Ecosystem model parameterization and adaptation for sustainable cellulosic biofuel landscape design

GCB Bioenergy

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 1106-1123

  Field, John L ^a,b   Marx, Ernie ^a   Easter, Mark ^a   Adler, Paul R ^c   Paustian, Keith ^a  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^b Engineering Research Center and Hydraulics Laboratory   (United States)

^c U S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE   (United States)

Author keywords

biogeochemistry; carbon sequestration; cellulosic biofuel; ecosystem model parameterization; ecosystem modeling; feedstock; greenhouse gas emissions; landscape design; marginal land; nitrous oxide

Indexed keywords

BIOFUELS; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CLIMATE MODELS; CULTIVATION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; FEEDSTOCKS; GAS EMISSIONS; GREENHOUSE GASES; INFORMATION MANAGEMENT; LAND USE; NITROGEN OXIDES; PARAMETERIZATION; PLANTS (BOTANY); SOILS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CELLULOSIC BIOFUELS; ECOSYSTEM MODEL; LANDSCAPE DESIGN; MARGINAL LANDS; NITROUS OXIDE;

ECOSYSTEMS;

BIOENERGY; BIOFUEL; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CELLULOSE; ECOSYSTEM MODELING; ENERGY CROP; GREENHOUSE GAS; NITROUS OXIDE; PARAMETERIZATION;

KANSAS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84952889242     PISSN: 17571693     EISSN: 17571707     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12316     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. 110th Congress of the United States (2007) Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.
2. Abodeely JM, Muth DJ, Koch JB, Bryden KM (2013) A model integration framework for assessing integrated landscape management strategies. In: Environmental Software Systems. Fostering Information Sharing, Vol 413 (eds Hřebíček J, Schimak G, Kubásek M, Rizzoli AE), pp. 121–128. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg.
3. Adler PR, Sanderson MA, Boateng AA, Weimer PJ, Jung H-JG (2006) Biomass yield and biofuel quality of switchgrass harvested in fall or spring. Agronomy Journal, 98, 1518–1525.
4. Adler PR, Del Grosso SJ, Parton WJ (2007) Life-cycle assessment of net greenhouse-gas flux for bioenergy cropping systems. Ecological Applications, 17, 675–691.
5. Anderson CJ, Anex RP, Arritt RW, Gelder BK, Khanal S, Herzmann DE, Gassman PW (2013) Regional climate impacts of a biofuels policy projection. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 1217–1222.
6. Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Duval BD, Long SP, DeLucia EH (2012) Biofuels on the landscape: is “land sharing” preferable to “land sparing”? Ecological Applications, 22, 2035–2048.
7. Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Masters MD, Black CK, Zeri M, Hussain MZ, Bernacchi CJ, DeLucia EH (2013) Altered belowground carbon cycling following land-use change to perennial bioenergy crops. Ecosystems, 16, 508–520.
8. Arundale RA, Dohleman FG, Voigt TB, Long SP (2014a) Nitrogen fertilization does significantly increase yields of stands of Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum in multiyear trials in Illinois. BioEnergy Research, 7, 408–416.
9. Arundale RA, Dohleman FG, Heaton EA, Mcgrath JM, Voigt TB, Long SP (2014b) Yields of Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum decline with stand age in the Midwestern USA. GCB Bioenergy, 6, 1–13.
10. Balasko JA, Smith D (1971) Influence of temperature and nitrogen fertilization on the growth and composition of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) at anthesis. Agronomy Journal, 63, 853–857.
11. Bandaru V, Izaurralde RC, Manowitz D, Link R, Zhang X, Post WM (2013) Soil carbon change and net energy associated with biofuel production on marginal lands: a regional modeling perspective. Journal of Environmental Quality, 42, 1802–1814.
12. Behrman KD, Keitt TH, Kiniry JR (2014) Modeling differential growth in switchgrass cultivars across the Central and Southern Great Plains. BioEnergy Research, 7, 1165–1173.
13. Berdahl JD, Frank AB, Krupinsky JM, Carr PM, Hanson JD, Johnson HA (2005) Biomass yield, phenology, and survival of diverse switchgrass cultivars and experimental strains in western North Dakota. Agronomy Journal, 97, 549–555.
14. Bonin CL, Lal R (2014) Aboveground productivity and soil carbon storage of biofuel crops in Ohio. GCB Bioenergy, 6, 67–75.
15. Borowski S (2012) Idea for “fracking” came from Civil War battlefield. AAAS MemberCentral. Available at: http://membercentral.aaas.org/blogs/scientia/idea-fracking-came-civil-war-battlefield (accessed 17 November 2015).
16. Boyer CN, Roberts RK, English BC, Tyler DD, Larson JA, Mooney DF (2013) Effects of soil type and landscape on yield and profit maximizing nitrogen rates for switchgrass production. Biomass and Bioenergy, 48, 33–42.
17. Bryan BA, King D, Wang E (2010) Biofuels agriculture: landscape-scale trade-offs between fuel, economics, carbon, energy, food, and fiber. GCB Bioenergy, 2, 330–345.
18. Cai X, Zhang X, Wang D (2011) Land availability for biofuel production. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 334–339.
19. Caiazzo F, Malina R, Staples MD, Wolfe PJ, Yim SHL, Barrett SRH (2014) Quantifying the climate impacts of albedo changes due to biofuel production: a comparison with biogeochemical effects. Environmental Research Letters, 9, 024015.
20. Campbell EE (2015) Modeling soil organic matter: theory, development, and applications in bioenergy cropping systems. PhD Dissertation. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
21. Campbell JE, Lobell DB, Genova RC, Field CB (2008) The global potential of bioenergy on abandoned agriculture lands. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 5791–5794.
22. Casler MD (2012) Switchgrass breeding, genetics, and genomics. In: Green Energy and Technology (ed Monti A), pp. 29–53. Springer London, London.
23. Casler MD, Vogel KP, Taliaferro CM, Wynia RL (2004) Latitudinal adaptation of switchgrass populations. Crop Science, 44, 293–303.
24. Casler MD, Vogel KP, Taliaferro CM et al. (2007) Latitudinal and longitudinal adaptation of switchgrass populations. Crop Science, 47, 2249–2260.
25. Cassida KA, Muir JP, Hussey MA, Read JC, Venuto BC, Ocumpaugh WR (2005) Biomass yield and stand characteristics of switchgrass in South Central U.S. Environments. Crop Science, 45, 673–681.
26. Chamberlain JF, Miller SA (2012) Policy incentives for switchgrass production using valuation of non-market ecosystem services. Energy Policy, 48, 526–536.
27. Chamberlain JF, Miller SA, Frederick JR (2011) Using DAYCENT to quantify on-farm GHG emissions and N dynamics of land use conversion to N-managed switchgrass in the Southern U.S. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 141, 332–341.
28. Cherubini F, Bright RM, Strømman AH (2012) Site-specific global warming potentials of biogenic CO2 for bioenergy: contributions from carbon fluxes and albedo dynamics. Environmental Research Letters, 7, 045902.
29. 2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 389–395.
30. Davis SC, Parton WJ, Del Grosso SJ, Keough C, Marx E, Adler PR, DeLucia EH (2012) Impact of second-generation biofuel agriculture on greenhouse-gas emissions in the corn-growing regions of the US. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10, 69–74.
31. Davis SC, Boddey RM, Alves BJR et al. (2013) Management swing potential for bioenergy crops. GCB Bioenergy, 5, 623–638.
32. De Kauwe MG, Medlyn BE, Zaehle S et al. (2013) Forest water use and water use efficiency at elevated CO2: a model-data intercomparison at two contrasting temperate forest FACE sites. Global Change Biology, 19, 1759–1779.
33. 2 gas emissions from soils due to dentrification. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14, 1045–1060.
34. Del Grosso SJ, Parton WJ, Keough CA, Reyes-Fox M, Ahuja LR, Ma L (2011) Special features of the DayCent modeling package and additional procedures for parameterization, calibration, validation, and applications. In: Advances in Agricultural Systems Modeling (eds Ahuja LR, Ma L), pp. 155-176. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
35. o Di Nasso NN, Lasorella MV, Roncucci N, Bonari E (2015) Soil texture and crop management affect switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) productivity in the Mediterranean. Industrial Crops and Products, 65, 21–26.
36. Di Virgilio N, Monti A, Venturi G (2007) Spatial variability of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) yield as related to soil parameters in a small field. Field Crops Research, 101, 232–239.
37. Dohleman FG, Heaton EA, Arundale RA, Long SP (2012) Seasonal dynamics of above- and below-ground biomass and nitrogen partitioning in Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum across three growing seasons. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 534–544.
38. Duval BD, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Davis SC, Keogh C, Long SP, Parton WJ, DeLucia EH (2013) Predicting greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon from changing pasture to an energy crop. PLoS ONE, 8, e72019.
39. Egbendewe-Mondzozo A, Swinton SM, Izaurralde CR, Manowitz DH, Zhang X (2011) Biomass supply from alternative cellulosic crops and crop residues: a spatially explicit bioeconomic modeling approach. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 4636–4647.
40. Epstein HE, Lauenroth WK, Burke IC (1997) Effects of temperature and soil texture on ANPP in the U.S. Great Plains. Ecology, 78, 2628–2631.
41. Ernstrom DJ, Lytle D (1993) Enhanced soils information systems from advances in computer technology. Geoderma, 60, 327–341.
42. Fike JH, Parrish DJ, Wolf DD, Balasko JA, Green JT Jr, Rasnake M, Reynolds JH (2006) Switchgrass production for the upper southeastern USA: influence of cultivar and cutting frequency on biomass yields. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30, 207–213.
43. Follett RF, Vogel KP, Varvel GE, Mitchell RB, Kimble J (2012) Soil carbon sequestration by switchgrass and no-till maize grown for bioenergy. BioEnergy Research, 5, 866–875.
44. Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P et al. (2007) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M et al.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
45. Frank AB, Berdahl JD, Hanson JD, Liebig MA, Johnson HA (2004) Biomass and carbon partitioning in switchgrass. Crop Science, 44, 1391–1396.
46. Fuentes RG, Taliaferro CM (2002) Biomass yield stability of switchgrass cultivars. In: Trends in New Crop and New Uses (eds Janick J, Whipkey A), pp. 276–282. ASHS Press, Alexandria, Virginia.
47. Gelfand I, Sahajpal R, Zhang X, Izaurralde RC, Gross KL, Robertson GP (2013) Sustainable bioenergy production from marginal lands in the US Midwest. Nature, 493, 514–517.
48. Georgescu M, Lobell DB, Field CB (2011) Direct climate effects of perennial bioenergy crops in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 4307–4312.
49. Hallgren W, Schlosser CA, Monier E, Kicklighter D, Sokolov A, Melillo J (2013) Climate impacts of a large-scale biofuels expansion. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 1624–1630.
50. Heaton EA, Dohleman FG, Long SP (2008) Meeting US biofuel goals with less land: the potential of Miscanthus. Global Change Biology, 14, 2000–2014.
51. Helms D (1992) Readings in the History of the Soil Conservation Service. Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC, pp. 60–73.
52. 2O) response to nitrogen fertilizer in on-farm corn crops of the US Midwest. Global Change Biology, 17, 1140–1152.
53. 2 emissions from wood fuels. GCB Bioenergy, 7, 195–206.
54. Hong CO, Owens VN, Schumacher T, Clay D, Osborne S, Lehman M, Schumacher J (2012) Nitrogen losses from switchgrass as affected by nitrogen fertilizer rate. In: Proceedings from Sun Grant National Conference: Science for Biomass Feedstock Production and Utilization, pp. 183–190. New Orleans, LA. Available at: http://sungrant.tennessee.edu/NatConference/ConferenceProceedings/ (accessed 17 November 2015).
55. Hopkins AA, Vogel KP, Moore KJ, Johnson KD, Carlson IT (1995) Genotypic variability and genotype × environment Interactions among switchgrass accessions from the midwestern USA. Crop Science, 35, 565–571.
56. Hsu FH, Nelson CJ, Matches AG (1985) Temperature effects on seedling development of perennial warm-season forage grasses. Crop Science, 25, 249–255.
57. Hudiburg TW, Davis SC, Parton W, Delucia EH (2015) Bioenergy crop greenhouse gas mitigation potential under a range of management practices. GCB Bioenergy, 7, 366–374.
58. Jain AK, Khanna M, Erickson M, Huang H (2010) An integrated biogeochemical and economic analysis of bioenergy crops in the Midwestern United States. GCB Bioenergy, 2, 217–234.
59. 2 following changes in water level and soil mineral-N availability. Global Change Biology, 18, 210–222.
60. Kandel TP, Wu Y, Kakani VG (2013) Growth and yield responses of switchgrass ecotypes to temperature. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 4, 1173–1180.
61. Kang S, Nair SS, Kline KL et al. (2014) Global simulation of bioenergy crop productivity: analytical framework and case study for switchgrass. GCB Bioenergy, 6, 14–25.
62. Kansas Historical Society (2014) Dust clouds rolling over the prairies, Hugoton, Kansas. Kansas Memory.
63. Kering MK, Butler TJ, Biermacher JT, Guretzky JA (2012) Biomass yield and nutrient removal rates of perennial grasses under nitrogen fertilization. BioEnergy Research, 5, 61–70.
64. Kim S, Dale BE (2005) Environmental aspects of ethanol derived from no-tilled corn grain: nonrenewable energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biomass and Bioenergy, 28, 475–489.
65. Lane DR, Coffin DP, Lauenroth WK (1998) Effects of soil texture and precipitation on above-ground net primary productivity and vegetation structure across the Central Grassland region of the United States. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9, 239–250.
66. Lee J, Pedroso G, Linquist BA, Putnam D, van Kessel C, Six J (2012) Simulating switchgrass biomass production across ecoregions using the DAYCENT model. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 521–533.
67. Lesur C, Jeuffroy M-H, Makowski D et al. (2013) Modeling long-term yield trends of Miscanthus × giganteus using experimental data from across Europe. Field Crops Research, 149, 252–260.
68. 2O emissions from a tea field during the dry season in subtropical central China. Geoderma, 193–194, 1–12.
69. Liebig MA, Schmer MR, Vogel KP, Mitchell RB (2008) Soil carbon storage by switchgrass grown for bioenergy. BioEnergy Research, 1, 215–222.
70. Ma Z, Wood C, Bransby D (2001) Impact of row spacing, nitrogen rate, and time on carbon partitioning of switchgrass. Biomass and Bioenergy, 20, 413–419.
71. Mesinger F, DiMego G, Kalnay E et al. (2006) North American regional reanalysis. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87, 343–360.
72. Miguez FE, Maughan M, Bollero GA, Long SP (2012) Modeling spatial and dynamic variation in growth, yield, and yield stability of the bioenergy crops Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum across the conterminous United States. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 509–520.
73. Mooney DF, Roberts RK, English BC, Tyler DD, Larson JA (2009) Yield and breakeven price of “Alamo” switchgrass for biofuels in Tennessee. Agronomy Journal, 101, 1234–1242.
74. Muir JP, Sanderson MA, Ocumpaugh WR, Jones RM, Reed RL (2001) Biomass production of “Alamo” switchgrass in response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and row spacing. Agronomy Journal, 93, 896–901.
75. Mulkey VR, Owens VN, Lee DK (2006) Management of switchgrass-dominated Conservation Reserve Program lands for biomass production in South Dakota. Crop Science, 46, 712–720.
76. 2-emission equivalence of changes in land surface albedo in life cycle assessment. Methodology and case study on greenhouse agriculture. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 15, 672–681.
77. Nair SS, Kang S, Zhang X et al. (2012) Bioenergy crop models: descriptions, data requirements, and future challenges. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 620–633.
78. Necpálová M, Anex RP, Fienen MN et al. (2015) Understanding the DayCent model: calibration, sensitivity, and identifiability through inverse modeling. Environmental Modelling & Software, 66, 110–130.
79. Nikièma P, Rothstein DE, Min D-H, Kapp CJ (2011) Nitrogen fertilization of switchgrass increases biomass yield and improves net greenhouse gas balance in northern Michigan, U.S.A. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 4356–4367.
80. Noy-Meir I (1973) Desert ecosystems: environment and producers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 25–51.
81. Ogle SM, Breidt FJ, Easter M, Williams S, Killian K, Paustian K (2010) Scale and uncertainty in modeled soil organic carbon stock changes for US croplands using a process-based model. Global Change Biology, 16, 810–822.
82. Parkin TB (2008) Effect of sampling frequency on estimates of cumulative nitrous oxide emissions. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37, 1390–1395.
83. Parton WJ, Schimel DS, Cole CV, Ojima DS (1987) Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 51, 1173–1179.
84. Parton WJ, Hartman M, Ojima D, Schimel D (1998) DAYCENT and its land surface submodel: description and testing. Global and Planetary Change, 19, 35–48.
85. 2O emissions from soils. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 17403–17419.
86. Pearson CH (2004) Pasture grass species evaluation at fruita 1995–2001. In: Colorado Forage Research 2003: Alfalfa, Irrigated Pastures, and Mountain Meadows (eds Brummer JE, Pearson CH), pp. 65–70. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Technical Bulletin TB04-01, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
87. Pedroso GM, van Kessel C, Six J, Putnam DH, Linquist BA (2014) Productivity, 15N dynamics and water use efficiency in low- and high-input switchgrass systems. GCB Bioenergy, 6, 704–716.
88. Peplow M (2014) Cellulosic ethanol fights for life. Nature, 507, 152–153.
89. Persson T, Ortiz BV, Bransby DI, Wu W, Hoogenboom G (2011) Determining the impact of climate and soil variability on switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) production in the south-eastern USA; a simulation study. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 5, 505–518.
90. Pervez MS, Brown JF (2010) Mapping irrigated lands at 250-m scale by merging MODIS data and national agricultural statistics. Remote Sensing, 2, 2388–2412.
91. Pyörälä P, Peltola H, Strandman H, Antti K, Antti A, Jylhä K, Kellomäki S (2014) Effects of management on economic profitability of forest biomass production and carbon neutrality of bioenergy use in Norway spruce stands under the changing climate. BioEnergy Research, 7, 279–294.
92. Qin Z, Dunn JB, Kwon H, Mueller S, Wander MM (2015a) Soil carbon sequestration and land use change associated with biofuel production: empirical evidence. GCB Bioenergy, doi:10.1111/gcbb.12237.
93. Qin Z, Zhuang Q, Cai X (2015b) Bioenergy crop productivity and potential climate change mitigation from marginal lands in the United States: an ecosystem modeling perspective. GCB Bioenergy, 7, 1211–1221.
94. Reddy KR, Matcha SK, Singh SK, Brand D, Seepaul R (2008) Quantifying the effects of temperature and nitrogen on switchgrass growth and development. In: Presentation to the 38th Biological Systems Simulation Modeling Meeting Conference, Temple TX, USA. Available at http://www.spar.msstate.edu/Files/BSSG_2008_Reddy_KR.pdf (accessed 17 November 2015).
95. Robertson GP, Dale VH, Doering OC et al. (2008) Sustainable biofuels redux. Science, 322, 49–50.
96. Robertson GP, Hamilton SK, Del Grosso SJ, Parton WJ (2011) The biogeochemistry of bioenergy landscapes: carbon, nitrogen, and water considerations. Ecological Applications, 21, 1055–1067.
97. Robertson AD, Davies CA, Smith P, Dondini M, McNamara NP (2015) Modelling the carbon cycle of Miscanthus plantations: existing models and the potential for their improvement. GCB Bioenergy, 7, 405–421.
98. Roncucci N, o Di Nasso NN, Bonari E, Ragaglini G (2015) Influence of soil texture and crop management on the productivity of miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus Greef et Deu.) in the Mediterranean. GCB Bioenergy, 7, 998–1008.
99. Roth B, Finnan JM, Jones MB, Burke JI, Williams ML (2015) Are the benefits of yield responses to nitrogen fertilizer application in the bioenergy crop Miscanthus × giganteus offset by increased soil emissions of nitrous oxide? GCB Bioenergy, 7, 145–152.
100. Sanderson MA (1992) Morphological development of switchgrass and kleingrass. Agronomy Journal, 84, 415–419.
101. Sanderson MA, West CP, Moore KJ, Stroup J, Moravec J (1997) Comparison of morphological development indexes for switchgrass and bermudagrass. Crop Science, 37, 871–878.
102. Saxton KE, Rawls WJ, Romberger JS, Papendick RI (1986) Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50, 1031–1036.
103. Schmer MR, Vogel KP, Mitchell RB, Perrin RK (2008) Net energy of cellulosic ethanol from switchgrass. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 464–469.
104. Schmer MR, Liebig MA, Hendrickson JR, Tanaka DL, Phillips RL (2012) Growing season greenhouse gas flux from switchgrass in the northern great plains. Biomass and Bioenergy, 45, 315–319.
105. Searchinger T, Heimlich R, Houghton RA et al. (2008) Use of US croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Science, 319, 1238–1240.
106. Searle SY, Malins CJ (2014) Will energy crop yields meet expectations? Biomass and Bioenergy, 65, 3–12.
107. 2O) emissions to fertilizer nitrogen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 9199–9204.
108. Sheehan J, Aden A, Paustian K, Killian K, Brenner J, Walsh M, Nelson R (2003) Energy and environmental aspects of using corn stover for fuel ethanol. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 7, 117–146.
109. Shield IF, Barraclough TJP, Riche AB, Yates NE (2012) The yield response of the energy crops switchgrass and reed canary grass to fertiliser applications when grown on a low productivity sandy soil. Biomass and Bioenergy, 42, 86–96.
110. 2O emissions from soil using temporally extensive chamber techniques and stable isotopes. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 91, 145–154.
111. Smith J, Smith P, Addiscott T (1996) Quantitative methods to evaluate and compare Soil Organic Matter (SOM) models. In: Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models (eds Powlson DS, Smith P, Smith JU), pp. 181–199. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg.
112. Smith CM, David MB, Mitchell CA, Masters MD, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Bernacchi CJ, DeLucia EH (2013) Reduced nitrogen losses after conversion of row crop agriculture to perennial biofuel crops. Journal of Environmental Quality, 42, 219–228.
113. Staley TE, Stout WL, Jung GA (1991) Nitrogen use by tall fescue and switchgrass on acidic soils of varying water holding capacity. Agronomy Journal, 83, 732–738.
114. Swinton SM, Babcock BA, James LK, Bandaru V (2011) Higher US crop prices trigger little area expansion so marginal land for biofuel crops is limited. Energy Policy, 39, 5254–5258.
115. Thomas ARC, Bond AJ, Hiscock KM (2013) A multi-criteria based review of models that predict environmental impacts of land use-change for perennial energy crops on water, carbon and nitrogen cycling. GCB Bioenergy, 5, 227–242.
116. Tilman D, Hill J, Lehman C (2006) Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass. Science, 314, 1598–1600.
117. Tilman D, Socolow R, Foley JA et al. (2009) Beneficial biofuels-the food, energy, and environment trilemma. Science, 325, 270–271.
118. U.S. Department of Agriculture FSA (2011) Program Fact Sheets. Available at: http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/newsReleases?area=newsroom&subject=landing&topic=pfs&newstype=prfactsheet&type=detail&item=pf_20110727_energ_en_bcap7.html (accessed 17 November 2015).
119. U.S. Department of Agriculture NASS (2014) Quick Stats Ad-hoc Query Tool. Available at: http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/ (accessed 17 November 2015).
120. U.S. Department of Agriculture NRCS. Web Soil Survey. Available at: http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/HomePage.htm (accessed 17 November 2015).
121. U.S. Department of Energy (2011) U.S. Billion-Ton Update: Biomass Supply for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry (Leads Perlack RD, Stokes BJ), 227 pp. ORNL/TM-2011/224. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
122. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2014a) DRAFT Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2012. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
123. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2014b) Framework for Assessing Biogenic CO2 Emissions from Stationary Sources. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/biogenic-emissions.html (accessed 17 November 2015).
124. U.S. Geological Survey (2015) Federal Lands of the United States. Available at: http://nationalmap.gov/small_scale/mld/fedlanp.html (accessed 17 November 2015).
125. Vogel KP, Brejda JJ, Walters DT, Buxton DR (2002) Switchgrass biomass production in the Midwest USA. Agronomy Journal, 94, 413–420.
126. Wagle P, Kakani VG (2014) Environmental control of daytime net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in switchgrass. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 186, 170–177.
127. Walker WE, Harremoës P, Rotmans J, van der Sluijs JP, van Asselt MBA, Janssen P, Krayer von Krauss MP (2003) Defining uncertainty: a conceptual basis for uncertainty management in model-based decision support. Integrated Assessment, 4, 5–17.
128. Walter A, Galdos MV, Scarpare FV et al. (2014) Brazilian sugarcane ethanol: developments so far and challenges for the future. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 3, 70–92.
129. Wang M, Han J, Dunn JB, Cai H, Elgowainy A (2012) Well-to-wheels energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of ethanol from corn, sugarcane and cellulosic biomass for US use. Environmental Research Letters, 7, 045905.
130. Wang C, Hunt ER Jr, Zhang L, Guo H (2013) Phenology-assisted classification of C3 and C4 grasses in the U.S. Great Plains and their climate dependency with MODIS time series. Remote Sensing of Environment, 138, 90–101.
131. 2O emission from urine-affected soil to guide manual gas sampling regimes. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 56, 60–76.
132. Wickham JD, Stehman SV, Gass L, Dewitz J, Fry JA, Wade TG (2013) Accuracy assessment of NLCD 2006 land cover and impervious surface. Remote Sensing of Environment, 130, 294–304.
133. Wilson DM, Heaton EA, Schulte LA et al. (2014) Establishment and short-term productivity of annual and perennial bioenergy crops across a landscape gradient. BioEnergy Research, 7, 885–898.
134. Woli P (2012) Soil and variety effects on the energy and carbon balances of switchgrass-derived ethanol. Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems, 02, 65–74.
135. Wright CK, Wimberly MC (2013) Recent land use change in the Western Corn Belt threatens grasslands and wetlands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 4134–4139.
136. Wullschleger SD, Davis EB, Borsuk ME, Gunderson CA, Lynd LR (2010) Biomass production in switchgrass across the United States: database description and determinants of yield. Agronomy Journal, 102, 1158–1168.
137. Xu B, Li F, Shan L, Ma Y, Ichizen N, Huang J (2006) Gas exchange, biomass partition, and water relationships of three grass seedlings under water stress. Weed Biology and Management, 6, 79–88.
138. Zhang X, Izaurralde RC, Manowitz D et al. (2010) An integrative modeling framework to evaluate the productivity and sustainability of biofuel crop production systems. GCB Bioenergy, 2, 258–277.