The design and analysis of research studies

The Design and Analysis of Research Studies

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1-353

  Manly, Bryan F J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84952668640     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511608384     Document Type: Book

References (173)

1. Abraham, B. (1983). Intervention model analysis. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 4: 207-12.
2. Achen, C. H. (1986). The Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments. University of California Press, Berkeley.
3. Aitkin, M., Anderson, D., Francis, B. and Hinde, J. (1989). Statistical Modelling in GLIM. Clarenden Press, Oxford.
4. Andersen, P. K. and Vaeth, M. (1988). Survival Analysis. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 9: 119-29.
5. Armitage, P. (1975). Sequential Medical Trials, 2nd Edit. Blackwell, Oxford.
6. Armitage, P. (1986) Some statistical aspects of clinical trials. In Pacific Statistical Congress (eds. I. S. Francis, B. F. J. Manly and F. C. Lam), pp. 5-11. North Holland, The Netherlands.
7. Barnard, G. A. (1963). Discussion on Professor Bartlett’s paper. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B25: 294.
8. Begon, F. J. (1979). Investigating Animal Abundance. Edward Arnold, London.
9. Besag, J. and Diggle, P. J. (1977). Simple Monte Carlo tests for spatial pattern. Applied Statistics 26: 327-33.
10. Billewicz, W. Z. (1965). The efficiency of matched samples: an empirical investigation. Biometrics 21: 623-44.
11. Bhattacharyya, M. N. and Layton, A. P. (1979). Effectiveness of seat belt legislation on the Queensland road toll - an Australian case study in intervention analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74: 596-603.
12. Blower, J. G., Cook, L. M. and Muggleton, J. (1981). Estimating the Size of Animal Populations. George Allen and Unwin, London.
13. BMDP (1989). SOLO Statistical Package. BMDP Statistical Software Inc., Los Angeles.
14. Box, G. E. P. and Cox, D. R. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B26: 211-52.
15. Box, G. E. P. and Tiao, G. C. (1975). Intervention analysis with applications to economic and environmental problems. Journal of the American Statistical Association 70: 70-9.
16. Bros, W. E. and Cowell, B. C. (1987). A technique for optimizing sample size (replication). Journal of Experimental and Marine Biology and Ecology 114: 63-71.
17. Bulpitt, C. J. (1983). Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague.
18. Bumpus, H. C. (1898). The elimination of the unfit as illustrated by the introduced sparrow, Passer domesticus. Biological Lectures, Marine Biology Laboratory, Woods Hole, 11th Lecture, pp. 209-26.
19. Burk, D. (1980). Cancer mortality linked with artificial fluoridation in Birmingham, England. Paper presented at the 4th International Symposium on the Prevention and Detection of Cancer, Wembley, UK, July 1980.
20. Burnham, K. P., Anderson, D. R. and Laake, J. L. (1980). Estimation of density from line transect sampling of biological populations. Wildlife Monographs 72.
21. Cain, A. J. and Sheppard, P. M. (1950). Natural selection in Cepaea. Genetics 39: 89-116.
22. Campbell, D. T. and Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and QuasiExperimental Designs for Research. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
23. Carpenter, S. R., Frost, T. M., Heisey, D. and Kratz, T. K. (1989). Randomized intervention analysis and the interpretation of whole ecosystem experiments. Ecology 70: 1142-52.
24. Chatfield, C. and Collins, A. J. (1980). Introduction to Multivariate Analysis. Chapman and Hall, London.
25. Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques. Wiley, New York.
26. Cochran, W. G. (1983). Planning and Analysis of Observational Studies. Wiley, New York.
27. Cochran, W. G. and Cox, G. M. (1957). Experimental Designs, 2nd Edit. Wiley, New York.
28. Coleman, J. S. (1966). Equality of Educational Opportunity. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
29. Cook, T. D. and Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston.
30. Cook-Mozaffari, P., Bulusu, L. and Doll, R. (1981). Fluoridation of water supplies and cancer mortality. I. A search for an effect in the U.K. on risk of death from cancer. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 35: 227-32.
31. Cook-Mozaffari, P. and Doll, R. (1981). Fluoridation of water supplies and cancer mortality. II. Mortality trends after fluoridation. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 35: 233-8.
32. Cormack, R. M. (1968). The statistics of capture-recapture methods. Annual Review of Oceanography and Marine Biology 6: 455-506.
33. Cox, D. R. (1969). Some sampling problems in technology. In New Developments in Survey Sampling (eds. N. L. Johnson and H. Smith), pp. 506-27. Wiley, New York.
34. Cox, D. R. and Oakes, D. (1984). Analysis of Survival Data. Chapman and Hall, London.
35. Crosbie, J. and Sharpley, C. F. (1989). DMITSA, A Statistical Program for Analysing Data from Interrupted Time Series. Faculty of Education, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
36. Crothers, C. (1977). Sample size selection for exploratory social surveys. New Zealand Statistician 12 (1): 10-16.
37. Day, R. A. (1988). How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper. Oryx Press, Phoenix, Arizona.
38. Deddens, J. A. and Koch, G. G. (1988). Survival analysis, grouped data. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 9: 129-34.
39. DiCiccio, T. J. and Romano, J. P. (1988). A review of bootstrap confidence intervals. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B50: 338-54.
40. Diggle, P. J. (1983). Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Processes. Academic Press, London.
41. Diggle, P. J. and Milne, R. K. (1983). Bivariate Cox processes: some models for bivariate spatial point patterns. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B45: 11-21.
42. Douglas, J. W. B. (1960). ‘Premature’ children at primary schools. British Medical Journal 1: 1008-13.
43. Durbin, J. and Watson, G. S. (1951). Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression. Biometrika 38: 159-78.
44. Dwass, M. (1957). Modified randomization tests for non-parametric hypotheses. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 28: 181-7.
45. Eberhardt, L. L. (1978). Transect methods for population studies. Journal of Wildlife Management 42: 1-31.
46. Eberhardt, L. L. and Thomas, J. M. (1991). Designing environmental field studies. Ecological Monographs 61: 53-73.
47. Edgington, E. S. (1987). Randomization Tests, 2nd Edit. Marcel Dekker, New York.
48. Efron, B. (1979). Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. Annals of Statistics 7: 1-26.
49. Everitt, B. S. (1977). The Analysis of Contingency Tables. Chapman and Hall, London.
50. Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers, 1st Edit. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
51. Fisher, R. A. (1935). The Design of Experiments, 1st Edit. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
52. Fisher, R. A. (1936). The coefficient of racial likeness and the future of craniometry. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 66: 57-63.
53. Freiman, J. A. Chalmers, T. C., Smith, H. and Kuebler, R. R. (1978). The importance of beta, the type II error, and the sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial. New England Journal of Medicine 299: 690-4.
54. Genstat 5 Committee (1987). GENSTAT 5 Reference Manual. Clarenden Press, Oxford.
55. Gibbons, J. D. (1982). Distribution free methods. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 2: 400-8.
56. Gibbons, J. D. (1986). Randomness, tests of. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 7: 555-62.
57. Gilbert, R. O. (1987). Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
58. Gopen, G. D., and Swan, J. A. (1990). The science of scientific writing. Science 78: 550-8.
59. Gray, H. L. and Schucany, W. R. (1972). The Generalized Jackknife Statistic. Marcel Dekker, New York.
60. Green, E. L. (1973). Location analysis of prehistoric Maya sites in northern British Honduras. American Antiquity 38: 279-93.
61. Greenhouse, S. W. and Geisser, S. (1959). On methods in the analysis of profile data. Psychometrika 24: 94-112.
62. Harris, R. J. (1985). A Primer of Multivariate Statistics, 2nd Edit. Academic Press, Orlando.
63. Harte, D. (1986). Statistical methods in road safety. In Pacific Statistical Congress, proceedings (eds. I. S. Francis, B. F. J. Manly and F. C. Lam) pp. 312-4. North-Holland, Amsterdam.
64. Hayne, D. W. (1949). Two methods for estimating populations from trapping records. Journal of Mammalogy 30: 399-411.
65. Healy, M. J. R. (1988). GLIM: An Introduction. Clarenden Press, Oxford.
66. Heaney, R. P. and Dougherty, C. J. (1988). Research for Health Professionals. Iowa State University Press, Ames.
67. Higham, C. F. W., Kijngam, A. and Manly, B. F. J. (1982). Site location and site hierarchy in prehistoric Thailand. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 48: 1-27.
68. Hinkley, D. V. (1983). Jackknife methods. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 4: 280-7.
69. Hochberg, Y. and Tamhane, A. C. (1987). Multiple Comparison Procedures. Wiley, New York.
70. Hodder, I. and Orton, C. (1976). Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
71. Hodge, S. D. and Moore, P. G. (1972). Data uncertainties and least squares regression. Applied Statistics 21: 185-95.
72. Holland, P. W. and Rubin, D. B. (1986). Research designs and causal inference: on Lord’s paradox. In Survey Research Designs: Towards a Better Understanding of Their Costs and Benefits (eds. R. W. Pearson and R. F. Boruch), pp. 7-37. Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Statistics 38, Berlin.
73. Hurlbert, S. H. (1984). Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs 54: 187-211.
74. Hutchings, M. J. (1978). Standing crop and pattern in pure stands of Mercurialis perennis and Rubus fruiticosus in mixed deciduous woodland. Oikos 31: 351-7.
75. Inhelder, B. and Piaget, J. (1958). The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence. Basic Books, New York.
76. International Statistical Institute (1986). Declaration on professional ethics. International Statistical Review 54: 227-42.
77. Jolly, G. M. (1965). Explicit estimates from capture-recapture data with death and immigration - stochastic model. Biometrika 52: 225-47.
78. Judge, G. G., Hill, R. C., Griffiths, W. E., Lutkepohl, H. and Lee, T. (1988). Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Econometrics. Wiley, New York.
79. Katz, M. J. (1985). Elements of a Scientific Paper. Yale University Press, New Haven.
80. Koch, G. G., Elashoff, J. D. and Amara, I. A. (1988). Repeated measurements - design and analysis. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 8: 46-73.
81. Knoke, D. and Burke, P. J. (1980). Log-Linear Models. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills.
82. Ku, H. H. and Kullback, S. (1974). Log-linear models in contingency table analysis. American Statistician 28: 115-22.
83. Laing, R. M. (1987). The Lockstitch Seam: a Model of the Geometric Structure and Tensile Behaviour. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Otago.
84. Laing, R. M. and Pearshouse, C. (1987). Micro software development aids elucidating tensile behaviour of the lockstitch seam. Textile Research Journal 57: 256-64.
85. Lemeshow, S. (1985). Nonresponse (in sample surveys). Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 6: 333-6.
86. Lindsey, J. K. (1989). The Analysis of Categorical Data Using Glim. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
87. Linton, L. R., Edgington, E. S. and Davies, R. W. (1989). A view of niche overlap amenable to statistical analysis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 55-60.
88. Lord, F. M. (1967). A paradox in the interpretation of group comparisons. Psychological Bulletin 68: 304-5.
89. Lord, F. M. (1968). Statistical adjustments when comparing preexisting groups. Psychological Bulletin 72: 336-7.
90. Lord, F. M. (1973). Lord’s paradox. In The Encyclopedia of Educational Evaluation (eds. S. B. Anderson, S. Bell, and R. T. Murphy), pp. 232-6. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
91. Machin, D. and Campbell, M. J. (1987). Statistical Tables for the Design of Clinical Trials. Blackwell, Oxford.
92. Madansky, A. (1988). Prescriptions for Working Statisticians. SpringerVerlag, New York.
93. Madenjian, C. P., Jude, D. J. and Tesar, F. J. (1986). Intervention analysis of power plant impact on fish populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 43: 819-29.
94. Viahon, R. (1980). Accuracy of catch-effort methods for estimating fish density and biomass in streams. Environmental Biology of Fishes 54: 343-60.
95. Manly, B. F. J. (1985). The Statistics of Natural Selection on Animal Populations. Chapman and Hall, London.
96. Manly, B. F. J. (1986). Multivariate Statistical Methods: a Primer. Chapman and Hall, London.
97. Manly, B. F. J. (1991). Randomization and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology. Chapman and Hall, London.
98. Manly, B. F. J. and McAlevey, L. (1987). A randomization alternative to the Bonferroni inequality with multiple F tests. In Proceedings of the Second International Tampere Conference in Statistics (eds. T. Pukkila and S. Puntanen), pp. 567-73. Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland.
99. Manly, B. F. J., McAlevey, L. and Stevens, D. (1986). A randomization procedure for comparing group means on multiple measurements. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 39: 183-9.
100. Manly, B. F. J. and Shannon, A. G. (1974). An analogical replication of a Piagetian experiment on New Guineans. Malaysian Journal of Education 11: 77-82.
101. Marquardt, D. W. and Snee, R. D. (1975). Ridge regression in practice. American Statistician 29: 3-20.
102. Marx, B. D. and Smith, E. P. (1990). Weighted multicollinearity in logistic regression: diagnostics and biased estimation techniques with an example from lake acidification. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 47: 1128-35.
103. McCullagh, P. and Nelder, J. A. (1989). Generalized Linear Models, 2nd Edit. Chapman and Hall, London.
104. McDonald, L. L. and Manly, B. F. J. (1989). Calibration of biased sampling procedures. In Estimation and Analysis of Insect Populations (eds. L. L. McDonald, B. F. J. Manly, J. Lockwood and J. Logan), pp. 467-83. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
105. McKechnie, S. W., Ehrlich, P. R. and White, R. R. (1975). Population genetics of Euphydryas butterflies. I. Genetic variation and the neutrality hypothesis. Genetics 81: 571-94.
106. McNemar, Q. (1955). Psychological Statistics. Wiley, New York.
107. Mead, R. (1988). The Design of Experiments: Statistical Principles for Practical Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
108. Menkins, G. E. and Anderson, S. H. (1988). Estimation of small mammal population size. Ecology 69: 1952-9.
109. Miller, J. I. and Taylor, B. J. (1989). The Thesis Writer’s Handbook. Alcove Publishing Company, Oregon.
110. Miller, R. G. (1974). The jackknife - a review. Biometrika 61: 1-15.
111. Miller, R. (1985). Multiple comparisons. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 5: 679-89.
112. Mohr, L. B. (1988). Impact Analysis for Program Evaluation. Dorsey Press, Chicago.
113. Montgomery, D. C. (1984). Design and Analysis of Experiments, 2nd Edit. Wiley, New York.
114. Nelder, J. A. and Wedderburn, R. W. M. (1972). Generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A135: 370-84.
115. Neter, J., Wasserman, W. and Kutner, M. H. (1983). Applied Linear Regression Models. Irwin, Homewood, Illinois.
116. Noreen, E. W. (1989). Computer Intensive Methods for Testing Hypotheses: an Introduction. Wiley, New York.
117. Oldham, P. D. and Newell, D. J. (1977). Fluoridation of water supplies and cancer - a possible association? Applied Statistics 26: 125-35.
118. Otis, D. L., Burnham, K. P., White, G. C. and Anderson, D. R. (1978). Statistical inference from capture data on closed animal populations. Wildlife Monographs: 62.
119. Parr, W. C. and Schucany, W. R. (1980). The jackknife: a review. International Statistical Review 48: 73-8.
120. Payne, C. D. (ed.) (1987). The GLIM System, Release 3.77, Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd, Oxford.
121. Pearson, E. S. and Hartley, H. O. (1966). Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
122. Pearson, E. S. and Hartley, H. O. (1972). Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
123. Peterman, R. M. (1990). Statistical power analysis can improve fisheries research and management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 47: 2-15.
124. Piantadosi, S., Byar, D. P. and Green., S. B. (1988). The ecological fallacy. American Journal of Epidemiology 127: 893-904.
125. Pitman, E. J. G. (1937a). Significance tests that can be applied to samples from any distribution. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B4: 119-30.
126. Pitman, E. J. G. (1937b). Significance tests that can be applied to samples from any distribution. II. The correlation coefficient test. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B4: 225-32.
127. Pitman, E. J. G. (1937c). Significance tests that can be applied to samples from any distribution. III. The analysis of variance test. Biometrika 29: 322-35.
128. Pollock, K. H., Nichols, J. D., Brownie, C. and Hines, J. E. (1990). Statistical inference for capture-recapture experiments. Wildlife Monographs 107.
129. Powell, G. L. and Russell, A. P. (1984). The diet of the eastern short-homed lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre) in Alberta and its relationship to sexual size dimorphism. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 428-40.
130. Powell, G. L. and Russell, A. P. (1985). Growth and sexual size dimorphism in Alberta populations of the eastern short-horned lizard, Phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 139-54.
131. Quenouille, M. H. (1956). Notes on bias in estimation. Biometrika 43: 353-60.
132. Rampino, M. R. and Stothers, R. B. (1984a). Terrestrial mass extinctions, cometary impacts and the sun’s motion perpendicular to the galactic plane. Nature 308: 709-12.
133. Rampino, M. R. and Stothers, R. B. (1984b). Geological rhythms and cometary impacts. Science 226: 1427-31.
134. Ratkowsky, D. A. (1983). Nonlinear Regression Modelling. Marcel Dekker, New York.
135. Raup, D. M. and Sepkoski, J. J. (1984). Periodicity of extinctions in the geologic past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 81: 801-5.
136. Rayner, J. C. W. and Best, D. J. (1989). Smooth Tests of Goodness of Fit. Oxford University Press, New York.
137. Rindskopf, D. (1987). A compact BASIC program for log-linear models. In Computing Science and Statistics: Proceedings of the 19th Symposium on the Interface (eds. R. M. Heiberger and M. T. Martin), pp. 381-6. American Statistical Association, Alexandria, Virginia.
138. Ripley, B. D. (1981). Spatial Statistics. Wiley, New York.
139. Riska, B. (1985). Group size factors and geographical variation of morphometric correlation. Evolution 39: 792-803.
140. Robinson, W. S. (1950). Ecological correlations and the behaviour of individuals. American Sociological Review 15: 351-7.
141. Rogers, A. (1974). Statistical Analysis of Spatial Dispersion. Pion, London.
142. Rosenbaum, P. R. (1989). The role of known effects in observational studies. Biometrics 45: 557-69.
143. Savin, N. E. and White, K. J. (1977). The Durbin-Watson test for serial correlation with extreme sample sizes or many regressors. Econometrica 45: 1989-96.
144. Scheaffer, R. L., Mendenhall, W. and Ott, L. (1990). Elementary Survey Sampling. 4th Edit. PWS-KENT, Boston.
145. Schuman, H. and Presser, S. (1981). Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys. Academic Press, New York.
146. Seber, G. A. F. (1965). A note on the multiple-recapture census. Biometrika 52: 249-59.
147. Seber, G. A. F. (1982a). Capture-recapture methods. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 1: 367-74.
148. Seber, G. A. F. (1982b). Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters, 2nd Edit. Griffin, London.
149. Seber, G. A. F. (1986). A review of estimating animal abundance. Biometrics 42: 267-92.
150. Sharpley, C. F. (1986). Fallibility in the visual assessment of behavioural interventions: time series statistics to analyse time series data. Behavioural Change 3: 26-33.
151. Sharpley, C. F. (1987). Time series analysis of behavioural data: an update. Behavioural Change 4: 40-5.
152. Sharpley, C. F. and Alavosius, M. P. (1988). Autocorrelation in behavioural data: an alternative perspective. Behavioural Assessment 10: 243-51.
153. Simpson, G. G., Roe, A. and Lewontin, R. C. (1960). Quantitative Zoology. Harcourt, Brace and World, New York.
154. Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. (1980). Statistical Methods, 7th Edit. Iowa State University Press, Ames.
155. Snee, R. D. (1977). Validation of regression models: methods and examples. Technometrics 19: 415-28.
156. Solow, A. R. (1989). Bootstrapping sparsely sampled spatial point patterns. Ecology 70: 379-82.
157. Southwood, T. R. E. (1978). Ecological Methods with Particular Reference to Insect Populations, 2nd Edit. Chapman and Hall, London.
158. Stewart-Oaten, A., Murdoch, W. W. and Parker, K. R. (1986). Environmental impact assessment: ‘pseudo-replication’ in time? Ecology 67: 929-40.
159. Stothers, R. (1979). Solar activity cycle during classical antiquity. Astronomy and Astrophysics 77: 121-7.
160. Strand, L. (1972). A model for stand growth. IUFRO Third Conference Advisory Group of Statisticians. INRA, Paris, pp. 207-16.
161. ‘Student’ (1931). The Lanarkshire milk experiment. Biometrika 23: 389-406.
162. Sudman, S. and Bradburn, N. M. (1982). Asking Questions: A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
163. Taylor, J. (1931). Milk tests in Lanarkshire schools. Nature 127: 466.
164. Tortora, S. D. (1985). Nonsampling errors in surveys. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 6: 336-40.
165. Tukey, J. W. (1958). Bias and confidence in not quite large samples (Abstract). Annals of Mathematical Statistics 29: 614.
166. Upton, G. J. G. (1978). The Analysis of Cross-Tabulated Data. Wiley, New York.
167. Ware, J. H. (1989). Investigating therapies of potentially great benefit: ECMO. Statistical Sciences 4: 298-340.
168. White, G. C., Anderson, D. R., Burnham, K. P. and Otis, D. L. (1982). Capture-Recapture and Removal Methods for Sampling Closed Populations. Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA 8787-NERP, Los Alamos, New Mexico.
169. Winer, B. (1971). Statistical Principles in Experimental Design, 2nd Edit. McGraw-Hill, New York.
170. Yiamouyiannis, J. and Burk, D. (1977). Fluoridation and cancer: age-dependence of cancer mortality related to artificial fluoridation. Fluoride 10: 102-25.
171. Younger, M. S. (1985). A First Course in Linear Regression. Duxbury Press, Boston.
172. Zelen, M. (1979). A new design for randomized clinical trials. New England Journal of Medicine 300: 1242-5.
173. Zippin, C. (1956). An evaluation of the removal method of estimating animal populations. Biometrics 12: 163-89.