No cage can hold her rage? Gender, transgression, and the world wrestling federation’s Chyna

Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 181-206

  Heinecken, Dawn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84952671512     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9781403981240     Document Type: Chapter

References (43)

1. Chyna with Michael Angeli, If They Only Knew (New York: Regan Books, 2001).
2. Rhonda V. Wilcox and David Lavery, Fighting the Forces: What’s at Stake in Buffy the Vampire Slayer (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002);
3. Sherrie A. Inness, Tough Girls: Women Warriors and Wonder Women in Popular Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999).
4. Kathleen Rowe, The Unruly Woman: Gender, and the Genres of Laughter (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995), 31.
5. Patricia Pender, " ‘I’m Buffy and You’re History’: The Postmodern Politics of Buffy," in Fighting the Forces: What’s at Stake in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, ed. Rhonda V. Wilcox and David Lavery (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), 43.
6. John Fiske, Understanding Popular Culture (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 82.
7. Gemma Tarlach, “Wrestling: An American Way of Life," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, August 11, 2000.
8. Richard Dyer, “Don’t Look Now," Screen 23 (1982): 71.
9. Yvonne Tasker, Spectacular Bodies: Gender, Genre and the Action Cinema (New York: Routledge, 1993), 111.
10. Richard Majors, Cool Pose: The Dilemma of Black Manhood in America (New York: Lexington Books, 1992);
11. Jackson Katz and Jeremy Earp, Tough Guise: Violence, Media and the Crisis in Masculinity, dir. Sut Jhally, Media Education Foundation, 1999, videocassette.
12. Sharon Mazer, Professional Wrestling: Sport and Spectacle (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998), 128.
13. Abigail M. Feder, “A Radiant Smile from the Lovely Lady: Overdetermined Femininity in ‘Ladies’ Figure Skating," in Women on Ice, ed. Cynthia Baughman (New York: Routledge, 1995), 22.
14. Laurie Schulze, “On the Muscle," in Building Bodies, ed. Pamela L. Moore (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 9-30.
15. Vickie Rutledge Shields with Dawn Heinecken, Measuring Up: How Advertising Affects Self-Image (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 95-97;
16. Rowe, The Unruly Woman, 43.
17. Laura Mulvey, “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," in Feminist Film Theory: A Reader, ed. Sue Thornham (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 64.
18. Beverly Skeggs, “A Good Time for Women Only," in Deconstructing Madonna, ed. Fran Lloyd (London: B.T. Batsford, Ltd., 1993), 67.
19. Christine Holmlund, “Visible Difference and Flex Appeal: The Body, Sex, Sexuality and Race in the ‘Pumping Iron’ Films," Cinema Journal 28, no. 4 (1989): 43.
20. Pumping Iron II: The Women, prod. and dir. George Butler, Bar Belle Productions, Inc., 1985, videocassette.
21. Shields with Heinecken, Measuring Up, 73-75.
22. Rebecca Ann Lind and Colleen Sabo, “The Framing of Feminists and Feminism in News and Public Affairs Programs in U.S. Electronic Media," Journal of Communication 52, no. 1 (2002): 211-224;
23. Rhonda Hammer, “Anti-feminists as Media Celebrities," Review of Education/Pedagogy/Cultural Studies 22, no. 3 (2000), Academic Search Premier, available at http://web11.epnet.com/citation. asp?tb_1&_ug_dbs_1_1n_en%2Dus_sid_497270F2%2D.
24. Moira Ferguson, Ketu H. Katrak, and Valerie Miner, “Feminism and Antifeminism: From Civil Rights to Culture Wars," in Antifeminism in the Academy, ed. Shirley Nelson Garner, Margaret Higonnet, and Ketu H. Katrak New York: Routledge, 1996, 35-65
25. David Kallick, “Gender Politics," Social Policy 23, no. 4 (1993), Academic Search Premier, available at http:// web11.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb_1&_ug_ dbs_1_1n_en%2Dus_sid_497270F2%2D.
26. Jackson Katz, “Advertising and the Construction of Violent White Masculinity:From Eminem to Clinique for Men," in Gender, Race, Class in Media: A Text Reader, 2d. ed., ed. Gail Dines and Jean Humez (London: Sage, 2002), 349-358.
27. Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 195.
28. Bryan S. Turner, The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory, 2d. ed. (London: Sage, 1996), 24.
29. Chyna interview, Playboy online chat available at http:// www.Playboy.com/magazine. Nov. 2000.
30. Chyna, Interview, Playboy online chat.
31. Chyna, interview, Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, May 6, 1999.
32. Chyna, interview, Fox News Live, Fox, September 28, 2000.
33. Chyna, interview, Playboy online chat.
34. Sut Jhally, Dreamworlds II, dir. Sut Jhally, Media Education Foundation, 1995, videocassette.
35. Shields with Heinecken, Measuring Up, 165.
36. Patricia Hill Collins, “Pornography and Black Women’s Bodies," in Gender, Race and Class in Media, ed. Gail Dines and Jean M. Humez (London: Sage, 1995), 282-283.
37. Chyna, interview, Jane Hawtin Live, WTN, April 23, 1999.
38. Chaunce Hayden, “Joanie Laurer: Still Rockin’ After Leaving the WWF," Steppin’Out Magazine: New York and New Jersey’s #1 Entertainment Magazine (July 25, 2001), available at http:// www.steppinoutmagazine.com/07_25_01/archive_index.html.
39. Jean Kilbourne, " ‘The More You Subtract, the More You Add’: Cutting Girls Down to Size," in Gender, Race, Class in Media: A Text Reader, 2d. ed., ed. Gail Dines and Jean Humez (London: Sage, 2002), 258-267.
40. Chyna, interview, Playboy online chat.
41. Bordo, Unbearable Weight, 245-246.
42. Schulze, “On the Muscle," 9-30.
43. Kathleen Rowe, “Roseanne: Unruly Woman as Domestic Goddess," in Feminist Television Criticism: A Reader, ed. Charlotte Brunsdon, Julie D’Acci, and Lynn Spigel (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), 77.