A succession of theories: Purging redundancy from disturbance theory

Biological Reviews

Volumn 91, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 148-167

  Pulsford, Stephanie A ^a   Lindenmayer, David B ^a   Driscoll, Don A ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Facilitation; Habitat accommodation; Inhibition; Initial floristic composition; Intermediate disturbance hypothesis; Life history traits; Neutral metacommunity; Resource gradient; Tolerance; Vital attributes

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; MARKOV CHAIN; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PROCEDURES; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; STOCHASTIC PROCESSES;

EID: 84953791811     PISSN: 14647931     EISSN: 1469185X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/brv.12163     Document Type: Article

References (178)

1. Abensperg-Traun, M., Smith, G. T., Arnold, G. W. & Steven, D. E. (1996). The effects of habitat fragmentation and livestock-grazing on animal communities in remnants of gimlet Eucalyptus salubris woodland in the Western Australian wheatbelt. I. Arthropods. Journal of Applied Ecology 33, 1281-1301.
2. Adams, C. (1908). The ecological succession of birds. The Auk 25, 109-153.
3. Arthaud, F., Vallod, D., Robin, J., Wezel, A. & Bornette, G. (2013). Short-term succession of aquatic plant species richness along ecosystem productivity and dispersal gradients in shallow lakes. Journal of Vegetation Science 24, 148-156.
4. Ashton, D. H. (1976). The development of even-aged stands of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. in central Victoria. Australian Journal of Botany 24, 397-414.
5. Ashton, D. H. (1981). Fire in tall open-forests (wet sclerophyll forests). In Fire and the Australian Biota (eds A. M. Gill, R. H. Groves and I. R. Noble ), pp. 339-366. The Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
6. Austin, M. P. (1999). A silent clash of paradigms: some inconsistencies in community ecology. Oikos 86, 170-178.
7. Baasch, A., Tischew, S. & Bruelheide, H. (2010). Twelve years of succession on sandy substrates in a post-mining landscape: a Markov chain analysis. Ecological Applications 20, 1136-1147.
8. Bashari, H., Smith, C. & Bosch, O. J. H. (2008). Developing decision support tools for rangeland management by combining state and transition models and Bayesian belief networks. Agricultural Systems 99, 23-34.
9. Bergeron, Y. (2000). Species and stand dynamics in the mixed woods of Quebec's southern boreal forest. Ecology 81, 1500-1516.
10. Bestelmeyer, B. T., Goolsby, D. P. & Archer, S. R. (2011). Spatial perspectives in state-and-transition models: a missing link to land management? Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 746-757.
11. Bradstock, R. A. & Kenny, B. J. (2003). An application of plant functional types to fire management in a conservation reserve in southeastern Australia. Journal of Vegetation Science 14, 345-354.
12. Brennan, K. E. C., Christie, F. J. & York, A. (2009). Global climate change and litter decomposition: more frequent fire slows decomposition and increases the functional importance of invertebrates. Global Change Biology 15, 2958-2971.
13. Breshears, D. D., Whitlock, C., Jackson, R. D., Bartolome, J. W. & Allen-Diaz, B. (2002). State and transition models: response to an ESA symposium. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 83, 194-196.
14. Briske, D. D., Fuhlendorf, S. D. & Smeins, F. E. (2005). State-and-transition models, thresholds, and rangeland health: a synthesis of ecological concepts and perspectives. Rangeland Ecology & Management 58, 1-10.
15. Buddle, C. M., Langor, D. W., Pohl, G. R. & Spence, J. R. (2006). Arthropod responses to harvesting and wildfire: implications for emulation of natural disturbance in forest management. Biological Conservation 128, 346-357.
16. Burton, P. J., Messier, C., Smith, D. W. & Adamowicz, W. L. (2003). Towards Sustainable Management of the Boreal Forest. NRC Research Press, Ottawa.
17. Cadotte, M. W. (2007). Competition-colonization trade-offs and disturbance effects at multiple scales. Ecology 88, 823-829.
18. Cagnacci, F., Boitani, L., Powell, R. A. & Boyce, M. S. (2010). Animal ecology meets GPS-based radiotelemetry: a perfect storm of opportunities and challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences 365, 2157-2162.
19. Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B. & Meyers, N. (2006). Biology: Australian Version, Seventh Edition. Pearson Education Australia, Sydney.
20. Campbell, A. J. & Tanton, M. T. (1981). Effects of fire on the invertebrate fauna of soil and litter of a eucalypt forest. In Fire and the Australian Biota (eds A. M. Gill, R. H. Groves and I. R. Noble ), pp. 215-241. The Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
21. Catford, J. A., Jansson, R. & Nilsson, C. (2009). Reducing redundancy in invasion ecology by integrating hypotheses into a single theoretical framework. Diversity and Distributions 15, 22-40.
22. Chesson, P. (1991). A need for niches? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6, 26-28.
23. Clements, F. E. (1916). Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington.
24. Cobb, T. P., Langor, D. W. & Spence, J. R. (2007). Biodiversity and multiple disturbances: boreal forest ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) responses to wildfire, harvesting, and herbicide. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne de Recherche Forestiere 37, 1310-1323.
25. Connell, J. H. (1978). Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199, 1302-1310.
26. Connell, J. H. & Slatyer, R. O. (1977). Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. The American Naturalist 111, 1119-1144.
27. Copenheaver, C. A. (2008). Old-field succession in western New York: the progression of forbs and woody species from abandonment to mature forest. Rhodora 110, 157-170.
28. Cowles, H. C. (1901). The physiographic ecology of Chicago and vicinity; a study of the origin, development, and classification of plant societies. Botanical Gazette 31, 73-108.
29. Cowles, H. C. (1911). The causes of vegetative cycles. Botanical Gazette 51, 161-183.
30. Culver, D. C. (1981). On using Horn's Markov succession model. The American Naturalist 117, 572-574.
31. Cunningham, T. (1960). The Natural Regeneration of Eucalyptus regnans, Bulletin of the School of Forestry, University of Melbourne. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
32. Cutler, N. (2011). Vegetation-environment interactions in a sub-arctic primary succession. Polar Biology 34, 693-706.
33. Davies, K. F., Margules, C. R. & Lawrence, J. F. (2000). Which traits of species predict population declines in experimental forest fragments? Ecology 81, 1450-1461.
34. Dean, R. L. & Connell, J. H. (1987). Marine invertebrates in an algal succession. II. Tests of hypotheses to explain changes in diversity with succession. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 109, 217-247.
35. Dean, T. A. & Hurd, L. E. (1980). Development in an estuarine fouling community: the influence of early colonists on later arrivals. Oecologia 46, 295-301.
36. Díaz Barradas, M. C., Zunzunegui, M., Tirado, R., Ain-Lhout, F. & García Novo, F. (1999). Plant functional types and ecosystem function in Mediterranean shrubland. Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 709-716.
37. Drake, J. A. (1990). Communities as assembled structures: do rules govern pattern? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5, 159-164.
38. Driscoll, D. A. & Lindenmayer, D. B. (2012). Framework to improve the application of theory in ecology and conservation. Ecological Monographs 82, 129-147.
39. Driscoll, D. A. & Weir, T. (2005). Beetle responses to habitat fragmentation depend on ecological traits, habitat condition, and remnant size. Conservation Biology 19, 182-194.
40. Drury, W. H. & Nisbet, I. C. T. (1973). Succession. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 54, 331-368.
41. Duncan, R. S. (2006). Tree recruitment from on-site versus off-site propagule sources during tropical forest succession. New Forests 31, 131-150.
42. Egler, F. E. (1954). Vegetation science concepts I. Initial floristic composition, a factor in old-field vegetation development with 2 figs. Plant Ecology 4, 412-417.
43. Eigenbrod, F., Bell, V. A., Davies, H. N., Heinemeyer, A., Armsworth, P. R. & Gaston, K. J. (2011). The impact of projected increases in urbanization on ecosystem services. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, 3201-3208.
44. Elton, C. (1927). Animal Ecology. Sidgwick and Jackson, London.
45. Fish, D. & Hall, D. W. (1978). Succession and stratification of aquatic insects inhabiting leaves of insectivorous pitcher plant, sarracenia-purpurea. American Midland Naturalist 99, 172-183.
46. Fox, B. J. (1982). Fire and mammalian secondary succession in an Australian coastal heath. Ecology 63, 1332-1341.
47. Fox, J. W. (2013). The intermediate disturbance hypothesis should be abandoned. Trends in Ecology & Evolution (Personal Edition) 28, 86-92.
48. Fox, B. J., Taylor, J. E. & Thompson, P. T. (2003). Experimental manipulation of habitat structure: a retrogression of the small mammal succession. Journal of Animal Ecology 72, 927-940.
49. Franklin, J. F., Lindenmayer, D., MacMahon, J. A., McKee, A., Magnuson, J., Perry, D. A., Waide, R. & Foster, D. (2000). Threads of continuity. Conservation in Practice 1, 8-17.
50. Franklin, J. F. & MacMahon, J. A. (2000). Messages from a mountain. Science 288, 1183-1185.
51. Freilich, S., Kreimer, A., Meilijson, I., Gophna, U., Sharan, R. & Ruppin, E. (2010). The large-scale organization of the bacterial network of ecological co-occurrence interactions. Nucleic Acids Research 38, 3857-3868.
52. Gilbert, N., Gutierrez, A., Frazer, B. & Jones, R. (1976). Ecological Relationships. WH Freeman, Reading.
53. Gill, A. M. (1981). Post-settlement fire history in Victorian landscapes. In Fire and the Australian Biota (eds A. M. Gill, R. H. Groves and I. R. Noble ), pp. 77-98. The Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
54. Gitay, H. & Noble, I. (1997). What are functional types and how should we seek them?. In Plant Functional Types: Their Relevance to Ecosystem Properties and Global Change (Volume 1, eds T. M. Smith, H. H. Shugart and F. I. Woodward ), pp. 3-19. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
55. Gleason, H. A. (1917). The structure and development of the plant association. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 44, 463-481.
56. Gleason, H. A. (1927). Further views on the succession-concept. Ecology 8, 299-326.
57. Griggs, R. F. (1922). The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. National Geographic Society, Washington.
58. Grime, J. P. (1973). Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature 242, 344-347.
59. Grime, J. P. (1979). Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester.
60. Grime, J. P. (2001). Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes and Ecosystem Properties. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester.
61. Grimm, V. & Wissel, C. (1997). Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: an inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion. Oecologia 109, 323-334.
62. Grinnell, J. (1924). Geography and evolution. Ecology 5, 225-229.
63. Gunderson, L. H. (2000). Ecological resilience - in theory and application. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31, 425-439.
64. Hanspach, J., Fischer, J., Ikin, K., Stott, J. & Law, B. S. (2012). Using trait-based filtering as a predictive framework for conservation: a case study of bats on farms in southeastern Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 49, 842-850.
65. Heinselman, M. (1981). Fire and succession in the conifer forests of northern North America. In Forest Succession, Springer Advanced Texts in Life Sciences (eds D. West, H. Shugart and D. Botkin ), pp. 374-405. Springer, New York.
66. Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4, 1-23.
67. Holyoak, M., Leibold, M. A. & Holt, R. D. (2005). Metacommunities: Spatial Dynamics and Ecological Communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
68. Horn, H. S. (1975). Markovian properties of forest succession. In Ecology and Evolution of Communities (eds M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond ), pp. 196-211. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
69. Horn, H. S. & Mac Arthur, R. H. (1972). Competition among fugitive species in a Harlequin environment. Ecology 53, 749-752.
70. Hubbell, S. P. (2001). The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography (MPB-32). Princeton University Press, Oxford.
71. Hult, R. (1885). Blekinges vegetation: ett bidfra till vaxtformationernas utveklingshistorie. Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 12, 161-251.
72. Hunter, M. (2007). Core principles for using natural disturbance regimes to inform landscape management. In Managing and Designing Landscapes for Conservation (eds D. B. Lindenmayer and R. J. Hobbs ). Blackwell Publishing, Melbourne.
73. Hurley, A. C. (1973). Fecundity of acorn barnacle balanus-pacificus pilsbry - fugitive species. Limnology and Oceanography 18, 386-393.
74. Hutchinson, G. E. (1951). Copepodology for the onithologist. Ecology 32, 571-577.
75. Jackson, W. D. (1968). Fire, air, water and earth: an elemental ecology of Tasmania. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 3, 9-16.
76. Johnson, E. A. (1996). Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
77. Kayes, L. J., Anderson, P. D. & Puettmann, K. J. (2010). Vegetation succession among and within structural layers following wildfire in managed forests. Journal of Vegetation Science 21, 233-247.
78. Keith, D. A., Holman, L., Rodoreda, S., Lemmon, J. & Bedward, M. (2007). Plant functional types can predict decade-scale changes in fire-prone vegetation. Journal of Ecology 95, 1324-1337.
79. Keith, D. A., McCaw, W. L. & Whelan, R. J. (2002). Fire regimes in Australian heathlands and their effects on plants and animals. In Flammable Australia: the Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent (eds R. A. Bradstock, J. E. Williams and A. M. Gill ), pp. 199-237. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
80. Kemeny, J. G. & Snell, J. L. (1960). Finite Markov Chains. van Nostrand, Princeton.
81. Kim, J. H. (1997). The role of herbivory, and direct and indirect interactions, in algal succession. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 217, 119-135.
82. King, W. (1685). On the bogs and loughs of Ireland. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 15, 948-960.
83. Knowlton, N. (1992). Thresholds and multiple stable states in coral reef community dynamics. American Zoologist 32, 674-682.
84. Langlands, P. R., Brennan, K. E. C., Framenau, V. W. & Main, B. Y. (2011). Predicting the post-fire responses of animal assemblages: testing a trait-based approach using spiders. Journal of Animal Ecology 80, 558-568.
85. Lankau, R. A. & Strauss, S. Y. (2011). Newly rare or newly common: evolutionary feedbacks through changes in population density and relative species abundance, and their management implications. Evolutionary Applications 4, 338-353.
86. Latzel, V., Klimešová, J., Doležal, J., Pyšek, P., Tackenberg, O. & Prach, K. (2011). The association of dispersal and persistence traits of plants with different stages of succession in Central European man-made habitats. Folia Geobotanica 46, 289-302.
87. Lavorel, S., Díaz, S., Cornelissen, J. H., Garnier, E., Harrison, S., McIntyre, S., Pausas, J., Pérez-Harguindeguy, N., Roumet, C. & Urcelay, C. (2007). Plant functional types: are we getting any closer to the holy grail?. In Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World, Global Change - The IGBP Series (eds J. Canadell, D. Pataki and L. Pitelka ), pp. 149-164. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
88. Lawton, J. H. (1987). Are there assembly rules for successional communities?. In Colonization, Succession and Stability (eds A. J. Gray, M. J. Crawley and P. J. Edwards ), pp. 225-244. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
89. Ledger, M. E., Harris, R. M. L., Milner, A. M. & Armitage, P. D. (2006). Disturbance, biological legacies and community development in stream mesocosms. Oecologia 148, 682-691.
90. Leibold, M. A., Holyoak, M., Mouquet, N., Amarasekare, P., Chase, J. M., Hoopes, M. F., Holt, R. D., Shurin, J. B., Law, R., Tilman, D., Loreau, M. & Gonzalez, A. (2004). The metacommunity concept: a framework for multi-scale community ecology. Ecology Letters 7, 601-613.
91. Letnic, M., Dickman, C. R., Tischler, M. K., Tamayo, B. & Beh, C. L. (2004). The responses of small mammals and lizards to post-fire succession and rainfall in arid Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 59, 85-114.
92. Lindenmayer, D. B. (2009a). Forest Pattern and Ecological Process: A Synthesis of 25 Years of Research. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
93. Lindenmayer, D. B. (2009b). Old forest, new perspectives-Insights from the Mountain Ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 258, 357-365.
94. Lindenmayer, D. B., Blair, D., McBurney, L. & Banks, S. (2010). Forest Pheonix. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
95. Lindenmayer, D. B., Blanchard, W., McBurney, L., Blair, D., Banks, S., Likens, G. E., Franklin, J. F., Laurance, W. F., Stein, J. A. R. & Gibbons, P. (2012). Interacting factors driving a major loss of large trees with cavities in a forest ecosystem. PLoS ONE 7, e41864.
96. Lindenmayer, D. B., Fischer, J. & Cunningham, R. B. (2005). Native vegetation cover thresholds associated with species responses. Biological Conservation 124, 311-316.
97. Lindenmayer, D. B. & Franklin, J. F. (1997). Managing stand structure as part of ecologically sustainable forest management in Australian mountain ash forests. Conservation Biology 11, 1053-1068.
98. Lindenmayer, D. B., Hobbs, R. J., Likens, G. E., Krebs, C. J. & Banks, S. C. (2011). Newly discovered landscape traps produce regime shifts in wet forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 15887-15891.
99. Lindenmayer, D. B., Mackey, B. G., Cunningham, R. B., Donnelly, C. F., Mullen, I. C., McCarthy, M. A. & Gill, A. M. (2000). Factors affecting the presence of the cool temperate rain forest tree myrtle beech (Nothofagus cunninghamii) in southern Australia: integrating climatic, terrain and disturbance predictors of distribution patterns. Journal of Biogeography 27, 1001-1009.
100. Lindenmayer, D. B., Wood, J. T., Cunningham, R. B., MacGregor, C., Crane, M., Michael, D., Montague-Drake, R., Brown, D., Muntz, R. & Gill, A. M. (2008a). Testing hypotheses associated with bird responses to wildfire. Ecological Applications 18, 1967-1983.
101. Lindenmayer, D. B., Wood, J. T., MacGregor, C., Michael, D. R., Cunningham, R. B., Crane, M., Montague-Drake, R., Brown, D., Muntz, R. & Driscoll, D. A. (2008b). How predictable are reptile responses to wildfire? Oikos 117, 1086-1097.
102. MacArthur, R. (1960). On the relative abundance of species. The American Naturalist 94, 25-36.
103. MacArthur, R. H. (1972). Geographical Ecology: Patterns in the Distribution of Species. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
104. MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
105. Mackey, R. L. & Currie, D. J. (2001). The diversity-disturbance relationship: is it generally strong and peaked? Ecology 82, 3479-3492.
106. Mackey, B., Lindenmayer, D., Gill, A., McCarthy, M. & Lindesay, J. (2002). Wildlife, Fire & Future Climate. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
107. May, R. M. (1977). Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states. Nature 269, 471-477.
108. McCarthy, M. A. & Lindenmayer, D. B. (1998). Multi-aged mountain ash forest, wildlife conservation and timber harvesting. Forest Ecology and Management 104, 43-56.
109. McCarthy, M. A., Malcolm Gill, A. & Lindenmayer, D. B. (1999). Fire regimes in mountain ash forest: evidence from forest age structure, extinction models and wildlife habitat. Forest Ecology and Management 124, 193-203.
110. McClain, C. D., Holl, K. D. & Wood, D. M. (2011). Successional models as guides for restoration of riparian forest understory. Restoration Ecology 19, 280-289.
111. McGill, B. J., Enquist, B. J., Weiher, E. & Westoby, M. (2006). Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21, 178-185.
112. McInerny, G. J. & Etienne, R. S. (2012). Ditch the niche - is the niche a useful concept in ecology or species distribution modelling? Journal of Biogeography 39, 2096-2102.
113. McIntosh, R. P. (1999). The succession of succession: a lexical chronology. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 80, 256-265.
114. McIntyre, S., Díaz, S., Lavorel, S. & Cramer, W. (1999). Plant functional types and disturbance dynamics - Introduction. Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 603-608.
115. Miller, T. E., Burns, J. H., Munguia, P., Walters, E. L., Kneitel, J. M., Richards, P. M., Monuquet, N. & Buckley, H. L. (2005). A critical review of twenty years' use of the resource ratio theory. The American Naturalist 165, 439-448.
116. Monamy, V. & Fox, B. J. (2000). Small mammal succession is determined by vegetation density rather than time elapsed since disturbance. Austral Ecology 25, 580-587.
117. Monk, C. D. (1983). Relationship of life forms and diversity in old-field succession. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 110, 449-453.
118. Moore, S., Wallington, T., Hobbs, R., Ehrlich, P., Holling, C., Levin, S., Lindenmayer, D., Pahl-Wostl, C., Possingham, H., Turner, M. & Westoby, M. (2009). Diversity in current ecological thinking: implications for environmental management. Environmental Management 43, 17-27.
119. Moretti, M., De Bello, F., Roberts, S. P. M. & Potts, S. G. (2009). Taxonomical vs. functional responses of bee communities to fire in two contrasting climatic regions. Journal of Animal Ecology 78, 98-108.
120. Moretti, M. & Legg, C. (2009). Combining plant and animal traits to assess community functional responses to disturbance. Ecography 32, 299-309.
121. Mullineaux, L. S., Peterson, C. H., Micheli, F. & Mills, S. W. (2003). Successional mechanism varies along a gradient in hydrothermal fluid flux at deep-sea vents. Ecological Monographs 73, 523-542.
122. Nimmo, D., Kelly, L. T., Spence-Bailey, L. M., Watson, S. J., Haslem, A., White, J. G., Clarke, M. F. & Bennett, A. F. (2012). Predicting the century-long post-fire responses of reptiles. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21, 1062-1073.
123. Noble, I. R. & Slatyer, R. O. (1980). The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances. Plant Ecology 43, 5-21.
124. Nyström, M. & Folke, C. (2001). Spatial resilience of coral reefs. Ecosystems 4, 406-417.
125. Odum, E. P. (1969). The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164, 262-270.
126. Östman, Ö., Kneitel, J. M. & Chase, J. M. (2006). Disturbance alters habitat isolation's effect on biodiversity in aquatic microcosms. Oikos 114, 360-366.
127. Parry, G. D. (1981). The meanings of r- and K-selection. Oecologia 48, 260-264.
128. Pausas, J. G. (1999). Response of plant functional types to changes in the fire regime in Mediterranean ecosystems: a simulation approach. Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 717-722.
129. Penman, T. D., Beukers, M., Kavanagh, R. P. & Doherty, M. (2011). Are long-unburnt eucalypt forest patches important for the conservation of plant species diversity? Applied Vegetation Science 14, 172-180.
130. Peterson, A. T. (2006). Uses and requirements of ecological niche models and related distributional models. Biodiversity Informatics 3, 59-72.
131. Phillips, J. D. (2011). Predicting modes of spatial change from state-and-transition models. Ecological Modelling 222, 475-484.
132. Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L. & Meiners, S. J. (2009). Ever since Clements: from succession to vegetation dynamics and understanding to intervention. Applied Vegetation Science 12, 9-21.
133. Pickett, S. T. A. & McDonnell, M. J. (1989). Changing perspectives in community dynamics: a theory of successional forces. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4, 241-245.
134. Pielou, E. C. (1966). Species-diversity and pattern-diversity in the study of ecological succession. Journal of Theoretical Biology 10, 370-383.
135. Platt, W. J. & Connell, J. H. (2003). Natural disturbances and directional replacement of species. Ecological Monographs 73, 507-522.
136. Prach, K. & Walker, L. R. (2011). Four opportunities for studies of ecological succession. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26, 119-123.
137. Pulsford, S. A. (2012). What's left behind? The impact of biological legacies on beetles populations after fire. Honours Dissertation: The Australian National University.
138. Questad, E. & Foster, B. (2007). Vole disturbances and plant diversity in a grassland metacommunity. Oecologia 153, 341-351.
139. Reynolds, C. S. (1998). What factors influence the species composition of phytoplankton in lakes of different trophic status? Hydrobiologia 369-370, 11-26.
140. Rogers, C. S. (1993). Hurricanes and coral reefs: the intermediate disturbance hypothesis revisited. Coral Reefs 12, 127-137.
141. Root, R. B. (1967). The niche exploitation pattern of the Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher. Ecological Monographs 37, 317-350.
142. Rosindell, J., Hubbell, S. P., He, F., Harmon, L. J. & Etienne, R. S. (2012). The case for ecological neutral theory. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27, 203-208.
143. Sale, P. F. (1977). Maintenance of high diversity in coral reef fish communities. The American Naturalist 111, 337-359.
144. Scheffer, M., Hosper, S. H., Meijer, M. L., Moss, B. & Jeppesen, E. (1993). Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8, 275-279.
145. Shea, K., Roxburgh, S. H. & Rauschert, E. S. J. (2004). Moving from pattern to process: coexistence mechanisms under intermediate disturbance regimes. Ecology Letters 7, 491-508.
146. Sheil, D. (1999). Tropical forest diversity, environmental change and species augmentation: after the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 851-860.
147. Shelford, V. E. (1907). Preliminary note on the distribution of the tiger beetles (cicindela) and its relation to plant succession. Biological Bulletin 14, 9-14.
148. Shelford, V. E. (1911). Ecological succession: II. Pond fishes. Biological Bulletin 21, 127-151.
149. Silver, C. A. & Vamosi, S. M. (2012). Macroinvertebrate community composition of temporary prairie wetlands: a preliminary test of the effect of rotational grazing. Wetlands 32, 185-197.
150. Smith, S. H. (1968). Species succession and fishery exploitation in great lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25, 667-693.
151. Smith, A. L., Bull, C. M. & Driscoll, D. A. (2013). Successional specialization in a reptile community cautions against widespread planned burning and complete fire suppression. Journal of Applied Ecology 50, 1178-1186.
152. Soberón, J. & Peterson, A. T. (2005). Interpretation of models of fundamental ecological niches and species' distributional areas. Biodiversity Informatics 2, 1-10.
153. Sommer, U. (1993). Phytoplankton competition in pluβsee: a field test of the resource-ratio hypothesis. Limnology and Oceanography 38, 838-845.
154. Sousa, W. P. (1984). The role of disturbance in natural communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15, 353-391.
155. Stockwell, C. A., Hendry, A. P. & Kinnison, M. T. (2003). Contemporary evolution meets conservation biology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18, 94-101.
156. Stringham, T. K., Krueger, W. C. & Shaver, P. L. (2003). State and transition modelling: an ecological process approach. Journal of Range Management 56, 106-113.
157. Swanson, M. E., Franklin, J. F., Beschta, R. L., Crisafulli, C. M., DellaSala, D. A., Hutto, R. L., Lindenmayer, D. B. & Swanson, F. J. (2011). The forgotten stage of forest succession: early-successional ecosystems on forest sites. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9, 117-125.
158. Thoreau, H. D. (1860). Succession of forest trees. Massachusetts Board of Agriculture Eighth Annual Report. White Printer, Boston, pp. 11-23.
159. Tilman, D. (1980). A graphical-mechanistics approach to competition and predation. The American Naturalist 116, 362-393.
160. Tilman, D. (1982). Resource competition and community structure. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
161. Tilman, D. (1985). The resource-ratio hypothesis of plant succession. The American Naturalist 125, 827-852.
162. Titman, D. (1976). Ecological competition between algae: experimental confirmation of resource-based competition theory. Science 192, 463-465.
163. Turnbull, L. A., Crawley, M. J. & Rees, M. (2000). Are plant populations seed-limited? A review of seed sowing experiments. Oikos 88, 225-238.
164. Turnbull, L. A., Rees, M. & Crawley, M. J. (1999). Seed mass and the competition/colonization trade-off: a sowing experiment. Journal of Ecology 87, 899-912.
165. Ulyshen, M. D., Horn, S., Barnes, B. & Gandhi, K. J. K. (2010). Impacts of prescribed fire on saproxylic beetles in loblolly pine logs. Insect Conservation and Diversity 3, 247-251.
166. Van Hulst, R. (1979). On the dynamics of vegetation: Markov chains as models of succession. Vegetatio 40, 3-14.
167. Walker, L. R. & del Moral, R. (2003). Primary Succession and Ecosystem Rehabilitation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
168. Walker, J. & Reddell, P. (2007). Retrogressive succession and restoration on old landscapes. Linking Restoration and Ecological Succession, pp. 69-89. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
169. Westoby, M., Walker, B. & Noy-Meir, I. (1989). Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium. The Journal of Range Management Archives 42, 266-274.
170. Whelan, R. J., Rodgerson, L., Dickman, C. R. & Sutherland, E. F. (2002). Critical life cycles of plants and animals: developing a process-based understanding of population changes in fire-prone landscapes. In Flammable Australia: The Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent (eds R. A. Bradstock, J. E. Williams and A. M. Gill ), pp. 94-124. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
171. White, P. S. & Pickett, S. T. A. (1985). Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: an introduction. In The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics (eds S. T. A. Pickett and P. S. White ), pp. 3-13. Academic Press, Inc, Orlando.
172. Whittaker, R. H. & Goodman, D. (1979). Classifying species according to their demographic strategy. I. population fluctuations and environmental heterogeneity. The American Naturalist 113, 185-200.
173. Willby, N. J., Abernethy, V. J. & Demars, B. O. L. (2000). Attribute-based classification of European hydrophytes and its relationship to habitat utilization. Freshwater Biology 43, 43-74.
174. Wilson, J. B. (2011). The twelve theories of co-existence in plant communities: the doubtful, the important and the unexplored. Journal of Vegetation Science 22, 184-195.
175. Wilson, J. B. & Lee, W. G. (2000). C-S-R triangle theory: community-level predictions, tests, evaluation of criticisms, and relation to other theories. Oikos 91, 77-96.
176. Wonkka, C. L., Lafon, C. W., Hutton, C. M. & Joslin, A. J. (2012). A CSR classification of tree life history strategies and implications for ice storm damage. Oikos 122, 209-222.
177. Wu, J. & Loucks, O. L. (1995). From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology 70, 439-466.
178. Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1962). Animal dispersion in relation to social behaviour.