Barriers Influencing Linkage to Hypertension Care in Kenya: Qualitative Analysis from the LARK Hypertension Study

Journal of General Internal Medicine

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 304-314

  Naanyu, Violet ^a,b,d   Vedanthan, Rajesh ^c,d   Kamano, Jemima H ^a,b,d   Rotich, Jackson K ^b,d   Lagat, Kennedy K ^b,d   Kiptoo, Peninah ^b,d   Kofler, Claire ^c,d   Mutai, Kennedy K ^b,d   Bloomfield, Gerald S ^d,e   Menya, Diana ^a,b,d   Kimaiyo, Sylvester ^a,b,d   Fuster, Valentin ^c,d,f   Horowitz, Carol R ^c,d   Inui, Thomas S ^a,b,d,g,h  

^a MOI UNIVERSITY   (Kenya)

^b ACADEMIC MODEL PROVIDING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AMPATH   (Kenya)

^c MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d KENYA MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Kenya)

^e DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f CENTRO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIONES CARDIOVASCULARES CNIC   (Spain)

^g INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h REGENSTRIEF INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiovascular disease; global health; hypertension; qualitative research; socioeconomic factors

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ARTICLE; ASYMPTOMATIC DISEASE; BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; CONTENT ANALYSIS; DELPHI STUDY; DENIAL; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; EMOTION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FAMILY; FEAR; FEMALE; FINANCE; HEALTH BELIEF MODEL; HEALTH CARE AVAILABILITY; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERTENSION; KENYA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL INFORMATION; PATIENT CARE; POVERTY; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; RURAL POPULATION; SOCIOECONOMICS; STIGMA; TRAVEL; ETHNOLOGY; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; MIDDLE AGED; PILOT STUDY; STANDARDS;

ADULT; FEMALE; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; KENYA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT CARE; PILOT PROJECTS; QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE; RURAL POPULATION;

EID: 84952885363     PISSN: 08848734     EISSN: 15251497     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-015-3566-1     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Fuster V, Kelly BB, eds. Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World: A Critical Challenge to Achieve Global Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2010.
2. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1903–13.
3. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224–60.
4. Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S, Weinstein MC. The global cost of nonoptimal blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2009;27(7):1472–7.
5. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365(9455):217–23.
6. Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Gupta R, Avezum A, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA: J Am Med Assoc. 2013;310(9):959–68.
7. Hendriks ME, Wit FW, Roos MT, Brewster LM, Akande TM, de Beer IH, et al. Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: cross-sectional surveys in four rural and urban communities. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32638.
8. Moodley J. Maternal deaths associated with hypertension in South Africa: lessons to learn from the Saving Mothers report, 2005–2007. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2011;22(1):31–5.
9. Pastakia SD, Ali SM, Kamano JH, Akwanalo CO, Ndege SK, Buckwalter VL, et al. Screening for diabetes and hypertension in a rural low income setting in western Kenya utilizing home-based and community-based strategies. Glob Health. 2013;9:21.
10. Bovet P, Gervasoni JP, Mkamba M, Balampama M, Lengeler C, Paccaud F. Low utilization of health care services following screening for hypertension in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania): a prospective population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:407.
11. Kengne AP, Awah PK, Fezeu LL, Sobngwi E, Mbanya JC. Primary health care for hypertension by nurses in rural and urban sub-Saharan Africa. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2009;11(10):564–72.
12. Labhardt ND, Balo JR, Ndam M, Grimm JJ, Manga E. Task shifting to non-physician clinicians for integrated management of hypertension and diabetes in rural Cameroon: a programme assessment at two years. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:339.
13. Vedanthan R, Kamano JH, Naanyu V, Delong AK, Were MC, Finkelstein EA, et al. Optimizing linkage and retention to hypertension care in rural Kenya: rationale and design of the LARK hypertension study. Trials. 2014;15:143.
14. Einterz RM, Kimaiyo S, Mengech HN, Khwa-Otsyula BO, Esamai F, Quigley F, et al. Responding to the HIV pandemic: the power of an academic medical partnership. Acad Med. 2007;82(8):812–8.
15. Bloomfield GS, Kimaiyo S, Carter EJ, Binanay C, Corey GR, Einterz RM, et al. Chronic noncommunicable cardiovascular and pulmonary disease in sub-Saharan Africa: an academic model for countering the epidemic. Am Heart J. 2011;161(5):842–7.
16. Bandura A. The self system in reciprocal determinism. Am Psychol. 1978;33(4):344–58.
17. Becker MH, ed. The Health Belief Model and Personal Health Behavior. 1974.
18. Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Nathan DeWall C, Zhang L. How emotion shapes behavior: feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personal Soc Psychol Rev. 2007;11(2):167–203.
19. Naanyu V, Sidle JE, Frankel RM, Ayuku D, Nyandiko WM, Inui TS. Rooting inquiry in tradition: the health baraza as a tool for social research in Kenya. Qual Health Res. 2011;21(1):14–26.
20. Scrimshaw NS, Gleason GR, eds. Rapid Assessment Procedures: Qualitative Methodologies for Planning and Evaluation of Health Related Programmes. Boston: International Nutrition Foundation for Developing Countries; 1992.
21. Neuendorf KA. The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2002.
22. Linstone HA, Turoff M, eds. The Delphi. Method: Techniques and Applications; 2002.
23. Dalkey NC. The Delphi Method: An Experimental Study of Group Opinion. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation; 1969.
24. Stitt-Gohdes WL, Crews TB. The dephi technique: a research strategy for career and technical education. J Career Tech Educ. 2004;20(2):55–67.
25. Jick TD. Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: triangulation in action. Adm Sci Q. 1979;24(4):602–11.
26. Rothbauer PM. Triangulation. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. SAGE Publications, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
27. Nwabuo CC, Dy SM, Weeks K, Young JH. Factors associated with appointment non-adherence among African-Americans with severe, poorly controlled hypertension. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e103090.
28. Jenson A, Omar AL, Omar MA, Rishad AS, Khoshnood K. Assessment of hypertension control in a district of Mombasa. Kenya Glob Publ Health. 2011;6(3):293–306.
29. Sangren H, Reventlow S, Hetlevik I. Role of biographical experience and bodily sensations in patients’ adaptation to hypertension. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;74(2):236–43.
30. Marx G, Witte N, Himmel W, Kuhnel S, Simmenroth-Nayda A, Koschack J. Accepting the unacceptable: medication adherence and different types of action patterns among patients with high blood pressure. Patient Educ Couns. 2011;85(3):468–74.
31. Kotwani P, Balzer L, Kwarisiima D, Clark TD, Kabami J, Byonanebye D, et al. Evaluating linkage to care for hypertension after community-based screening in rural Uganda. Trop Med Int Health: TM & IH. 2014;19(4):459–68.
32. Govindasamy D, Ford N, Kranzer K. Risk factors, barriers and facilitators for linkage to antiretroviral therapy care: a systematic review. AIDS. 2012;26(16):2059–67.
33. Iwelunmor J, Airhihenbuwa CO, Cooper R, Tayo B, Plange-Rhule J, Adanu R, et al. Prevalence, determinants and systems-thinking approaches to optimal hypertension control in West Africa. Glob Health. 2014;10:42.
34. Egan M, Philipson TJ. Health Care Adherence and Personalized Medicine. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series 2014;No. 20330.
35. Ohene Buabeng K, Matowe L, Plange-Rhule J. Unaffordable drug prices: the major cause of non-compliance with hypertension medication in Ghana. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2004;7(3):350–2.
36. Kenya at a glance: UNICEF. 2014.
37. Wachira J, Naanyu V, Genberg B, Koech B, Akinyi J, Kamene R, et al. Health facility barriers to HIV linkage and retention in Western Kenya. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:646.
38. Amira OC, Okubadejo NU. Frequency of complementary and alternative medicine utilization in hypertensive patients attending an urban tertiary care centre in Nigeria. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007;7:30.
39. Shafiq N, Gupta M, Kumari S, Pandhi P. Prevalence and pattern of use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in hypertensive patients of a tertiary care center in India. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003;41(7):294–8.
40. Govindasamy D, Kranzer K, van Schaik N, Noubary F, Wood R, Walensky RP, et al. Linkage to HIV, TB and non-communicable disease care from a mobile testing unit in Cape Town. S Afr PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e80017.
41. Mburu G, Ram M, Siu G, Bitira D, Skovdal M, Holland P. Intersectionality of HIV stigma and masculinity in eastern Uganda: implications for involving men in HIV programmes. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1061.
42. Theory at a glance: a guide for health promotion practice (second edition). Washington, DC: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. 2005.