, Co., 392
104. U.S. 409 (1968) City of Boerne v. Flores, 521
105. U.S. 507 (1997) United States v.Morrison, 529
106. U.S. 598 (2000), Katzenbach v.Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966).
107. Robert J. Kaczorowski. "The Supreme Court and Congress's Power to Enforce Constitutional Rights: An Overlooked Moral Anomaly," Fordham Law Review 73 (2004): 154;
108. James H. Kettner. The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870 (Chapel Hill, 1978)
109. "Searching for the Intent of the Framers of the Fourteenth Amendment," Connecticut Law Review 5 (Winter 1973): 368-398;
110. "The Nationalization of Civil Rights: Constitutional Theory and Practice After the Civil War" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,University of Minnesota, 1971);
111. William M. Wiecek. The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760-1848 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1977)
112. Barron v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 243 (1833).
113. Maryland case was not reported, but the full text of the opinion was reprinted in the Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser, July 7, 1866, and the Baltimore Sun, July 9, 1866;
114. Margaret Law Callcott. The Negro in Maryland Politics, 1870-1912 (Baltimore, 1969): 18, fn. 21.
115. A newspaper copy of the decision is entered in Edward McPherson, ed.. Scrapbook on the Civil Rights Bill, pp. 114-115
116. W. A. Low. "The Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights in Maryland," The Journal of Negro History 37 (July 1952): 239-241.
117. Ex parte Warren, 37 Tex. 147 (1868);
118. Kelley v. Arkansas, 25 Ark. 392 (1869);
119. State v. Underwood, 63 N.C. 98 (1869).
120. The New York Times, Nov. 2, 1866, p. 5;
121. Cincinnati Gazette, Oct. 24, 1866, p. 1;
122. McPherson, ed.. Scrapbook on the Civil Rights Bill, clippings from unidentified Papers, pp. 108, 119, and 136; New York
123. Baltimore American, Apr. 16 1866, p. 109;
124. Detroit Post, Sept. 14, 1866, p. 120;
125. Philadelphia Daily News, Apr. 23, 1866, pp. 109, 110-111;
126. Cincinnati Gazette, July 4, 1867, p. 1;
127. The New York Times, May 14, 1871, p. 1;
128. Stevens v. Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad Co. clippings in John C. Underwood, ed., Scrapbook, pp. 193, 203, 205, 207
129. McPherson, ed.. Scrapbook on the Civil Rights Bill, Baltimore Gazette, May 25, 1866, p. 111;
130. The New York Times, May 8, 1867, p. 1;
131. U.S. Senate. "Correspondence Relative to Reconstruction," 40th Cong. 1st sess. Sen. Exec. Doc. No. 14 (Serial 1308): 208-209.
132. Howard N. Rabinowitz. Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865-1890 (New York, 1978);
133. "From Exclusion to Segregation: Southern Race Relations, 1865-1900," Journal of American History 63 (Sept. 1976): 325-350.
134. The New York Times, Oct. 18, 1866, p. 5;
135. Louisville Daily Journal, June 27, 1867, p. 2.
136. Louisville Daily Journal, June 28, 1867, p. 2.
137. McPherson, ed.. Scrapbook on the Civil Rights Bill, pp. 143, 147.
138. Judge Bland Ballard's charge to the grand jury in this connection, Louisville Daily Journal, Oct. 3, 1867
139. McPherson, ed.. Scrapbook on the Civil Rights Bill, pp. 122, 137-142, 149
140. Cincinnati Gazette, Oct. 24, 1866, p. 1;
141. S. C. F., S. D.Miss., R. G. 60, N. A.; Gaines v. State, 39 Tex. 606, 612 (1873);
142. Benjamin Helm Bristow Papers, L.C.; Judge Bland Ballard to Salmon P. Chase, Aug. 16, 1866 (Vol. 97)
143. Salmon P. Chase, Papers, L.C.; Ross A. Webb. Benjamin Helm Bristow: Border Slate Politician (Lexington, Ky., 1969): 54.
144. Bristow Papers, L.C.; Cincinnati Gazette, Mar. 21, 1868;
145. McPherson, ed.. Scrapbook on the Civil Rights Bill, p. 155
146. Victor B. Howard."The Black Testimony Controversy in Kentucky, 1866-1872," The Journal of Negro History 58 (Apr. 1973): 150.
147. William W. Rogers. "The Boyd Incident: Black Belt Violence during Reconstruction," Civil War History 21 (Dec. 1975): 309-329.
148. Charge to Grand Jury, 30 F. Cas. 987 (No. 18,252) D. W.Va. (1870).
149. John A. Carpenter. Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard (Pittsburgh, 1964);
150. William S. McFeely. Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen (New York, 1970);
151. Donald G. Nieman. To Set the Law in Motion: The Freedmen's Bureau and the Legal Rights of Blacks, 1865-1868 (Millwood, N.Y., 1980);
152. James Sefton. The United States Army and Reconstruction, 1865-1877 (Baton Rouge, 1967);
153. Daniel J. Flanigan. "The Criminal Law of Slavery and Freedom, 1800-1868" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Rice University, 1973).
154. "Memorandum," "Case of Dr. James L. Watson," Virginia Assistant Commissioner, Letters Received, L345, Vol. 4, 1867
155. U.S. Senate. "Correspondence Relative to Reconstruction," 40th Cong., 1st sess., Sen. Exec. Doc. No. 14 (Serial 1308), passim.
156. Col. Lewis to Gen. Fisk. May 15, 1866, M752, Reel 33, K135, Vol. 6, 1866;
157. "Correspondence Relative to Reconstruction." p. 116; Nieman, To Set the Law in Motion , pp. 15-16.
158. U.S. Senate. "Violations of the Civil Rights Bill," 39th Cong., 2d sess., Sen. Exec. Doc. No. 29 (Serial 1277), pp. 12-13;
159. Oliver O. Howard. Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, Vol. 2 (New York, 1907): 283;
160. Nieman. To Set the Law in Motion, pp. 16, 19, 21;
161. Sefton. The United States Army, passim;
162. Jerrell H. Shofner. Nor Is It Over Yet: Florida in the Era of Reconstruction, 1863-1877(Gainesville, Fla., 1974): 98, 101;
163. Benjamin P. Thomas and Hyman H.M. Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln's Secretary of War (New York, 1962): 476-478;
164. Flanigan. "The Criminal Law of Slavery and Freedom," pp. 329-333;
165. Edson St. Clair. "Administration of Justice in North Carolina, 1865-1876" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1939).
166. Col. C. C. Sibley to Howard, Feb. 16, 1867; Howard to Sibley, Jan. 30 and Feb. 20, 1867, M752, Reel 42, G33,Vol. 9, 1867;
167. U.S. Congress. "Report of the Secretary of War," 39th Cong., 2d sess., House Exec. Doc. No. 1 (Serial 1285): 705-774
168. Salmon P. Chase Papers, L.C. These perceptions of Southern racial justice have also been noted by Vernon L. Wharton, The Negro in Mississippi, 1865-1890 (New York, 1965): 93, 135-136;
169. Gen. Baird to Howard.May 10, 1866,M752, Reel 33, L119,Vol. 6, 1866;
170. "Circular No. 30," Arkansas, M979, Reel 21, Vol. 22, pp. 35-37
171. Howard K. Beale, ed.. The Diary of Gideon Welles ,Vol. 3 (Boston, 1911): 42-44;
172. Kermit L. Hall. "The Civil War Era as a Crucible for Nationalizing the Lower Federal Courts," Prologue (Fall 1975): 177-186.
173. John Marshall Harlan Papers, L.C.; John Marshall Harlan to William Belknap, Dec. 15, 1869
174. Rutherford B.Hayes Papers, Rutherford B. Hayes Library; Ross A. Webb. Benjamin Helm Bristow: Border State Politician (Lexington, Ky., 1969): 51-58;
175. Webb R.A. "Benjamin H. Bristow: Civil Rights Champion, 1866-1872," Civil War History 15 (Mar. 1969): 39-42;
176. Victor B. Howard. "The Black Testimony Controversy in Kentucky, 1866-1872," The Journal of Negro History 58 (Apr. 1973): 146-147, 153.
177. Charge to the Grand Jury, Louisville Courier-Journal, Feb. 23, 1872, p. 3.
178. Lewis and Richard J. Collins. History of Kentucky, Vol. 1 (Frankfort, Ky., 1966): 222, 224
179. Alexander H. H. Stuart Papers, Alderman Library, University of Virginia.
180. "101 Men: The Social Composition and Recruitment of the Antebellum Lower Federal Judiciary, 1829-1861," Rutgers-Camden Law Review 7 (Winter 1976): 199-227.
181. Chase Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; The National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Vol. 11 (New York, 1924): 521.
182. Kermit L. Hall. "The Civil War Era as a Crucible for Nationalizing the Lower Federal Courts," Prologue 7 (Fall 1975): 177-186;
183. Stanley I. Kutler. Judicial Power and Reconstruction Politics (Chicago, 1968);
184. Harold M. Hyman. A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution (New York, 1973):
185. U. S. Grant Papers, Rutherford B. Hayes Library; 30 F. Cas. 1382;
186. Dumas Malone. ed., Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. 11, pp. 83-84;
187. Hugh Lennox Bond Papers; W. A. Low. "The Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights in Maryland," The Journal of Negro History 37 (July 1952): 241;
188. Margaret L. Calcott. The Negro in Maryland Politics (Baltimore, 1969): 10, 18, fn. 21;
189. Jean H. Baker. The Politics of Continuity: Maryland Politics from 1858 to 1870 (Baltimore, 1973): 183-188, 199;
190. Baltimore: Its History and People, Vols. 1 and 3 (New York, 1912): 834, 899, and 897-899
191. The Albany Law Journal 1 (May 7, 1870): 355;
192. The American Law Review 5 (Oct. 1870): 159-161
193. Akerman to Judge R. A. Hill. Sept. 12, 1871, Letterbooks, Vol. 1, pp. 70-71
194. U.S. Congress. "Annual Report of the Attorney General," 42nd Cong., 2d sess., House Exec. Doc. No. 55 (Serial 1510), pp. 4-5.
195. Williams to Maj.Merrill. July 13, 1872, M699, Reel 14, Vol. 1, pp. 370-371;
196. Williams to John D. Pope. Feb. 23, 1872, M701, Reel 3, Instruction Book C, p. 194;
197. U. S. Senate. "Annual Report of the Attorney General," 42nd Cong., 3 sess., Sen. Exec. Doc. No. 32 (Serial 1545), p. 6.
198. William B. Hesseltine. Ulysses S. Grant: Politician (New York, 1957): 262.
199. W. D. Porter, J. B. Kershaw, and R. M. Sims to Williams. July 30, 1873
200. K.K.K. Report, Vol. 8, pp. 322, 562, 564-565, 567;
201. Halmer H. Emmons Papers, Burton Historical Society, Detroit Public Library. The Charleston Daily Courier presents a running account of the trials from November 1871 through early January 1872.
202. Reynold. Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia, S.C., 1905): 202-216
203. Amos Akerman to Benjamin Conley. Dec. 28, 1871, Letterbooks, Vol. 1, pp. 272-277
204. William Gillette. Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869-1879 (Baton Rouge, 1979).
205. Judge R. H. Stanton to Jere. S. Black.Nov. 23, 1870 (Vol. 52, reel 26)
206. Victor B. Howard. "The Black Testimony in Kentucky, 1866-1872," The Journal of Negro History 58 (Apr. 1973): 159;
207. Ross A.Webb. Benjamin Helm Bristow: Border State Politician (Lexington, Ky., 1969): 59.
208. Richard O. Curry, ed.. Radicalism, Racism, and Party Realignment: The Border States During Reconstruction (Baltimore, 1969): 128;
209. Paul A. Freund. ed., History of the Supreme Court of the United States (New York, 1971): 1320-1363.
210. J. A. Campbell to P. P. Phillips. Apr. 12, Nov. 8, Dec. 2, 1870, and Mar. 22, 1871
211. Charleston Daily Courier, May 6, p. 2; May 8, 1871, p. 2;
212. Collector v. Day, 78 U.S. (11 Wall.) 113 (1871).
213. Frank A. Flower. The Life of Matthew Hale Carpenter (Madison,Wis., 3rd. ed., 1884);
214. E. Bruce Thompson. Matthew Hale Carpenter: Webster of the West (Madison,Wis., 1954).
215. Robert G. Caldwell. James A. Garfield: Party Chieftain (Hamden, Conn., 1965): 163-165;
216. James A. Garfield. "National Politics, Speech of Sept. 1, 1866" (Warren, Ohio, 1866);
217. James A. Garfield to Burke Aaron Hinsdale,Mary L. Hinsdale. ed., Garfield-Hinsdale Letters: Correspondence Between James Abram Garfield and Burke Aaron Hinsdale (Ann Arbor, 1949): 78-79.
218. William M. Wiecek. "The Great Writ and Reconstruction: The Habeas Corpus Act of 1867," Journal of Southern History 36 (Nov. 1970): 530-548.
219. D. D. Shelby. "The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments," Southern Law Journal 3 (July 1874): 524-532;
220. M. F. Taylor. "The Slaughterhouse Cases,"., pp. 476-483
221. Mannie W. Johnson. "The Colfax Riot of April, 1873," Louisiana Historical Quarterly 13 (July 1930): 391-427;
222. Horace Lestage. "The White League in Louisiana and Its Participation in Reconstruction Riots,", 18 (July 1935): 615-695;
223. Joe G. Taylor. Louisiana Reconstructed, 1863-1877 (Baton Rouge, 1974): 267-273.
224. Johnson. "The Colfax Riot," pp. 407, 409;
225. Ella Lonn. Reconstruction in Louisiana after 1868(Glouchester, Mass., 1967, reprint of 1918 edition): 240-244.
226. Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (16Wall.) at 75 and pp. 124-125.
227. Walter L. Fleming. Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama (New York, 1949 reprint of 1905 edition): 744.
228. Geo. H.Williams to Henry Stanbery, Oct. 10, Nov. 6, 11, and 13, 1874, M699, Reel 15, Vol. K, pp. 502, 532, 543, and 548, .
229. H. Mart to D.W.Middleton. Oct. 23, 1874, Cruikshank, 92 U.S. (2 Otto) 542
230. Richard O. Curry. ed., Radicalism, Racism, and Party Realignment: The Border States during Reconstruction (Baltimore, 1969): 272-277, 286-287.
231. Louisville Courier-Journal, Feb. 13, 1873, pp. 1, 2.
232. James H. Kettner. The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870 (Chapel Hill, 1978).
233. Charles Warren. The Supreme Court in United States History, Vol. 2 (Boston, 1937): 606-608;
234. C. Peter Magrath.Morrison R.Waite: The Triumph of Character (New York, 1963): 119-134.
235. Stanley I. Kutler. Judicial Power and Reconstruction Politics (Chicago, 1968): 126.
236. National Bank v. Commonwealth, 76 U.S. (9 Wall.) 353 (1870);
237. William L. Royall. "The Fourteenth Amendment. The Slaughterhouse Cases," Southern Law Review 4, n.s. (Oct. 1878): 576, 579;
238. Samuel T. Spear. "State Citizenship." Chicago Legal News 7 (June 5, 1875): 303;
239. The Albany Law Journal 11 (May 22, 1875): 325;
240. Judge R. Ould. "The Last Three Amendments to the Federal Constitution," Virginia Law Journal 2 (July 1878): 385-400;
241. R. McPhail Smith. "The Rebellion," Southern Law Review 2 (Apr. 1873): 313-355;
242. Warren. The Supreme Court, Vol. 2, pp. 539-550.
243. Solon J. Buck. The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and Its Political, Economic and Social Manifestation, 1870-1880 (Lincoln, Neb., 1963);
244. Loren P. Beth. The Development of the American Constitution, 1877-1914 (New York, 1971);
245. James G. Randall. Constitutional Problems Under Lincoln (New York, 1926): 57.