Physical Signs

Baran and Dawber's Diseases of the Nails and their Management

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 48-103

  Baran, R ^a   Dawber, R P R ^b   Richert, B ^c  

^a NAIL DISEASE CENTRE   (France)

^b CHURCHILL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c Polyclinique Lucien Brull ^*  (Belgium)

Author keywords

Circumferential fingernail; Erythronychia; Koilonychia; Leuconychia; Trachyonychia

Indexed keywords

EID: 84952651781     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470694947.ch2     Document Type: Chapter

References (472)

1. Barris, Y. I., Tan, E., Kalyoncu, F. et al. (1990) Digital clubbing in hashish addict. Chest 98, 1545-1546.
2. Bentley, D., Moore, A. & Schwachman, H. (1976) Finger clubbing: a quantitative survey by analysis shadowgraph. Lancet ii, 164.
3. Bigler, F. C. (1958) The morphology of clubbing. American Journal of Pathology 34, 237-241.
4. Blumsohn, D. (1981) Clubbing of the fingers with special reference to Schamroth's diagnostic method. Heart and Lung 10, 1069-1072.
5. Camarosa, J. G. & Moreno, K. (1987) Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 16, 881-883.
6. Chotkowski, L. A. (1994) Clubbing of the fingernails in heroin addiction. New England Journal of Medicine 311, 262.
7. Cornelius, C. E. & Shelley, W. B. (1967) Shell nail syndrome associated with bronchiectiasis. Archives of Dermatology 96, 694.
8. Coury, C. (1960) Hippocratic fingers and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. British Journal of Diseases of the Chest 54, 202.
9. Cribier, B., Mena, M. L., Rey, D. et al. (1998) Nail changes in patients infected with HIV. Archives of Dermatology 134, 1216-1220.
10. Currie, A. E. & Gallagher, P. J. (1988) The pathology of clubbing: vascular changes in the nail bed. British Journal of Diseases of the Chest 82, 382-385.
11. Curth, H. O., Firschein, I. L. & Alphert, M. (1961) Familial clubbed fingers. Archives of Dermatology 83, 829.
12. Fam, A. G. & Q-Sang, H. & Ramsay, C. A. (1983) Pachydermoperiostosis: scintigraphic Plehymographic, plethysmographic, and capillaroscopic observations. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 42, 98-102.
13. Fisher, D. S., Singer, D. H. & Feldman, S. M. (1964) Clubbing: a review with emphasis on hereditary acropachy. Medicine 43, 459.
14. Gibson, T., Joye, J. & Schumauer, H. R. (1974) Localized hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with abdominal aortic prosthesis and infection. Annals of Internal Medicine 81, 556-557.
15. Goyal, S., Griffith, W. A. D., Omarouayache, S. et al. (1998) An improved method of studying fingernail morphometry: application to the early detection of fingernail clubbing. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 39, 640-642.
16. Guyer, P. B., Brunton, F. J. & Wren, M. W. G. (1978) Pachydermoperiotosis with acroosteolysis. A report of five cases. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 60B, 219.
17. Hashmi, S. & Kaplan, D. (1992) Asymmetric clubbing as a manifestation of sarcoid bone disease. American Journal of Medicine 93, 471.
18. Haslock, I. & Vasanthakumar, V. (1988) Disappearing hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. British Journal of Rheumatology 27, 143-145.
19. Kaditis, A. G., Nelson, A. M. & Driscoll, D. J. (1995) Takayasu's arteritis presenting with unilateral digital clubbing. Journal of Rheumatology 22, 2346-2348.
20. Lampe, R. M. & Kagan, A. (1983) Detection of clubbing-Schamroth's sign. Clinical Pediutrics 22, 125.
21. Lindmaier, A., Raff, M., Seidl, G. et al. (1989) Pachydermoperiostose (Klinik, Klassifikation und Pathogenese). Hautarzt 40, 752-757.
22. Lovibond, J. L. (1938) Diagnosis of clubbed fingers. Lancet i, 363.
23. Myers, B. M. (1991) POEMS syndrome with idiopathic flushing mimickingcarcinoid syndrome. American Journal of Medicine 90, 646-648.
24. Rabast, U. (1997) Trommel schlegelfinger bei eine, niedrig malignen Leiomyosarkom mit gemishter Hiatus hermie. Deutscbe Medizinische Wochenschrift 122, 1207-1212.
25. Reed, W. D., Dexter, R., Corley, C. etal. (1965) Congenital lipodystrophic diabetes with acanthosis nigricans. Archives of Dermatology 91, 326-334.
26. Regan, G. M., Tagg, B. & Thomson, M. L. (1967) Subjective assessment and objective measurement of finger clubbing. Lancet i, 530.
27. Rimoin, D. L. (1965) Pachydermoperiostosis (idiopathic clubbing and periostosis). New England Journal of Medicine 272, 923.
28. Saunders, P. R. & Hanna, M. (1988) Unilateral clubbing of fingers associated with causalgia. British Medical Journal 297, 1635.
29. Schamroth, L. (1976) Personal experience. South African Medical Journal 50, 297-300.
30. Sorin, S. B., Askari, A. & Rhodes, R. S. (1980) Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy of the lower extremities as a manifestation of arterial graft sepsis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 23, 768-770.
31. Stein, H. B. & Little, H. A. (1978) Localized hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in the presence of an abdominal aortic prosthesis. Canadian Medical Association Journal 118, 947-948.
32. Stock, C. M. (1986) Trommel schlegelfinger. Ein Symptom. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 61, 1745-1748.
33. Stoll, B. A. & Beetham, W. R. (1954) Unidigital clubbing, with report of a case. Medical Journal of Australia 2, 852-855.
34. Thappa, D. M., Sethuraman, G., Kumar, G. R. et al. (2000) Primary pachydermoperiostosis: a case report. Journat of Dermatology 27, 106-109
35. Touraine, A., Solente, G. & Golé, A. (1935) Un syndrome ostéodermopathique, la pachydermie plicaturée avec pachypériostose des extrémités. Presse Médicale 43, 1830.
36. Vogl, A. & Goldfischer, S. (1962) Primary or idiopathic osteoarthropatby. American Journal of Medicine 33, 166.
37. Wendling, D. & Guidet, M. (1993) Les dysacromélies. Est Médecine 7-8, 23-25.
38. Alrnagor, G. & Hairn, S. (1981) Familial koilonychia. Dematologia 162, 400.
39. Anan, I.S. & Harris, P. (1988) Koilonychia in Ladakhis. British Journal of Dermatology 119, 267-268.
40. Baran, R. & Achten, G. (1969) Les associations conghitales de Ko'ilonychie et de leuconychie totale. Archives Belges de Dernaatologie et Syphiligraphie XXV, 13-29.
41. Beaven, D. W. & Brooks, S. E. (1984) A Colour Atlas of the Nail in Clinical Diagnosis. Wolfe Medical, London.
42. Bergeron, J. R. & Stone, O. J. (1967) Koilonychia. A report of familial spoon nails. Archives of Dermatology 95, 351.
43. Crosby, D. L. & Petersen, M. J. (1989) Familial koilonychia. Cutis 44, 209-210.
44. Higashi, N. (1988) Pathogenesis of the spooning. Hifu 27, 29-34.
45. Hogan, G. R. & Jones, B. (1970) The relationship of koilonychia and iron deficiency in infants. Journal of Pediatrics 77, 1054.
46. Jalili, M. A. & Al-kassab, S. (1959) Koilonychia and cystine content of nail. Lancet ii, 108-110.
47. Rosso, D., dos Santos Rodriguez, H., Larangeira, H. etal. (1998) Coiloniquia idiopatica. Anales Brasiliera de Dermatofogza 73, 313-315.
48. Runne, U. (1978) Koilonychia serrata syndrorn. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankbeiten 53, 623.
49. Stone, O. J. (1975) Spoon nails and clubbing, significance and rnechanisrns. Cutis 16, 235-241.
50. Zaun, H., Strenger, D., Zabransky, S. et al. (1984) Das syndrorn der langen Wirnpern (Trichomegalie syndrom, Oliver-McFerlane). Hautarzt 35, 162-163.
51. Baran, R. (1974) Pincer and trumpet nails. Archives of Dermatology 110, 639.
52. Chapman, R. S. (1973) Overcurvature of the nails. An inherited disorder. British Journal of Dermatology 89, 211-213.
53. Cornelius, C. E. & Shelley, W. B. (1968) Pincer nails syndrome. Archives of Surgery 96, 321.
54. Greiner, D., Schofer, H. & Milbradt, R. (1998) Reversible transverse overcurvature of the nails (pincer nails) after treatment with a pblocker. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 39, 486-487
55. Haneke, E. (1992) Etiopathogenie et traiternent de I'hypercourbure transversale de I'ongle du gros orteil. Journal de Midecine Esthktique 29, 123-127.
56. Haneke, E. (1999) Pincer nails. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 12 (Suppl. 2), S1-25.
57. Higashi, N. (1990) Pincer nail due tu tinea unguium. Hifu 32, 40-44.
58. Jemec, G. & Thomsen, K. (1997) Pincer nails and alopecia as markers of gastrointestinal malignancy. Journal of Dermatology 24, 479-481.
59. Alkiewicz, J. & Pfister, R. (1976) Atlas des Nagelkrankheiten, pp. 52-53. Schattauer-Verlag, Stuttgart.
60. Basset, H. (1962) Trois forrnes gknotypiques d'ongles courts, le pouce en raquette, les doigt en raquette, les ongles courts simples. Bulletin de la Societi Frangaise de Dermatologie et de Syphitigraphie 69, 15.
61. Fairris, G. M. & Rowell, N. R. (1984) Acquired racket nails. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 9, 267-269.
62. Higashi, N. (1994) Racket nail. Hifu 36, 776-779.
63. Johnson, C. F. (1966) Broad thumbs and broad great toes with facial abnormalities and mental retardation. Pediatrics 68, 942.
64. Ronchese, F. (1951) Peculiar nail anomalies. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilis 63, 565-580.
65. Ronchese, F. (1973) The racket thumbnail. Dermatologica 146, 199-202.
66. Tsambaos, D., Greither, A. & Orfanos, C. E. (1979) Multiple malignant Spiegler tumors with brachydactyly and racket-nails. Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 6, 31.
67. Baran, R. (1981) Porphyria. In: The Nail (ed. M. Pierre), p. 51. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
68. Kandel, E. (1971) Parrot beak nails. Lebanese Medical Journal 24, 433.
69. David, P. (1982) Green's Operative Hand Surgery, p. 303. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
70. Egawa, T. (1977) Congenital clawlike fingers and toes: case report of two siblings. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 59, 569-574.
71. Higashi, N., Kume, A., Tanogushi, T. et al. (1999) Congenital curved nail of the fourth toe. Journal of Pediatric Dermatology (Jap) 18, 99-101.
72. Iwasawa, M., Hirose, T. & Matuso, K. (1991) Congenital curved nail of the fourth toe. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 87, 553-554.
73. Miura, T. (1987) Twofamilies with congenital nail anomalies: nail formation in ectopic areas. Journal of Hand Surgery 3, 348-351.
74. Alves, G. F., Poon, E., John, J. et al. (1999) Circumferential fingernail. British Journal of Dermatology 140, 960-962.
75. Egawa, T. (1977) Congenital claw-like fingers and toes: case report of two siblings. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 59, 569-574.
76. Barsky, A. J. (1967) Macrodactyly. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 49, 1255-1256.
77. Boutros, S., Weinfeld, A. B., Stafford, J. et al. (1998) An unusual case of polydactyly of the thumb. Annuls of Plustic Surgery 41, 434-435.
78. Child, F. J., Werring, D. J. & DuVivier, A. W. P. (1998) Proteus syndrome: diagnosis in adulthood. British Journal of Dermatology 139, 132-136.
79. Colot, G., Castmans-Elias, S. & Philippet, G. (1984) Macrodactylie assocée à une lipoblastomatose benigne. Annales de Chirurgie de la Main 3, 262-265.
80. Greenberg, B. M., Pess, G. M. & May, J. W. (1987) Macrodactyly and the epidermal naevus syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery 12A, 730-733.
81. Iwasawa, M. & Hirose, T. (1993) Nail plasty in the treatment of duplicated thumb. Annals of Plastic Surgery 31, 528-531.
82. Kelikian, H. (1974) Congenital Deformities of the Hand and Forearm, pp. 610-660. W. B. Saunders. Philadelphia.
83. Keret, D., Ger, E. & Marks, H. (1987) Macrodactyly involving both hands and both feet. Journal of Hand Surgery 12A, 610-614.
84. Laband, P. F., Habib, G. & Humprey, G. S. (1964) Hereditary gingival fibromatosis. Report of an affected family with associated splenomegaly and skeletal and soft tissue abnormalities. Oral Surgery 17, 339-351.
85. Millman, A. J. & Strier, R. P. (1982) Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 7, 57-65.
86. Mittal, R. L. & Mittal, R. (1984) Pseudomegadactyly. Dermatologica 169, 86-87.
87. Mouly, R. & Debeyre, J. (1961) Le gigantisme digital: etiologie et traitement. Apropos d'un cas. Annales de Chirurgie Plastique 6, 187-194.
88. Robertson, W. W. (1987) The bifid great toe, a surgical approach. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 7, 25-28.
89. Silverman, T. A. & Enziger, F. M. (1985) Fibrolipomatous hamartoma of nerve. A clinicopathologic analysis of 26 cases. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 9, 7.
90. Tosti, A., Paoluzzi, P. & Baran, R. (1992) Doubled nail of the thumb. A rare form of polydactyly. Dermatology 184, 216-218.
91. Turra, S., Frizziero, P., Cagnoni, G. et al. (1986) Macrodactyly of the foot associated with plexiform neurofibroma of the medial plantar nerve. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 6, 489-492.
92. Wu, K. K. (1991) Macradactylia fibrolipomatosis of the foot. Journal of Foot Surgery 30, 402-405.
93. Zaias, N. (1990) The Nail in Health and Disease. Lange and Appleton, Norwalk, CT.
94. Baran, R. & Moulin, G. (1999) The bidet nail. A French variant of the worn down nail syndrome. British Journal of Dermatology 140, 377.
95. Ronchese, F. (1962) Nails-injuries and disease. In: Traumatic Medicine and Surgery for the Attorney, Vol. 6, p. 626. Butterworth, Washington.
96. Schubert, B., Minard, J. J., Baran, R. et al. (1977) Onychopathie des champignonnistes. Annales de Dermatologie et de Véneréologie 104, 627.
97. Aköz, T., Erdodan, B., Görgü, M. et al. (1998) Congenital anonychia. Journal of Dermatology 114, 371-375.
98. Baran, R. & Juhlin, L. (1986) Bone dependent nail formation. British Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 101, 551-552.
99. Kelikian, H. (1974) Congenital Deformities of the Hand and Forearm. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
100. Priolo, M., Rosaia, L., Seri, M. et al. (2000) Total anonychia congenita in a woman with normal intelligence. Report of a further case. Dermatology 200, 84-85.
101. Solarmadevi, S. V. (1981) Simple anonychia. Southern Medical Journal 74, 1555.
102. Achten, G. & Wanet-Rouard, J. (1970) Pachyonychia. British Journal of Dermatology 83, 56-62.
103. Alkiewicz, J. & Lebioda, J. (1961) Zur Klinik und Histologie der Pachyonychia congenita. Archiv der Klinische und experimentale Dermatologie 112, 140-147.
104. Douglas, M. C. & Krull, E. A. (1981) Diseases of the Nails. Current Therapy, p. 712. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
105. Forslind, B., Nylin, B., Swanbeck, G., Thyresson, M. & Thyresson, N. (1973) Pachyonychia congenita. A histologic and microradiographic study. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 53, 211-216.
106. Heller, J. (1927) Die krankheiten der Nagel. In: Handbuch der Hautund Geschlechtskrunkheiten, Vol. XII/2 (ed. J. J. Jadassohn). Springer, Berlin.
107. Higashi, N. & Matsumura, T. (1988) The etiology of onychogryphosis of the great toenail and of ingrowing nail. Hifu 30, 620-623.
108. Horvath, G. & Vlcek, F. (1986) Uricaemia and onychogryphosis. Ceskoslovenska Dermatologie 81, 388-390.
109. Lubach, D. (1982) Erbliche onychogryphosis. Hautarzt 33, 331.
110. Ohata, C., Shirabe, H., Takagi, K. et al. (1996) Inychogryphosis with granulation tissue of proximal nail fold. Skin Research 38, 626-629.
111. Paller, A. S., Moore, J. A. & Scher, R. (1991) Pachyonychia congenita tarda. A late-onset form of pachyonychia congenita. Archives of Dermatology 127, 701-703.
112. Patki, A. & Baran, R. (1994) Nail resembling cutaneous horn occurring after acral bone loss. Cutis 54, 41-42.
113. Schmidt, H. (1965) Total onychogryphosis traced during 6 generations. In: Proceedings of the Fenno-Scandinavian Association of Dermatology, pp. 36-37.
114. Tanaka, T., Sohba, S. & Tanida, Y. (1986) Onychogryphosis considered to be due to tinea unguium. Hifuka No Rinsho 28, 1333-1337.
115. Videbaek, A. (1948) Hereditary onychogryphosis. Annals of Eugenics 14, 139.
116. Zaias, N. (1990) The Nail in Health and Disease, 2nd edn, p. 164. Lange & Appleton. Norwalk, CT.
117. Heller, J. (1928) Dystrophia unguium mediana canaliformis. Dermatologische Zeitschrift 51, 416-419.
118. Higashi, N., Kune, A., Ueda, K. et al. (1998) Onychorrhexis; etiology and treatment. Hifu 40, 481-483.
119. Leclercq, R. (1964) Naevus striatus symmetricus unguis, dystrophie unguéale médiane canaliforme de Heller ou dystropie unguéale médiane en chevrons. A propos de 2 cas. Bulletin de la Societé Française de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie 71, 655.
120. MacAulay, W. L. (1966) Transverse ridging of the thumbnails. Archives of Dermatology 93, 421.
121. Oppenheim, M. & Cohen, D. (1942) Naevus striatus symmetricus unguis. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilis 45, 253.
122. Parry, E. J., Morley, W. N. & Dawber, R. P. R. (1995) Herring bone nails: an uncommon variant of nail growth in childhood? British Journal of Dermatology 132, 1021-1022.
123. Pinkus, F. (1927) Die normale Anatomie der Haut. In: Handbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten, Vol. 1/1 (ed. J. J. Jadassohn), p. 278. Springer, Berlin.
124. Rehtijarvi, K. (1971) Dystrophia unguis mediana canaliformis (Heller). Acta Dermato-Venereologica 51, 315.
125. Ronchese, F. (1951) Peculiar nail anomalies. Archives of Dermatology 63, 565.
126. Schuster, S. (1996) The significance of chevron nails. British Journal of Dermatology 135, 151-152.
127. Seller, H. (1974) Dystrophic unguis mediana canaliformis. Familiares vorkornrnen. Hautarzt 25, 456.
128. Sutton, R. Jr. L.& Waisman, M. (1975) The Practitioner's Dermatology. Yorke Medical Books, New York.
129. Zaias, N. (1990) The Nail in Health and Disease, 2nd edn. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT.
130. Zelger, J., Wohlfarth, P. & Putz, R. (1974) Dystrophia unguium rnediana canaliforrnis Heller. Hautarzt 25. 629.
131. Aberg, H. & Craig, D. (1966) Beau's lines in a case of myelomatosis. Lancet i, 503-504.
132. Baran, R. (1990) Retinoids and the nails. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1, 151-154.
133. Beau, J. H. S. (1846) Note sur certains caracteres de skmiiologie rktrospective presentis par les ongles. Archives Ginhales de Mtdecine 11, 447.
134. de Berker, D., Dawber, R. P. R. & Wojnarowska, F. (1995) Beau's lines in immunobullous disease. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 20, 359-360.
135. Bieva, L. (1973) La alteration ungueal nel morbo di Shcehan. Chronic Dermatology 3-4, 815.
136. Clementz, G. C. & Mancini, A. J. (2000) Nail matrix arrest following hand-foot-mouth disease: a report of five children. Pediatric Dermatology 17, 7-11.
137. Colver, G. B. & Dawber, R. P. R. (1984) Multiple Beau's lines due to dysmenorrhoea. British Journal of Dermatology 111, 111-113.
138. Fabry, H. (1965) Gleichzeitiges rhythmisches Auftreten von guerfuchen der Nagel und gruppierten Knotenbildungen der Haare. Zeitschrift für Hautkrankheiten 39, 336-338.
139. Glew, R. H. & Howard, W. A. (1973) Transverse furrows of the nails associated with Plasmodium vivax malaria. Johns Hopkins Medical Journal 132, 151-64.
140. Graber, C. W. & Lapkin, R. A. (1981) Metoprolol and alopecia. Cutis 28, 633-634.
141. Harford, R. R., Cob, M. W. & Banner, N. T. (1995) Unilateral Beau's lines associated with a fractured and immobilized wrist. Cutis 56, 263-264.
142. Higashi, N. (1977) How do transverse striations appear on the nail plate. Rinsho Hifuka 31, 785-790.
143. Higashi, N. (1990) Nail changes in zinc deficiency state. Hifu 32, 485-486.
144. Kromann, N. P., Wilhelmsen, R. & Strahl, D. (1982) The dapsone syndrome. Archives of Dermatology 118, 531-532.
145. MacAulay, W. L. (1966) Transverse ridging of the thumbnails-'washboard thumbnails'. Archives of Dermatology 93, 421-432.
146. O'Toole, E. A., Cormally, S., Druim, B. et al. (1995) Unilateral Beau's lines in childhood. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pediatric Dermatology 12, 245-247.
147. Price, M. A., Bruce, S., Waidhofer, W. et al. (1994) Beau's lines and pyogenic granulomas following hand trauma. Cutis 54, 248-249.
148. Requena, L. (1991) Chemotherapy-induced transverse ridging of the nails. Cutis 48, 129-130.
149. Roberts, S. (1993) Post-traumatic Beau's lines. International Journal of the Care of the Injured 24, 637-638.
150. Runne, V. & Orfanos, C. E. (1981) The human nail. Current Problems in Dermatology 9, 102-149.
151. Shelley, W. B. & Shelley, E. D. (1985) Shoreline nails: sign of druginduced erythroderma. Cutis 35, 220-224.
152. Spira, L. (1946) Disturbance of pigmentation in fluorosis. Acta Medica Scandinavica 126, 65-84.
153. Sutton, R. L. & Waisman, M. (1975) The Practitioner's Dermatology. Yorke Medical Books, New York.
154. Tucker, W. F. G., Church, R. E. & Hallam, R. (1984) Beau's lines after Razoxane therapy for psoriasis. Archives of Dermatology 120, 1140.
155. Vittorio, C. C. & Phillips, K. A. (1997) Treatment of habit-tic deformity with fluoxetine. Archives of Dermatology 133, 1203-1204.
156. Ward, D. J., Hudson, I. & Jeffs, J. V. (1988) Beau's lines following hand trauma. Journal of Hand Surgery 13B, 411-414.
157. Weismann, K. (1977) Lines of Beau: possible markers of zinc deficiency. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 57, 88-90.
158. Wolf, D., Wolf, R. & Goldberg, M. D. (1982) Beau's lines: a case report. Cutis 29, 141.
159. Zook, E. G. & Russell, R. C. (1990) Reconstitution of a functional and esthetic nail. Hand Clinics 6. 59-68.
160. Achten, G. & Wanet-Rouard, J. J. (1974) Atrophie ungueale et trachyonychie. Archives Belges Dermatologique 30, 201.
161. Alkiewicz, J. (1980) Trachyonychie. Annales de Dermatologie et de Syphiliaphre 10, 136.
162. Arias, A. M., Yung, C. W., Rendler, S. et al. (1982) Familial severe twenty-nail dystrophy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 7, 349.
163. Baran, R. (1981) Twenty-nail dystrophy of alopecia areata. Archives of Dermatology 117, 1.
164. Baran, R. & Dupre, A. (1977) Vertical striated sandpaper nails. Archives of Dermatology 113, 1613.
165. James, W. D., Odom, R. B. & Horm, R. T. (1981) Twenty-nail dystrophy and ichthyosis vulgaris. Archives of Dermatology 117, 316.
166. Leong, A. B., Gange, R. W. & O'Connor, R. D. (1982) Twenty-nail dystrophy (trachyonychia) associated with selective IgA deficiency. Pediatrics 100, 418.
167. Mohrenschlager, M., Schmidt, T., Ring, J. et al. (1998) Effects of biotin in trachyonychia of childhood. Annafes de Dermatologie et de Vknkreologie 125 (Suppl. 1), 176.
168. Peloro, T. M. & Pride, H. B. (1999) Twenty-nail dystrophy and vitiligo: a rare association. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 40, 488-490.
169. Richert, B. & Andre, J. (1999) Trachyonychia: a clinical and histological study of 22 cases. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 12 (Suppl. 2), S1-26.
170. Runne, V. (1980) Twentynail dystrophy with knuckle pads. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 55, 901.
171. Samman, P. D. (1979) Trachyonychia (rough nails). British Journal of Dermatology 101, 701.
172. Schissel, D. J. & Elston, D. M. (1998) Topical 5-fluorouracil treatment for psoriatic trachyonychia. Cutis 62, 27-28.
173. Tosti, A., Fanti, P. A., Morelli, R. et al. (1991) Spongiotic trachyonychia. Archives of Dermatology 127, 584-585.
174. Demis, D. J. & Weiner, M. A. (1963) Alopecia universalis, onychodystrophy and total vitiligo. Archives of Dermatology 88, 195-201.
175. Higashi, N., Kume, A., Ueda, K. et al. (1997) Clinical and histopathological study of pseudo-mycotic onychia. Hifu 39, 469-474.
176. Milligan, A, Barth, J. H., Graham-Brown, R. A. C. & Dawber, R. P. R. (1988) Pseudo-mycotic nail dystrophy and vitiligo. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 13, 109-110.
177. Baran, R. (1990) Retinoids and the nails. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1, 151-154.
178. Graham-Brown, R. A. C. & Homes, R. (1980) Polycythaemia rubra Vera with lamellar dystrophy of the nails, a report of two cases. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 5, 209.
179. Happle, R. (1979) X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata. Humangenitik 53, 65.
180. Leyden, J. J., Lavker, R. M., Grove, G. etal. (1995) Alpha hydroxy acids are more than moisturizers. Journal of Geriatric Dermatology 3 (Suppl. A.), 33A-37A.
181. Shelley, W. B. & Shelley, E. D. (1984) Onychoschizia, scanning electron microscopy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 10, 623-627.
182. Wallis, M. S., Bowen, W. R. & Guin, J. R. (1991) Pathogenesis of onychoschizia (lamellar dystrophy). Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 24, 44-48.
183. Cannata, G. & Gambetti, M. (1990) Elconyxis, une complication inconnue de I'étéitinate. Nouvelles Dermatologiques 9, 251.
184. Ameen Sait, M., Reddy, B. S. N. & Garg, B. R. (1985) Onychotillomania. Dermatologica 171, 200-202.
185. Barth, J. H., Wojnarowska, F., Millard, P. R. & Dawber, R. P. R. (1987) Immunofluorescence of the nail bed in pemphigoid. American Journal of Dermatopathology 9, 349-350.
186. Burns, D. A. & Sarkany, I. (1978) Junctional naevi following toxic epidermal necrolysis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 3, 323.
187. Caputo, R. & Prandi, G. (1973) Pterygium inversum unguis. Archives of Dermatology 108, 817-818.
188. Caputo, R., Crosti, C. & Menni, S. (1978) Pterigio inverso delle unghie. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia. Minerva Dermatologia 113, 559-562.
189. Caputo, R., Cappio, F., Rigoni, C. et al. (1993) Pterygium inversum unguis: report of 19 cases and review of the literature. Archives of Dermatology 129, 1307-1309.
190. Catteral, M. D. & White, J. E. (1978) Pterygium inversum unguis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 3, 437-438.
191. Chams-Davatchi, C. (1980) Pterygium inversum ungutal: a propos de trois cas. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie 107, 83-86.
192. Christophers, E. (1975) Familiare subunguale Pterygien. Hautartz 26, 543-544.
193. Costa, O. G. (1943) Lesoes ungueais no penfigofoliaceo. Anales Brasiliera de Dermatologia 15, 67-73.
194. Daly, B. M. & Johnson, M. (1986) Pterygium inversum unguis due to nail fortifier. Contact Dermatitis 15, 256-257.
195. Drake, L. (1976) Pterygium inversum unguis. Archives of Dermatology 112, 255.
196. Dugois, P., Amhlard, P., Martel, C. & Reymond, J. L. (1975) Pterygium inversum unguis familial. Bulletin de la Societe Francaise de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie 82, 283-284.
197. Dupré, A, Christol, B., Bonafé, J. L. & Lasserre, J. (1981) Pterygium inversum unguis et atrophie ponctute des plis palmaires. Dermatologica 162, 209-212.
198. Edwards, E. A. (1948) Nail changes in functional and organic arterial disease. New England Journal of Medicine 239, 362-365.
199. Friedman, M. (1921) Nagelveranderungen bei lichen ruber. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilis 135, 174-179.
200. Green, R. A. & Scher, R. K. (1987) Nail changes associated with diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 16, 1015-1021.
201. Guidetti, M. S., Stinchi, C., Vezzani, C. & Tosti, A. (1996) Suhungual exostosis of a finger resembling pterygium inversum unguis. Dermatology 193, 354-355.
202. Kalb, E. R. & Grossman, M. E. (1985) Pterygium formation due to sarcoidosis. Archives of Dermatology 121, 276-277.
203. Lagrot, F. & GrCco, J. (1976) Les lesions des ongles dans les radiodermites chroniques des mains. Cutis (France) 4, 507-522.
204. Lemho, G., Montesano, M. & Balato, N. (1985) Complete pterygium unguis. Cutis 36, 427-429.
205. Liddle, B. J. & Cowan, M. A. (1990) Lichen planus-like eruption and nail changes in a patient with graft-versus-host disease. British Journal of Dermatology 122, 841-843.
206. Mello Filho, A. (1985) Ocorrencia do 'pterygium inversum unguis' em populaçao adulta. Medicina Cutanea Ibero-Latino-Americana 13, 401-405.
207. Morimoto, S. S. & Gurevitch, A. W. (1988) Unilateral pterygium unguis. International Journal of Dermatology 27, 491-494.
208. Mortimer, P. S. & Dawber, R. P. R. (1985) Trauma to the nail unit including occupational sports injuries. Dermatologic Clinics 3, 415-420.
209. Nogita, T., Yamashita, H., Kawashima, M. & Hidano, A. (1991) Pterygium unguis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 124, 787-788.
210. Odom, R. B., Stein, K. M. & Maibach, H. I. (1974) Congenital, painful, aberrant hyponychium. Archives of Dermatology 110, 89-90.
211. Patki, A. H. (1990) Pterygium inversum unguis in a patient with lepra. Archives of Dermatology 126, 1110.
212. Patki, A. H. & Metha, J. M. (1989) Pterygium unguis in a patient with recurrent type-2 lepra reaction. Cutis 44, 311-312.
213. Patterson, J. W. (1977) Pterygium inversum unguis-like changes in scleroderma. Archives of Dermatology 113, 1429-1430.
214. Richert, B. & de la Brassinne, M. (1993) Subungual chronic radiodermatitis. Dermatology 186, 290-293.
215. Runne, U. & Orfanos, C. E. (1981) The human nail. In: Current Problems in Dermatology, pp. 102-149.
216. Karger, Basel. Tosti, A., Piraccini, B. M., Fanti, P. A., Bardazzi, F. & Di Landro, A. (1995) Idiopathic atrophy of the nails: clinical and pathological study of two cases. Dermatology 190, 116-118.
217. Trevisan, G. & Tallocchi, G. (1980) Pterygium unguis senza alterazioni acroastiffiche clinicamente rilevahili: 20 casi studiati con capillaroscopia. Annuli ltaliani di Dermatological Clinical Speriment 34, 361-367.
218. Wollina, U. (1995) Symptome rheumatischer Erkrankungen am Nagelorgan. Arthritis and Rheumatism 15, 22-24.
219. Wollina, U. & Knopf, B. (1992) Seltenere Kutane Manifestationen des Lupus erythema-todes. Dermatologische Monatsschrift 178, 456-461.
220. Zaias, N. (1970) The nail in lichen planus. Archives of Dermatology 101, 264-271.
221. Zook, E. G. (1990) The perionychium. In: Operative Hand Surgery (ed. D. P. Green), pp. 1331-1375. Churchill Livingstone, New York.
222. de Berker, D. A. R. & Rendall, J. R. S. (1999) Retronychia-proximal ingrowing nail. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 12 (Suppl. 2), S126.
223. Bernier, V., Labrize, C. & Taieb, A. (1998) Onychomadesis and hand, foot and mouth disease. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie 125 (Suppl. 1), S178.
224. Runne, U. & Orfanos, C. E. (1981) The human nail. Current Problems in Dermatology 9, 102.
225. Tosti, A., Piraccini, B. M. & Camacho-Martinez, F. (2001) Onychomadesis and pyogenic granuloma following cast immobilization. Archives of Dermatology 137, 231-232.
226. Angeloni, V. L., Salasche, S. J. & Ortiz, R. (1987) Nail, skin and scleral pigmentation induced by minocycline. Cutis 40, 229-233.
227. Baran, R. (1980) Acute onycholysis from rust-removing agents. Archives of Dermatology 116, 382-383.
228. Baran, R. & Badillet, G. (1982) Primary onycholysis of the big toenails. A review of 113 cases. British Journal of Dermatology 106, 526-534.
229. Baran, R. & Brun, P. (1986) Photoonycholisis induced by the fluoroquinolones pefloxacine and ofloxacine. Dermatologica 176, 185-188.
230. Baran, R. & Bureau, H. (1983) Congenital malalignment of the big toenail as a cause of ingrowing toenail in infancy. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 8, 619-623.
231. Baran, R. & Juhlin, L. (1987) Drug-induced photo-onycholysis. Three subtypes identified in a study of 15 cases. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 17, 1012-1016.
232. Bazex, J., Baran, R., Monbrun, F. et al. (1990) Hereditary distal onycholysis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 15, 146-148.
233. Boss, J. M., Matthews, C. N. A., Peachey, R. D. G. et al. (1981) Speckled hyperpigmentation, palmo-plantar punctate keratoses and childhood blistering: a clinical triad with variable associations. British Journal of Dermatology 105, 579.
234. Brueggmeyer, C. D. & Ramirez, G. (1984) Onycholysis associated with captopril. Lancet i, 1352-1353.
235. Byrne, J. P. H., Boss, J. M. & Dawber, R. P. R. (1976) Contraceptive pill-induced porphyria cutanea tarda presenting with onycholysis of the fingernails. Postgraduate Medical Journal 52, 535-538.
236. Cliff, S. & Mortimer, P. S. (1996) Onycholysis associated with carcinoma of the lung. Clinicaland Experimental Dermatology 21, 244.
237. Clouston, H. R. (1929) A hereditary ectodermal dystrophy. Canadian Medical Association Journal 21, 10.
238. Cornelius, C. E. & Shelley, W. B. (1967) Shell-nail syndrome associated with bronchiectasis. Archives of Dermatology 96, 694-695.
239. Fleckman, P. (1999) Current and future nail research. Area ripe for study. Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology 12, 146-153.
240. Grech, V. & Vella, C. (1999) Generalized onycholysis associated with sodium valproate therapy. European Neurology 42, 6445.
241. Guin, J. D. & Wilson, P. (1999) Onycholysis from nail lacquer: a complication of nail enhancement. American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 10, 34-36.
242. Hundeiker, M. (1969) Hereditare Nageldysplasie der 5. Zehe. Hautarzt 20, 282.
243. Kechijian, P. (1991) Nail polish removers: are they harmful? Seminars in Dermatology 10, 26-28.
244. Lebrun-Vignes, B., Queffeulou, G., Marck, Y. et al. (1999) Toxidermies psoriasiformes a I'icodextrine. Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologze 126 (25), 18-19.
245. Mikhael, G. (1984) Subungual epidermoid carcinoma. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 11, 291-298.
246. Milstein, H. G. (1982) Onycholysis due to nail polish remover. The Schoch Letter 32, 51.
247. Ray, L. (1963) Onycholysis. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilis 88, 181.
248. Revuz, J. & Pouget, F. (1983) Photoonycholyse a I'apurone (flumequine). Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 110, 765.
249. Runne, U., Goerz, E. & Weese, A. (1978) Lectitis purulenta et granulomatosa. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 53, 625.
250. Schulze, H. D. (1966) Hereditare onycholyse partialis rnit Skleronychie. Dermatologische Wochenschrift 30, 766-775.
251. Schuppli, R. (1963) Uber eine mit Paradentose Kombinierte Veranderung der Nagel. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 34, 114-117.
252. Segal, B. M. (1963) Photosensitivity, nail discoloration and onycholysis; side-effect of tetracycline therapy. Archives of Internal Medicine 112, 165.
253. Shelley, W. B. & Shelley, E. D. (1985) Shoreline nails: sign of druginduced erythroderma. Cutis 35, 220-224.
254. Shewmake, S. W. & Anderson, B. G. (1979) Hydrofluoric acid burns. Archives of Dermatology 115, 593-596.
255. Sparrow, G. D., Samman, P. D. & Wells, R. S. (1976) Hyperpigmentation and hypohidrosis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1, 527.
256. Taft, F. H. (1968) Onycholysis. A clinical review. Australian Journal of Dermatology 2, 345.
257. Torras, H., Mascaro, J. Jr. M.& Mascaro, J. M. (1989) Photoonycholysis caused by clorazepate dipotassium. Journal of the Academy of Dermatology 21, 1304-1305.
258. Witkop, C. J., Brearly, L. J. & Gentry, W. D. (1975) Hypoplastic enamel, onycholysis and hypohydrosis inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Oral Surgery 39, 71-86.
259. Wollina, U. (1995) Symptome rheumatischer Erkrankungen am Nagelorgan. Arthritis and Rheumatism 15, 22-24.
260. Zaias, N. (1990) The Nail in Health and Disease, 2nd edn. Lange & Appleton. Norwalk, CT.
261. Achten, G. & Wanet-Rouard, J. (1970) Pachyonychia. British Journal of Dermatology 83, 56-62.
262. Alkiewicz, J. & Pfister, R. (1976) Atlas der Nagelkrankheiten. Schattauer-Verlag, Stuttgart
263. Baran, R. & Perrin, C. (1995) Localized multinucleate distal subungual keratosis. British Journal of Dermatology 133, 77-82.
264. Zaias, N. (1990) The Nail in Health and Disease, 2nd edn. Lange & Appleton, Norwalk, CT.
265. Ahrned, I., Cronk, J. S., Crutchfield, C. E. et al. (2000) Myelomaassociated systemic amyloidosis presenting as chronic paronychia and palrnodigital erythematous swelling and induration of the hands. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 42, 339-342.
266. Altrneyer, H. & Merkel, K. H. (1981) Multiple systematisierte Neurorne der Haut und der Schleimhaut. Hautarzt 32, 240-244.
267. Antonio, D., Romano, F., IcBne, A. et al. (1999) Onychomycosiscaused by Blastoschizomyces capitatus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, 2927-2930.
268. Baran, R. & Tosti, A. (1994) Metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma to the terminal phalanx with review of 116 non-melanoma tumors to the distal digit. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 31, 251-263.
269. Baran, R., Tosti, A. & Piraccini, B. M. (1997) Uncommon clinical patterns of Fusarium nail infection: report of three cases. British Journal of Dermatology 136, 424-427.
270. Barton, L. L. & Anderson, L. E. (1974) Paronychia caused by HBI organisms. Pediatrics 54, 372.
271. Bories, A. (1998) Périonyxis révélateur d'un lupus érythémteux systémique. Nouvelles Dermatologiques 17, 184-185.
272. Caraffini, S., Assalve, D. & Lapomarda, V. (1994) An unusual nosocomial infection. Annuli Italiani di Dermatological Clinical Speriment 48, 173-174.
273. Dawber, R. P. R. & Baran, R. (1984) Painful dorso-lateral fissure of the fingertip-an extension of the lateral nail groove. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 9, 419-420.
274. Derrick, E. K., Darley, C. R. & Tanner, B. (1994) Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferations of the tubular bones of the hands and feet. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 19, 53-55.
275. Fleckman, P. (1999) Current and future nail research. Areas ripe for study. Skin Pharmacology: Applied Skin Physiology 12, 146-153.
276. Fleegler, E. J. & Zeinowicz, R. J. (1990) Tumors of the perionychium. Hand Clinics 6, 113-133.
277. Happle, R. & Chang, A. (1991) Polyeponychia bolboides: an unusual manifestation of factitious disorder. European Journal of Dermatology 1, 35-37.
278. High, D. A., Luscombe, H. A. & Kauh, Y. C. (1985) Leukemia cutis masquerading as chronic paronychia. International Journal of Dermatology 24, 595-597.
279. Kamalan, A., Ajithadass, K., Sentamilselvi, G. et al. (1992) Paronychia and black discoloration of a thumbnail caused by Curvularia Iunata. Mycopathology 118, 83-84.
280. Kowal-Vern, A. & Eng, A. (1993) Unusual erythema of the proximal nail fold and onychodermal band. Cutis 52, 43-44.
281. Kunte, C. & Plewig, G. (1998) Das 'Keining-Zeich' bei Dermatomyositis. Hautarzt 49, 596-597.
282. Mittal, R. L. & Mittal, R. (1984) Pseudomegadactyly. Dermatobgica 169, 8647.
283. Narayani, K., Gopinathan, T. & Ipe, P. T. (1981) Pitted keratolysis. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy 47, 151-154.
284. Pinon, G. & Villez, J. P. (1988) Panaris a Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Fresse Medicale 17, 2138.
285. Raja, K. M., Khan, A. A., Hameed, A. et al. (1998) Unusual clinical variants of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan. British Journal of Dermatology 139, 111-113.
286. Sagerman, S. D., Heights, A. & Lourie, G. M. (1995) Eikenella osteomyelititis in a chronic nail biter: a case report. Journal of Hand Surgery (St Louis) 20, 71-72.
287. Sander, A. & Frank, B. (1997) Paronychia caused by Bartonella hensehe. Lancet 350, 1078.
288. Tanuma, H. (1999) Current topics in diagnosis and treatment of Tinea unguium in Japan. Journal of Dermatology 26, 87-97.
289. Tosti, A. & Piraccini, B. M. (1998) Proximal subungual onychomycosis due to Aspergillus niger. Report of two cases. British Journal of Dermatology 139, 152-169.
290. Tosti, A., Piraccini, B. M., Strinchi, C. et al. (1996) Onychomycosis due to Scopulariopsis brevicaulis: clinical features and response to systemic antifunguals. British Journal of Dermatology 135, 799-802.
291. Baran, R. (1978) Fragilit6 des ongles. Cutis (France) 2, 457.
292. Campbell, A. J. & McEwan, G. C. (1981) Treatment of brittle nails and dry eyes. British Journal of Dermatology 105, 113.
293. Colombo, V. E., Gerber, F., Bronhofer, M. et al. (1990) Treatment of brittle fingernails and onychoschizia with biotin: scanning electron microscopy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 23, 1127-1132.
294. Finlay, A. Y., Frost, P., Keith, A. D. et al. (1980) An assessment of factors influencing flexibility of human fingernails. British Journal of Dermatology 103, 357-365.
295. Floersheim, G. L. (1991) Behandlung briichiger Fingernagel mit Biotin. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 64, 31-48.
296. Forslind, B. (1970) Biophysical studies of the normal nail. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 50, 161-180.
297. Gehring, W. (1996) The influence of biotin on nails of reduced quality. Aktuelle Dermatoiogie 22, 20-24.
298. Kechijian, P. (1991) Nail polish removers. Are they harmful? Seminars in Dermatology 10, 26-28.
299. Lubach, D. & Beckers, P. (1992) Wet working conditions increase brittleness of nails, but do not cause it. Dermatology 185, 120-122.
300. Prandi, G. & Caccialanza, M. (1977) An unusual congenital nail dystrophy (soft nail diseases). Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 2, 265.
301. Price, V. H., Odom, R. B., Ward, W. H. & Jones, F. T. (1980) Trichothiodystrophy: sulphur-deficient brittle hair as a marker for a neuroectodermal symptom complex. Archives of Dermatology 116, 1375.
302. Rich, P. (1999) Lab reports. Nails Magazine July, 91.
303. Samman, P. (1977) Nail disorders caused by external influences. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemistry 28, 351-356.
304. Schoon, D. (1996) Nail Structure and Product Chemistry. Milady Publishing, Albany, NY.
305. Zaun, H. (1981) Der Nagel-Quellfactor als Kriteriun fur Wirksamkeit und aussichtsreichen Einsatz von Nageltherapeutika bei briichigen und splitternden Nageln. Arztliche Kosmetique 11, 242.
306. Zaun, H. (1997) Briichige Nagel objektivierung und Therapie Kontrolle. Hautarzt 48, 455-461.
307. Alkiewicz, J. & Pfister, R. (1976) Atlas der Nagelkranheiten, Pathohistologie, Klinik trnd Differentialdiagnose, pp. 28-29. Schattauer, Stuttgart.
308. Baden, H. P. (1987) Diseases of the Hair and Nails, p. 21. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago.
309. Baran, R. (1987) Frictional longitudinal melanonychia: a new entity. Dermatologica 174, 280-284.
310. Baran, R. (1990) Nail biting and picking as a possible cause of longitudinal melanonychia. A study of 6 cases. Dematologica 181, 126-128.
311. Brodkin, R. H. & Bleiberg, J. (1973) Cutaneous microwave injury. A report of two cases. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 53, 50.
312. Cortese, T. A. (1981) Capitrol shampoo, nail discoloration. The Schoch Letter 31, item 154.
313. Coulson, I. H. (1993) 'Fade out' photochromonychia. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 18, 87-88.
314. Daniel, C. R. (1985) Nail pigmentation abnormalities. Dermatologic Clinics 3, 431-443.
315. Daniel, C. R. & Osment, L. S. (1982) Nail pigmentation abnormalities. Cutis 30, 348.
316. Goldman, L. (1962) Transillumination of fingertip as aid in examination of nail changes. Archives of Dermatology 85, 644.
317. Hendricks, A. A. (1980) Yellow lunulae with fluorescence after tetracycline therapy. Archives of Dermatology 116, 438-440.
318. Inalsingh, A. (1972) Melanonychia after treatment of malignant disease with radiation and cyclophosphamide. Archives of Dermatology 106, 765.
319. Jeanmougin, M. & Civatte, J. (1983) Nail dyschromia. International Journal of Dermatology 22, 279-290.
320. Jeune, R. & Ortonne, J. P. (1979) Chromonychia following thermal injury. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 59, 91-92.
321. Kierland, R. R., Sheard, C., Mason, H. L. et al. (1946) Fluorescence of nails from quinacrine hydrochloride. Journal of the American Medical Association 131, 809-810.
322. Lovemann, A. B. & Fliegelman, M. T. (1955) Discoloration of the nails. Archives of Dermatology 72, 153.
323. Mann, R. J. & Herrnann, R. R. M. (1983) Nail staining due to hydroquinone skin-lightening creams. British Journal of Dermatology 108, 363-365.
324. Olsen, T. G. & Jatlav, P. (1984) Contact exposure to elemental iron causing chromonychia. Archives of Dermatology 120, 102.
325. Platschek, H. & Lubach, D. (1989) Braune Haar und Nagel verfarbungen. Hautarzt 40, 441-442.
326. Rigopoulos, D., Katsarnbas, A., Antoniou, C. et al. (1996) Discoloration of the nail plate due to misuse of amorolfine 5% nail lacquer. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 76, 83-84.
327. Schauder, S. (1990) Unvertraglichkeitsreactionen auf lichtfilter bei 58 patienten. Zeitung Hautkranktein 66, 294-318.
328. Verbov, J. (1985) Topical tartrazine as an unusual cause of staining. British Journal of Dermatology 112, 729.
329. Verghsse, A. (1994) Quitter's nail. New England Journal of Medicine 7, 974.
330. Zaias, N. (1990) The Nail in Heath and Disease, 2nd edn. Lange & Appleton, Norwalk, CT.
331. Zehnder, M. A. (1970) Post traumatic nail [letter]. New England Journal of Medicine 282, 345.
332. Badillet, G. (1988) Melanonychies superficielles. Bulletin de la Societk Française de Mycologie et Midkctne 17, 335-340.
333. Badillet, G., Panagiotidou, D. & Sené, S. (1984) Etude rétrospective des Trichophyton rubrum à pigment noir diffusible isolés à Paris de 1971 à 1980. Bulletin de la Societk Française de Mycologie et Médicine 13, 117-120.
334. Baran, R. & Badillet, G. (1978) Les ongles verts ou syndrome chloronychique. Cutis (France) 2, 469-479.
335. Bauer, M. F. & Cohen, B. A. (1957) The role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in infection about the nails. Archives of Dermatology 75, 394.
336. Higashi, N. (1990a) Melanonychia due to tinea unguium. Hifu 32, 379-380.
337. Higashi, N. (1990b) Proteus mirabilis. Hifu 32, 245-249.
338. Matsumoto, T., Matsudea, T., Padhye, A. A. et al. (1992) Fungal melanonychia: an ungual phaeohyphomycosis caused by Wangieiia dermatitis. Clinicaland Experimental Dermatology 17, 83-86.
339. Medina, R. (1963) El Carate en Venezuela. Dermutologique Venezuela 3, 160.
340. Meisel, C. W. & Quadripur, S. A. (1992) Onychomycosis due to Hendersonula toruloidea. Hautnah Mykologie 6, 232-234.
341. Moore, M. & Marcus, M. D. (1951) Green nails: role of Candida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Archives of Dermatology 64, 499.
342. Perrin, C. H. & Baran, R. (1994) Longitudinal melanonychia caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Histochemical and ultra structural study of two cases. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 31, 311-316.
343. Ritchie, E. B. & Pinkerton, M. E. (1959) Fusarium oxysporum infection of the nail. Archives of Dermatology 79, 705.
344. Shellow, W. V. R. & Koplon, B. S. (1968) Green striped nails: chromonychia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Archives of Dermatology 97, 149.
345. Soares Ribeiro, L. H., Maya, T. C., Piñiero Macera, J. et al. (1998) Melanoniquia estriada: estudio de tres casos e analise comparativa da bibliografia pesquisada. Anales Brasiliera de Dematologia 73, 341-344.
346. Tanuma, H. (1999) Current topics in diagnosis and treatment of tinea unguium in Japan. Journal of Dermatology 26, 87-90.
347. Velez, A. & Fernandez-Roldan, J. C. (1996) Melanonychia due to Candida humicola. British Journal of Dermatology 134, 375-376.
348. Young, W. J. (1934) Pigmented micotic growth beneath the nail. Archives of Dermatology 30, 186.
349. Zaias, N. (1980) The Nail in Health and Disease, 2nd edn. Lange & Appleton, Norwalk, CT.
350. Zuehlke, R. L. & Taylor, W. B. (1970) Black nails with Proteus mirabilis. Archives of Dermatology 102, 154.
351. Alkiewicz, J. & Pfister, R. (1976) Atlas der Nagelkrankheiten, pp. 28-29. FK Schattauer-Verlag, Stuttgart.
352. Allenby, C. F. & Snell, P. H. (1966) Longitudinal pigmentation of the nails in Addison's disease. British Medical Journal 1, 1582-1583.
353. Aplas, V. (1957) Hyperbilirubinamische melanonychie. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 22, 203-207.
354. Aratari, E., Regesta, G. & Rebora, A. (1984) Carpal tunnel syndrome appearing with prominent skin symptoms. Archives of Dermatology 120, 517-519.
355. Azon-Masoliver, A., Mallolas, J., Gatell, J. et al. (1988) Zidovudineinduced nail pigmentation. Archives of Dermatology 124, 1570-1571.
356. Baran, R. (1979) Longitudinal melanotic streaks as a clue to Laugier-Hunziker syndrome. Archives of Dermatology 115, 1448-1449.
357. Baran, R. (1987) Frictional longitudinal melanonychia: a new entity. Dermatologica 174, 280-284.
358. Baran, R. (1990) Nail biting and picking as a possible cause of longitudinal melanonychia. A study of 6 cases. Dematologica 181, 126-128.
359. Baran, R. & Barrigre, H. (1986) Longitudinal melanonychia with spreading pigmentation in Laugier-Hunziker syndrome: a report of two cases. British Journal of Dermatology 115, 707-710.
360. Baran, R. & Perrin, C. (1999) Linear melanonychia due to subungual keratosis of the nail bed: a report of two cases. British Journal of Dermatology 140, 730-733.
361. Baran, R. & Simon, C. (1988) Longitudinal melanonychia: a symptom of Bowen's disease. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 18, 1359-1360.
362. Baran, R., Jancovici, E., Sayag, J. et al. (1985) Longitudinal melanonychia in lichen planus. Britishlournul of Dermatology 113, 369-370.
363. Bondy, P. K. & Harwick, H. J. (1969) Longitudinal banded pigmentation of nails following adrenalectomy for Cushing's syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 281, 1056-1057.
364. Coskey, R. J., Magnell, T. D. & Bernacki, E. Jr. G. (1983) Congenital subungual nevus. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 9, 747-751.
365. Daniel, C. R. & Scher, R. K. (1985) Nail changes caused by systemic drugs or ingestants. Dermatologic Clinics 3, 491-500.
366. Daniel, C. R. & Zaias, N. (1988) Pigmentary abnormalities of the nails with emphasis on systemic diseases. Dermatologic Clinics 6, 305-313.
367. Dawn, G., Kenwar, A. J. & Dhar, S. (1995) Nail pigmentation due to roxithromycin. Dermatology 191, 342-343.
368. De Nicola, P., Morsiani, M. & Zavagli, G. (1974) Nail Diseases in Internal Medicine, pp. 58-86.
369. Charles Thomas, Springfield Feibleman, C. E., Stol, H. & Maize, J. C. (1980) Melanomas of the palm, sole and nailbed: a clinicopathologic study. Cancer 46, 2492-2504.
370. Fisher, B. K. & Warner, L. C. (1987) Cutaneous manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: update 1987. International Journal of Dermatology 26, 615-630.
371. Freyer, J. M. & Werth, V. P. (1992) Pregnancy-associated hyperpigmentation: longitudinal melanonychia. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 26, 493-494.
372. Granel, F., Truchetet, F. & Grandidier, M. (1997) Pigmentation diffuse associée à une infection par le virus de I'immunodéficience humain (VIH). Annales de Dermatologie et de Vinéréologie 124, 460-462.
373. Haneke, E. (1991) Laugier-Hunziker-Baran Syndrom. Hautarzt 42, 512-515.
374. Hendricks, A. A. (1980) Yellow lunulae with fluorescence after tetracycline therapy. Archives of Dermatology 116, 438-440.
375. Inalsingh, C. H. A. (1972) Melanonychia after treatment of malignant disease with radiation and cyclophosphamide. Archives of Dermatology 106, 765-766.
376. Jeanmougin, M. & Civatte, J. (1983) Nail dyschromia. International Journal of Dermatology 22, 279-290.
377. Kar, H. K. (1998) Longitudinal melanonychia with fluconazole therapy. International Journal of Dermatology 37, 719-720.
378. Kolmsee, I. & Schultka, O. (1972) Keratoma palmare et plantare dissipatum hereditarium, Pachyonychia congenita und Hypotrichosis lanuginosa, Malignes Melanom, Moller-Huntersche Glossitis, Vasculitis allergica superficialis (Bildberichte). Hautarzt 23, 459-460.
379. Kopf, A. W. & Waldo, E. (1980) Melanonychia striata. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 21, 59-70.
380. Krutchik, A. N., Taschina, C. K., Buzdar, A. U. et al. (1978) Longitudinal nail banding with breast carcinoma unrelated to chemotherapy. Archives oflnternal Medicine 138, 1302-1303.
381. Leyden, J. J., Spott, D. A. & Goldschmidt, H. (1972) Diffuse and banded melanin pigmentation in nails. Archives of Dermatology 105, 548-550.
382. Lindsay, P. G. (1967) The half-and-half nail. Archives of Internal Medicine 119, 583-587.
383. Medina, R. (1963) El carate in Venezuela. Dermatologique Venezuela 3, 160.
384. Miura, S. & Jimbow, K. (1985) Clinical characteristics of subungual melanoma in Japan: case report and questionnaire survey of 108 cases. Journal of Dermatology 12, 393-402.
385. Monash, S. (1932) Normal pigmentation in the nails of the Negro. Archives of Dermatology 25, 876-881.
386. Nogaret, J. M., Andre, J., Parent, D. et al. (1986) Melanoma of the extremities, a little known diagnosis and difficult treatment. Acta Chirurgie Belge 86, 238-244.
387. Pack, G. T. & Oropeza, R. (1967) Subungual melanoma. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 124, 571-582.
388. Patterson, R. & Helwig, E. B. (1980) Subungual melanoma: a clinical pathological study. Cancer 46, 2074-2087.
389. Positano, R. G., Lauro, T. M. & Berkowitz, B. J. (1989) Nail changes secondary to environmental influences. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery 6, 417-429.
390. Retsas, S. & Samman, P. D. (1983) Pigment streaks in the nail plate due to secondary malignant melanoma. British Journal of Dermatology 108, 367-370.
391. Rudolph, R. E. (1987) Subungual basal cell carcinoma presenting as longitudinal melanonychia. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 16, 229-233.
392. Rupp, M., Khalluf, E. & Toker, C. (1987) Subungual fibrous histiocytoma mimicking melanoma. Journal of the American Podiatnc Medical Association 77, 141-142.
393. Serdaroglus, S., Kosen, V. & Ozboya, T. (1995) Band-like discoloration in nail. Deri-Hast Frengi-Ars 29, 153-154.
394. Shelley, W. B., Rawnsley, H. M. & Pillsbury, D. M. (1964) Postirradiation melanonychia. Archives of Dermatology 90, 174-176.
395. Stenier, C., de Beer, P., Creusy, C. et al. (1992) Maladie de Laugier isolée de I'ongle. Nouvelle Dermatologie 11, 24-26.
396. Takahashi, M. & Seiji, M. (1983) Acral melanoma in Japan. Pigment Cell Research 6, 150-166.
397. Zaias, N. (1990) The Nail in Health and Disease, 2nd edn. Appleton & Lange, Nonvalk, CT.
398. Zaun, H. (1987) Krankhafte Verunderungen des Nagels. Beitruge ZUT Dermatologie, Vol. 7, No. 71. Perimed Fachbuch, Erlangen.
399. Zehnder, M. A. (1970) Post-traumatic nail [letter]. New England Journal of Medicine 282, 345.
400. Alhright, S. D. & Wheeler, C. E. (1964) Leukonychia: total and partial leuconychia in a single family with review of the literature. Archives of Dermatology 90, 392-399.
401. Alkiewicz, J. & Pfister, R. (1976) Atlas der Nagelkrankheiten. Schattauer-Verlag, Stuttgart.
402. Arnold, H. L. (1979) Sympathetic symmetric punctate leukonychia. Archives of Dermatology 115, 495.
403. Baran, R. & Gioanni, T. (1968) Half-and-half nail (ongle équisegmenti hyperazotémique). Bulletin de la Societé Française de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie 75, 399-400.
404. Baran, R. & Perrin, C. (1995) Transverse leuconychia of toenail due to repeated microtrauma. British Journal of Dermatology 133, 267-269.
405. Becker, S. W. (1930) Leukonychia striata. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilis 21, 957-960.
406. Bettoli, V. & Tosti, A. (1986) Leukonychia totalis and partialis: a single family presenting a peculiar course of the disease. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 15, 535.
407. Botella de Maglia, J. (1998) Leuconychia de la altitude. Revista Clinica Espanola 198, 90-91.
408. Bryer-Ash, M., Kennedy, C. & Ridgway, H. (1981) A case of leuconychia striata with severe erythema multiforme. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 6, 565.
409. Butterworth, T. (1982) Leuconykia partialis-a phase of leukonychia totalis. Cutis 29, 363-367.
410. Conn, R. D. & Smith, R. H. (1965) Malnutrition, myoedema and Muehrcke's lines. Archives of Internal Medicine 116, 875-878.
411. Daniel, C. R., Bower, J. D. & Daniel, C. Jr. R. (1975) The half-andhalf fingernail. The most significant onychopathological indicator of chronic renal failure. Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association 16, 367-370.
412. Donald, G. F., Hunter, G. A. & Gillman, B. D. (1962) Transverse leuconychia due to pellagra. Archives of Dermatology 85 (Suppl.), 530.
413. Ena, P., Mazzarello, V., Fenu, G. et al. (2000) Leukonychia from 2-ethyl-cyanoacrylate glue. Contact Dermatitis 42, 105-106.
414. Feldman, S. R. & Gammon, W. R. (1989) Unilateral Muehrcke's lines following trauma. Archives of Dermatology 125, 133-134.
415. Frenk, E. & Leu, F. (1966) Leukonychie durch heruflichen Kontakt mit gesalzenen Darmen. Hautarzt 17, 233-235.
416. Grossman, M. & Scher, R. K. (1990) Leukonychia: review and classification. International Journal of Dermatology 29, 535-541.
417. Held, J. L., Chew, S., Grossman, M. E. et al. (1989) Transverse striate leukonychia associated with rejection of renal allograft. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 20, 513-514.
418. Hephurn, M. J., English, J. C. & Meffert, J. J. (1997) Mee's lines in patient with multiple parasitic infections. Cutis 59, 311-323.
419. Higashi, N. (1990) Why does the lunula shows a white colour? Hifubyo-Shinryou 12, 728-729.
420. Higashi, N., Sugai, T. & Yamamoto, T. (1971) Leukonychia striata longitudinalis. Archives of Dermatology 104, 192-196.
421. Holzberg, M. & Walker, H. K. (1984) Terry's nails: revised definition and new correlations. Lancet i, 896-899.
422. Horan, M. A., Puxty, J. A. & Fox, R. A. (1982) The white nails of old age (Neapolitan nails). Journal of the American Geriatric Society 30, 734-737.
423. Hortohagyi, G. N. (1983) Leukonychia striata associated with breast cancer. Journal of Surgical Oncology 23, 60-61.
424. Hudson, J. B. & Dennis, A. J. (1966) Transverse white lines in the fingernails after acute and chronic renal failure. Archives of Internal Medicine 117, 276-279.
425. Ingegno, A. P. & Yatto, R. P. (1982) Hereditary white nails, duodenal ulcer and gallstones. New York State Journal of Medicine 13, 1797.
426. James, W. D. & Odom, R. B. (1983) Chemotherapy induced transverse white lines in the fingernails. Archives of Dermatology 119, 334.
427. Jensen, O. (1981) White fingernails preceded by multiple transverse white hands. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 61, 261-262.
428. Juhlin, L. (1963) Hereditary leukonychia. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 43, 136.
429. Kates, S. L., Harris, G. D. & Nagle, D. J. (1986) Leukonychia totalis. Journal of Hand Surgery 11B, 465-466.
430. Krehs, A. (1983) Veranenderungen der Nägel durch Medikamente. Aktuelle Dermatologie 2, 53-59.
431. Linder, M. (1978) Striped nails after kidney transplant. Annals of Internal Medicine 88, 809.
432. Lindsay, P. G. (1967) The half-and-half nail. Archives of Internal Medicine 119, 583.
433. Longstreth, G. F. & Hershman, J. (1985) Trazodone-induced hepatoxicity and leukonychia. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 13, 149.
434. MacAulay, J. C. (1990) Fly tyer's finger. Canadian Journal of Dermatology 2, 67.
435. Malher, R. H., Gerstein, W. & Watters, K. (1987) Congenital leukonychia striata. Cutis 39, 453-454.
436. Marino, M. T. (1990) Mee's lines. Archives of Dermatology 126, 827-828.
437. Mitchell, J. C. (1953) A clinical study of leukonychia. British Journal of Dermatology 65, 121-130.
438. Morey, D. A. & Burke, J. O. (1955) Distinctive nail changes in advanced hepatic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 29, 258-261.
439. Moulin, G., Baran, R. & Perrin, C. H. (1996) Epidermal hamartoma presenting as longitudinal parchyleukonychia: a new nail genodermatosis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 35, 675-677.
440. Muehrcke, R. C. (1956) The fingernails in chronic hypoalhuminaemia. British Medical Journal 1, 1327.
441. Nixon, D. W., Pirrozi, D., York, R. M. et al. (1981) Dermatologic changes after systemic cancer therapy. Cutis 27, 181.
442. Ronchese, F. (1951) Peculiar nail anomalies. Annales de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie 63, 565-580.
443. Schuppli, R. (1963) Uher eine mit Paradentose Komhinierte Veranderung der Nagel. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 34, 114.
444. Shelley, W. B. & Shelley, E. D. (1987) The skin changes in the Crow-Fukase syndrome. Archives of Dermatology 123, 85-87.
445. Shetty, M. R. (1988) White lines in the fingernails induced by combination chemotherapy. British Medical Journal 297, 1635.
446. Simpson, J. A. (1954) Dermatological changes in hypocalcemia. British Journal of Dermatology 66, 1.
447. Stevens, K. R., Leis, P. F., Perters, S. etal. (1998) Congenital leukonychia. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 39, 509-512.
448. Terry, R. B. (1954) White nails in hepatic cirrhosis. Lancet i, 757.
449. Thomas, H. M. (1964) Transverse bands in fingernails. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 115, 238.
450. Tosti, A., De Padova, M. P. & Fanti, P. (1988) Nail involvement in lichen plano-pilaris. Cutis 42, 213-214.
451. Urbach, E. (1945) White cross strial of the fingernails following cardiac infarction. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilis 52, 106-107.
452. Wolf, M. S. (1925) Leukonychia striata. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilis 12, 520-521.
453. Zaias, N. (1990) The Nail in Health and Disease, 2nd edn. Appleton & Lange, Nonvalk, CT.
454. Zaun, H. (1980) Milchglasnagel: Hinweis auf intestinale Erkrankungen. Aktuelle Dermatologie 6, 107-108.
455. Zaun, H. (1991) Leukonychias. Seminars in Dermatology 10, 17-20.
456. Baran, R. & Perrin, C. H. (1995) Localized multinucleate distal subungual keratosis. British Journal of Dermatology 133, 77-82.
457. Baran, R. & Perrin, C. H. (1997) Focal subungual warty dyskeratoma. Dermatology 195, 278-280.
458. Baran, R. & Perrin, C. H. (2000) Longitudinal erythronychia with distal subungual keratosis: onychopapilloma of the nail bed. British Journal of Dermatology 143, 132-135.
459. Higashi, N. (1990) Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis. Hifu 32, 507-510.
460. Hoffman, M. D., Fleming, M. G. & Pearson, R. W. (1995) Acantholytic epidermolysis bullosa. Archives of Dermatology 131, 586-589.
461. Zaias, N. & Ackerman, A. B. (1973) The nail in Darier-White disease. Archives of Dermatology 107, 193-199.
462. Bergner, T., Donhauser, G. & Ruzicka, T. (1992) Red lunulae in severe alopecia areata. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 72, 203-205.
463. Cohen, P. R. (1992) Red lunulae: case report and literature review. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 26, 292-294.
464. Daniel, C. R. III (1985) Nail pigmentation abnormalities. Dermatologic Clinics 3, 431-443.
465. DeNicola, P., Morsiani, M. & Zavagli, G. (1974) Nail Diseuses in Internal Medicine, p. 56. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
466. Jorizzo, J. L., Gonzalez, E. B. & Daniels, J. C. (1983) Red lunulae in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 8, 711-718.
467. Leider, M. (1955) I. Progression of alopecia areata through alopecia totalis to alopecia generalizata. 11. Pecular nail changes (obliteration of the lunulae by erythema) while under cortisone therapy. III. Allergic eczematous contact dermatitis from the binding of a toupee or the adhesive used to hold it in position. Archives of Dermatology 71, 648-649.
468. Misch, K. J. (1981) Red nails associated with alopecia areata. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 6, 561-563.
469. Runne, V. (1980) Twenty-nail dystrophy mit 'knuckle pads'. Zeitschrift für Hautkrankheiten 55, 901-902.
470. Terry, R. (1954) Red half-moon in cardiac failure. Lancet ii, 842-844.
471. Wilkerson, M. G. & Wilkin, J. K. (1989) Red lunulae revisited: a clinical and histopathologic examination. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 20, 453-457.
472. Wollina, U. (1998) Red lunula in systemic lupus eythematosus. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 38, 1016.