The woman warrior: Gender, warfare and society in medieval Europe

Women's Studies

Volumn 17, Issue 3-4, 1990, Pages 193-209

  McLaughlin, Megan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84953484900     PISSN: 00497878     EISSN: 15477045     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00497878.1990.9978805     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Women, Culture and Society: A Theoretical Overview, M.Z. Rosaldo, Michelle Z. Woman, Culture and Society, 1974, 17-42, ed. M. Rosa do and L. Lamphere, Stanford: Stanford UP
2. The Use and Abuse of Anthropology: Reflections on Feminism and Cross-Cultural Understanding, M. Rosaldo, Michelle, Signs, 1980, 5, 401
3. Introduction: Accounting for Sexual Meanings, S.B. Ortner, Sherry B. H., Whitehead, Harriet, Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality, 1981, 1-27, ed. S. Ortner and H. Whitehead, Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge UP
4. Introduction, Ortner, Whitehead, 13-21
5. P.S. Gold, Penny Schine, The Lady and the Virgin: Image, Attitude and Experience in Twelfth-Century France, 1985, This divergence has been discussed most recently by, Women in Culture and Society, ed. Catharine R. Stimpson, Chicago: U of Chicago P
6. The Position of Women, E. Power, Eileen, The Legacy of the Mıddle Ages, 1926, 401-433, see also the pathbreaking study by, ed. C.G. Crump and E.F. Jacob, Oxford: Clarendon
7. J.B. Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Women and War, 1987, On the modalities of the identification of warfare with masculinity in the western tradition see, New York: Basic
8. The English Chroniclers' Attitude Toward Women, B. Bandel, Betty, Journal of the History of Ideas, 1955, 16, 113-118
9. Sigebert, Chronıca, MGH, SS. 6, 362
10. Annales Blandınıenses, MGH, SS 5, 26
11. Annales Formoselenses, MGH, SS. 5, 36
12. Chronıcon Sanclı Andreae Caslrı Cameracensıı, MGH, SS. 7, 538-539, On Richilde's other military and political exploits, see
13. Gesta episcoporum Cameracensium, continuatio, MGH, SS. 7, 492, note: Ex hıstorıa Cameracensı
14. C. Verlinden, Charles, Robert I' le Frıson, comle de Flandre: étude d'hıstoıre polıtıque, 49-88, (Antwerp: “De Sıkkel”, Paris: Champion; The Hague: Nıjhoff, 1935), Compare the later reinterpretation of Richilde's behavior cited below, note 33
15. S. Grammaticus, Saxo, The History of the Danes, 1979, 2-1, 212, ed. Hilda Ellis Davidson, trans. Peter Fisher, Cambridge, Eng.: Brewer; Totowa, NJ: Rowman
16. English Chroniclers' Attitude, Bandel, 116-118
17. Did the Twelfth Century Discover the Individual?, C.W. Bynum, Caroline Walker, Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages, 1982, 82-109, For a sophisticated discussion of the desire for role definition in the religious context, see, Berkeley: U of California P, on the connections between this defining tendency and intolerance
18. J. Boswell, John, Chrıstıanıly, Social Tolerance, and Homosexualıty, 1980, 270-276, see, Chicago: U of Chicago P
19. F. Heer, Friedrich, The Medieval World, 1962, 309-323, see also, London: Weidenfelc
20. Boswell, Chrıshanıly, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, 303-332, This trend in writing about women warriors corresponds to trends in writing about gay men: compare
21. Influential Women, M.R. Lefkowitz, Mary R. Images of Women ın Antiquity, 1983, 49-64, Compare, ed. Averil Cameron and Amélie Kuhrt, London: Croom Helm
22. Women and Military Institutions in Early Modern Europe: A Reconnaissance, B.C. Hacker, Barton C. Signs, 1981, 6, 643-671
23. T.A. Kelly, Thus Amy, Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings, 1950, 35, in her, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, dismisses Eleanor's participation in the Second Crusade as mere “play-acting
24. O. Vitalis, Orderic, Hıstorıa Aecclesıastıca, 1969, 6-6, 212-215, See, for example, ed. and trans. Marjorie Chibnall, Oxford: Clarendon, –80, 532–33
25. Chronıcon Hanonıense, 1904, 114, Gislebert of Mons, ed. Léon Vanderkindere, Recueil de Textes pour Servir à l'Etude de l'Histoire de Belgique, Brussels: Kiessling
26. Saxo, History of the Danes, 1, 219
27. G. Malaterra, Gaufredus, De rebus geslıs Rogerıı Calabrıae el Sıcılıae comıtıs, 31, ed. Ernesto Pontieri, Rerum Italıcarum Scriptores, 5.1, Bologna: Zanichelli, 1927–28
28. Cronıca, R. Muntaner, Ramon, E.B., 1927, 4, 22-23, 2nd ed., Barcelona: Barcino, –51
29. Documents sur l'abbaye de Notre Dame-aux-Nonnains de Troyes, C. Lalore, Charles, Mémoıres de la Socıélé Académıque de l'Aube, 1874, 38, 120-128
30. P. Marchegay, Paul, Cartulaıre de l'abbaye du Ronceray d'Angers (1028–1184), 1854, 49, Angers
31. Saxo, History of the Danes, 1, 280
32. A.P. Smyth, Alfred P. Scandinavian Kings in the British Isles, 850–880, 1977, 17-35, On Ragnar and his family, see, Oxford: Oxford UP
33. Saxo, History of the Danes, 1, 246, On Rusila, see, on Inghen see The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaıll
34. C. Fell, Christine, Women in Anglo-Saxon England, 1984, 130-132, On the burial of spears and swords in Women's graves in northern Europe, see, Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP
35. Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians, F.T. Wainwright, Scandinavian England Collected Papers by F. T. Wainwright, 1975, 305-324, ed. H.P.R. Finberg, Chichester: Phillimore
36. C Text, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 1953, 101, ed. and trans. G.N. Garmonsway, London: Dent
37. Fell, Women ın Anglo-Saxon England, 91-92, See
38. The Battle of Corbridge, F.T. Wainwright, Scandinavian England, 175, Aethelflaed remained something of a military legend for a short while after her death: see
39. A.R. Lewis, Archibald R. The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050, 1965, 275, Austin: U of Texas P, 391–92 and 404
40. A. Comnena, Anna, Alexıade, 3-1, 53, ed. and trans. (into French) Bernard Leib, Collection Byzantine, (Paris: “Les Belles Lettres,” 1937–45)
41. Gesta Roberlı Wıscardı, MGH, SS, 9, 287, see also
42. … prudentia comitissae Adelaidae, militaris admodum dominae …, Arnulf, Gesta archıepıscoporum Medıolanensıum, MGH, SS. 8, 18
43. Chronıca, MGH, SS. 23, 878, Aubri of Trois Fontaines
44. Hıstorıa comıtum Ghısnensıum, MGH, SS. 24, 641, Lambert of Ardres
45. A. Luchaire, Achille, Social France at the Time of Philip Augustus, 1929, 265, trans. E.B. Krehbiel, New York: Peter Smith
46. W. Maitland, William, The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward 1, 1968, 2-1, 483, On the female sheriffs, see Frederick Pollock and Frederic, 2nd ed., Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge UP, on Nicola de la Haye
47. K. Norgate, Kate, The Minority of Henry, 1912, 3, 148-149, see, London: Macmillan
48. Chronicon, MGH, SS. 5, 443, Bernold of Constance, On Matilda's background and career
49. The Houses of Tuscany and of Pierleone in the Crisis of Rome in the Eleventh Century, D.B. Zema, Demetrius B. Traditio, 1944, 2, 155-175, see
50. II contributo della contessa Matildeal papato nella lotta per le investiture, L. Simeoni, Studi gregoriani, 1947, 1, 353-372
51. R.C. Finucane, Ronald C. Soldiers of the Faith: Crusaders and Moslems at War, 1983, 174-179, London: Dent
52. M. Warner, Marina, Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism, 1981, The best known woman warrior of this period, Joan of Arc, was something of an oddity even among anomalies: see, New York: Knopf
53. A Study of Medieval Queenship: Capetian France, M.F. Facinger, Marion F. Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, 1968, 5, 1-48, The decline of the woman warrior coincides with the decline of Women's political power in general. See
54. The Cheshire Cat: Reconstructing the Experience of Medieval Women, K. Casey, Kathleen, Liberating Women's History: Theoretical and Critical Essays, 1976, 233-236, ed. Berenice A. Carroll, Urbana, IL: U of Illinois P
55. Citizenship and Gender: Women's Political Status in Northern Medieval Cities, M.C. Howell, Martha C. Women and Power in the Middle Ages, 1988, 37-60, ed. Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski, Athens: U of Georgia P
56. Lambert, Historia comitum Ghisnensium, MGH, SS. 24, 575
57. Liber de vita christiana, 1930, 249-251, Bonizo of Sutri ed. Ernst Perels, Texte zur Geschichte des romischen und kanonistischen Rechts im Mittelalter 1, Berlin: Weidmann
58. S. Shahar, Shulamith, The Fourth Estate: A History of Women in the Middle Ages, 1983, 11, compare the texts cited by, trans. C. Galai, London: Methuen
59. R.S. Loomis, Roger Sherman, L.H. Loomis, Laura Hibbard, Medieval Romanses, 1957, 273-277, The treatment of the king and queen of Torelore in the thirteenth-century romance Aucassin and Nicolete may have been intended as a satire on men and women who transgressed accepted roles, New York: Random
60. Warner, Joan of Arc, 96-116, See
61. Women, Culture and Society: A Theoretical Overview, J.M. Atkinson, Jane Monnig, Signs, 1982, 8, 248, The value of this distinction for non-western cultures has been disputed in recent years: see, Review Essay: Anthropology, However, I would argue that it can still be very useful when discussing European cultures
62. The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages, From the Eighth Century to 1340, J.F. Verbruggen, Europe in the Middle Ages, Selected Studies, 1977, 1, 65-72, See, trans. Sumner Willard and S.C.M. Southern, ed. Richard Vaughan, Amsterdam: North-Holland
63. The Battle of Maldon, the domestic character of the band of retainers is especially clear in the famous Old English poem
64. J. Beeler, John, Warfare in Feudal Europe. 730–1200, 1971, 251, Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP
65. P. Contamine, Philippe, War in the Middle Ages, 1984, 31-32, trans. Michael Jones, Oxford: Blackwell
66. Pouvoir et solidarités dans la principauté de Salerne à la fin du Xe siècle, H. Taviani, Huguette, Structures féodales et féodalisme dans l'occident méditer-ranéen (X′-XIII′ siècles): bilan et perspectives de recherches, Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1980, 588, 587-606, On the relationship between solidarity in war and table-companionship see, for example, Paris: CNRS
67. Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare, 28-29, on the role of the chansons de geste
68. De l'emploi des chansons de geste pour entraîner les guerriers au combat, B. Gitton, Bernard, La Chanson de geste et le mythe carolıngıen: Mélanges René Louis, 2-1, 3-19, see, (Saint-Père-sous-Vezelay: Musée Archéologique Régional, 1982)
69. G. Duby, Georges, The Knight, The Lady and the Prıest: The Making of Modern Marrıage ın Medieval France, 1984, 232-233, trans. Barbara Bray, London: Allen Lane
70. Gold, The Lady and the Virgin, 8-10, But on the rejection of a woman's advice in military matters see Gold 15
71. The Treasure of the City of Ladies, trans. Sarah Lawson, 1985, 129, Christine da Pisan, Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin
72. M. Laigle, Mathilde, Le Lıvre des trots vertus de Chrıstıne da Pisan et son milieu hıstorıque et httéraıre, 1912, 321, original text cited by, Bibliothèque du XVe sıècle 16, Paris: Champion
73. Laigle, Le Lıvre, 107-112, See, 120–23
74. P. Bonnassie, Pierre, La Catalogne du milieu du Xe a la fin du XI' sıècle: croıssance et mutations d'une socıélé, 2-1, 277, Publications de l'Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, série A 23, (Toulouse: Association des Publications de l'Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, 1975–77)
75. Orderic, 4, 212-215
76. publıc” and “private, E.H. Kantorowicz, Ernst H. The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Medıaeval Polıtıcal Theology, 1957, 180, On the appearance of the legal distinction between, see, Princeton: Princeton UP, especially
77. Beeler, Warfare ın Feudal Europe, 185-214
78. Citizenship and Gender, Howell, 38, But see, and note 5
79. Problémes militaires du monde scandinave (VIIe-XIIe siècles), L. Musset, Lucien, Ordınamentı mılıtarı ı n occıdente nell'alto medıoevo, Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo 15, 1968, 2-1, 267-275, Spoleto: La Sede del Centro
80. Les Mercenaires au XIIe siècle: Henri II Plantegenet et les origines de l'armée de métier, J. Boussard, Jacques, Bıblıothèque de l'Ecole des Charles, 1945, 106, 189-224, –46
81. Services féodaux, milices et mercenaires dans les armées, en France, aux Xe et XIe siècles, J. Boussard, Jacques, Ordınamentı mılıtari in occıdente, 1, 131-168, see also