Was art really the ‘book of the illiterate’?

Word and Image

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 1989, Pages 227-251

  Duggan, Lawrence G ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84952253348     PISSN: 02666286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02666286.1989.10435406     Document Type: Article

References (209)

1. S. Gregorii Magni registrant epistularum libri VIII-X1V, ed. D. Norberg, CCSL 140 A (1982), IX, 209.
2. J. Barmby, Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd ser., 13 (repr., Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1976), pp. 23, 53-54.
3. J. W. Thompson, The Literacy of the Laity in the Middle Ages, University of California Publications in Education, 9 (Berkeley, 1939);
4. J. W. Thompson, repr-, New York: AMS Press, 1966, p. 23, n. 86
5. S. Gregorii Magni registrant epistularum, Appendix X, pp. 1104-1 in; the quotation appears on p. tin.
6. Ernst Kitzinger, ‘The Cult of Images in the Age Before Iconoclasm’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 8 (1954), p. 85.
7. Kenneth Clark, Moments of Vision and Other Essays (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), P- 405.
8. Herbert Kessler, ‘Pictorial Narrative and Church Mission in Sixth-century Gaul’, Studies in the History of Art, 16 (1985), p. 89, n. 3.
9. Walter Lowrie, Art in the Early Church (New York: Harper & Row, 1947);
10. André Grabar, Christian Iconography. A Study of Its Origins, Mellon Lectures for 1961.
11. Bollingen B, Series, 10 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), p. 93;
12. E. H. Gombrich, The Story of Art, 1 ith edn. (New York: Phaidon Publishers, 1966), pp. 92-95; and many others.
13. E. H. Gombrich, ‘Seeing and Reading: Some Visual Implications of Medieval Literacy and Illiteracy’, Art History, 8 (1985), p. 26.
14. V. Grumel, ‘Images (culte de)’, in Dictionnaire de théologie catholique (Paris: Letoùzey et Ané, 1899-1950), 7/1, pp. 766-844
15. V. Grumel, especially pp. 768-774, 797-9, 812;
16. L. Gougaud, O. S. B., ‘Muta praedicatio’, Remu bénédictine, 42 (1930), pp. 168-170;
17. Gerhart Ladner, ‘Der Bilderstreit und die Kunst-Lehren der byzantinischen und abendländischen Theologie’, Zeitschrift für Theologie 50 (1931), pp- 1-23;
18. O. Thulin, ‘Bilderfrage’, in Reallexikon zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte, ed. O. Schmitt (Stuttgart-Waldsee: J. B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1937), 2:562-572;
19. Johannes Kollwitz, ‘Bild und Bildertheologie im Mittelalter’, in Wolfgang Schöne, Johannes Kollwitz, and Hans Freiherr von Campenhausen, Das Gottesbild im Abendland (Wittin-ßerlin: Eckart-Verlag, 1959), pp. 109-138;
20. Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition. A History of the Development of Doctrine, vol. 2, The Spirit of Eastern Christendom If too-vjoo) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 91-145
21. William R. Jones, ‘Art and Christian Piety: Iconoclasm in Medieval Europe’, in The Image and the Word: Confrontations in fudaism, Christianity and Islam, ed. J. Gutmann (Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press for. the American Academy of Religion, 1977), pp. 75-105.
22. Herbert Grundmann, ‘Litteratus-illiteratus. Der Wandel einer Bildungsnorm vom Altertum zum Mittelalter’, Archiv fur Kulturgeschichte, 40 (1958), pp. 1-65.
23. Mgh Schriften, 25 [Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1976-8], 3:1-66
24. Mgh Schriften, (with emphasis added at the appropriate places): Nilus, Epist. lib. Vol IV, 61 (Olympiodoro Eparcho), in PG 79:577-80
25. Gregory G, of Nyssa, De S. Theodora martyre, in PG 46:739-740.
26. Joan M. Peterson, The Dialogues of Gregory the Great in Their Late Antique Cultural Background, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Studies and Texts, 69 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1984), pp. 189-91;
27. Paul Meyvaert in Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 37 (1986), pp. 112-4.
28. Günter Lange, Bild und Wort. Die katechetischen Funktionen des Bildes in der griechischen Theologie des sechsten bis neunten Jahrhunderts (Würzburg: Echter-Verlag, 1969) PP- 33-38.
29. Günter Lange, Bild und Wort. Die katechetischen Funktionen des Bildes in der griechischen Theologie des sechsten bis neunten Jahrhunderts (Würzburg: Echter-Verlag, 1969) esp. pp. 13-15, 28-30
30. Günter Lange, Bild und Wort., p. 15 and n. 10.
31. Augustine A, De consensu evangelistarum, I, cc. 9-16, in PL 34:1049-1053.
32. Rudolph Berliner, ‘The Freedom of Medieval Art’, Gazette des beaux-arts, 6th series, 28 (1946), pp. 273-74.
33. Rudolph Berliner, Poem 27 of The Poems of St Paulinus of Nola, tr. P. G. Walsh, Ancient Christian Writers, 40 New York: Newman Press, h:580-90, p. 291.
34. W. H. C. Frend, ‘The Two Worlds of Paulinus of Nola’, in his Religion Popular and Unpopular in the Early Christian Centuries, Collected Studies, 45 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1976).
35. W. H. C. Frend, Bedae Venerabilis opera, Pars III/IV, ed. D. Hurst, CCSL 122 (1955), Homelia I, 13, p. 93
36. Paul Meyvaert, Bede and Gregory the Great Jarrow Lecture, 1964;
37. Paul Meyvaert, Jarrow on Tyne: Printed by J. & P. Bealls, 1964?, pp. 13-19
38. Paul Meyvaert, Gregory the Great and Bede’, Revue bénédictine, 80 (1970), pp. 162-66.
39. Paul Meyvaert, Vita sanctorum abbatum monasterii in uyramutha et gyruum, 6, in Bede, Opera historica, ed. And trans. J. E. King, Loeb Classical Library (London: W. Heineman, Ltd.; New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1930), 2:405-7.
40. Paul Meyvaert, Bedae Venerabilis opera, Pars II, ed. D. Hurst, CCSL 119A (1969), pp. 212-213.
41. Paul Meyvaert in his ‘Bede and the church paintings at Wearmouth-Jarrow’, Anglo-Saxon England, 8 (1979). P- 6913
42. Edward J. Martin, A History of the Iconoclastic Controversy (London, 1930; repr., New York: AMS Press, 1978), pp. 222-273
43. David S. Sefton (‘The Popes and the Holy Images in the Eighth Century’) in Religion, Culture, and Society in the Early Middle Ages. Studies in Honor of Richard E. Sullivan, Studies in Medieval Culture, 23, eds. Thomas F. X. Noble and John J. Contreni (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1987), pp. 95-116 and 117-130.
44. Gert Haendler, Epochen karolingischer Theologie. Eine Untersuchung über die karolingischen Gutachten zum byzantinischen Bilderstreit, Theologische Arbeiten, 10 (Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1958).
45. Gert Haendler, Mansi 12:1060 and 13:786-7;
46. Mgh Legum Sect. Ill, Concilia II Supplementum, ed. H. Bastgen (Hannover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1924), 2:23, pp. 81-2
47. Gert Haendler, Hannover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1979, pp. 487-88, 527-29;
48. Agobard of Lyons, Opera omnia, ed. L. van Acker, CCCM 52 (1981), pp. 171-72.
49. A.Boretius and V. Krause (rev. edn., Hannover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1960), p. 484.
50. Mgh Legtim Sect. Ill, Concilia II Supplementum, ed. H. Bastgen (Hannover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1924), 3:23, PP- especially 153
51. Celia Chazelle, ‘Matter, Spirit, and Image in the Libri Carolini’, Recherches Âugustiniennes, 21 (1986), pp. 163-84
52. Celia Chazelle, ‘Matter, Spirit, and Image in the Libri Carolini’, Recherches Âugustiniennes, 21 (1986), especially 178-9.
53. Mgh Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini, ed. E. Dümmler, Vol II (Berlin: apud Weidmannos, 1884), no. 38, p. 196.
54. Martin M, Iconoclastic Controversy, pp. 228-9
55. Daniel J. Sahas, Toronto Medieval Texts and Translations, 4 [Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986], p. 179.
56. Ivo of Chartres, Decretum, Vol III, 41
57. Peter Abelard, Sicenon. A Critical Edition, eds. B. Boyer and R. McKeon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), q. 45, p. 209.
58. Peter Abelard, Quoted in Camille, ‘Seeing and Reading’, p. 26.
59. Peter Abelard, Quoted in Camille, ‘Seeing and Reading., p. 32.
60. Peter Abelard, The Letters of Peter the Venerable, ed. Giles Constable (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), 1:3g. - PL 172:586.
61. Ralph V. Turner, ‘The Miles Literatus in Twelfth- and Thirteenth- Century England: How Rare a Phenomenon?’, American Historical Review 83 (1978).
62. Michael Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record. England, 1066-1307 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp. 175-201.
63. Albertus Magnus, Opera omnia, ed. August Borguet (Paris: apud Ludovicum Vivès, 1890-99).
64. Johannes Beleth, Summa de ecclesiasticis officiis, ed. H. Douteil, CCCM 41A (1976), Summa de ecclesiasticis officiis, c. 85, pp. 154-55
65. Johannes Beleth, Summa de ecclesiasticis officiis c. 164, pp. 321-22
66. Johannes Beleth, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), pp. 136-37.
67. William Durandus, Rationale divinorum ojficiorum, Book I, trans. J. M. Neale and B. Webb as The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments (Leeds, 1843; repr., New York: AMS Press, 1973), p. 53
68. William Durandus, Zwingli and the Arts (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p. 91.
69. William Durandus, Zwingli and the Arts Commentum in IVSent., lib. Ill, dist. IX, art 2, sol. 2 ad 3um, in Opera omnia, 7 (Parma: tipis Petri Fiaccadori, 1857), p. 109.
70. William Durandus, Apologia ad Guillelmum abbatem in Opera omnia, eds. J. Leclercq and H. M. Rochais (Rome: Editiones Cistercienses, 1957), 3:61-108
71. Michael Casey appears in The Works of Bernard of Clairvaux, vol i, Treatises I, Cistercian Fathers Series, 1 (Washington, D.C.: Cistercian Publications, 1970), pp. 33-69
72. Michael Casey, partial translations may be found in Life in the Middle Ages, ed. G. G. Coulton, 2-vol. edn. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 4:169-74
73. Michael Casey, [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973], p. 20, n. 29.
74. M. R. James, ‘Pictor in Carmine’, Arckaeologia, 94 (1951), pp. 141-166, esp. 141-42, 144-45;
75. G. G. Coulton, Art and the Reformation, 2nd edn. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953), pp. 330-36, 371-87;
76. Otto Von Simson, The Gothic Cathedral, 2nd edn., Bollingen Series, 48 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1962), p. 44, n. 60;
77. Jones J, ‘Art and Christian Piety’, pp. 83-95.
78. Jones J, Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St-Denis and Its Art Treasures, ed., trans., and annotated by Erwin Panofsky Princeton: Princeton University Press, 19461 P- 63.
79. Coulton C, Art and the Reformation, P- 39238.
80. S. Bonaventurae, 1954, pp. 104-116;
81. Famborough, Eng.: Gregg Press, 1969, pp. 384-400;
82. Bernardino of Siena, Opera omnia, 9 vols. (Quaracchi-Florence, 1950-65);
83. Gabriel Biel, Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum, eds. W. Werbeck and U. Hofmann, 5 vols. (Tübingen: Mohr, 1973-84), 3:186-95.
84. W. Flajshans and M. Kommkova (Prague: Vilfmek [1905]), pp. 414-23.
85. Joannes Balbus, Catholicon (Mainz, 1460; repr., Famborough: Gregg Press, 1971)
86. Michael Baxandall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy: A Primer in the Social history of Pictorial Style (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 41.
87. Margaret R. Miles, Image as Insight: Visual Understanding in Western Christianity and Secular Culture (Boston: Beacon Press, 1985), P- 66.
88. Margaret R. Miles, Archimm Fratrum Praedicatorum, 53 (1983), pp. 203-218.
89. Margaret R. Miles, Sancti Antonini Summa theologica, 4 vols. (Verona, 1740);
90. Cajetan’s C, Commentaria is most readily available in the ‘Leonine edition’ of Aquinas’ Opera omnia published in Rome from 1882 onwards under the initial patronage of Pope Leo XIII. The relevant passage appears in Cajetan’s remarks on Summa theologica, Vol III, 25, 3
91. Baxandall B, Painting and Experience, p. 41.
92. John Larner, Culture and Society in Italy 12040-1420 (New York: Scribner, 1971), p. 284.
93. Girolamo Savonarola, Prediche sopra Ezechiele, ed. R. Ridolfi (Rome: A. Belardetti, 1955), 1:357, no. 27.
94. Ridgewood, N. J.: Gregg Press, 1964, cols. 121-144
95. Jean Gerson, Summa theologica (Venice: apud Dominicum Nicolinum, 1587), lib. I, art. 12, fol. 3or: ‘Ex hoc qüaeritur, quare imagines introducte sunt in ecclesia? Solutio: propter simplicium ruditatem: vt qui scripturas legere nesciunt legant in picturis’.
96. Berliner B, ‘Freedom of Medieval Art’, pp. 282-3.
97. Berliner B, Dives and Pauper, ed. Priscilla Heath Barnum, Early English Text Society, 275 Oxford: published for the Berliner B, Early EnglishText Society by Oxford University Press,. pp. 82-83
98. Berliner B, Reliquiae antiquae, eds. T. Wright and J. Halliwell (London, 1843; repr., New York: AMS Press, 1966), 2:50.
99. Berliner B, ‘Freedom of Medieval Art’, p. 279.
100. William R. Jones, ‘Lollards and Images: The Defense of Religious Art in Later Medieval England’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 34 (1973) PP- 29-30
101. Margaret Aston, ‘Lollards and Images’, in her Lollards and Reformers: Images and Literacy in Late Medieval England (London: Hambledon Press, 1984), pp. 135-92.
102. Margaret Aston Fifteenth Century Prose and Verse, ed. A. W. Pollard (New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1964), pp. 97-174
103. Thomas Waldensis, Doctrinale antiquitatum fidei catholicae ecclesiae, 3 vols. Venice, 1759;
104. Reginald Pecock, The Repressor of Over Much Blaming of the Clergy, ed. C. Babington, 2 vols., Rolls Series, 19 (London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1860), 2:136-37.
105. Reginald Pecock, Donet, ed. E. V. Hitchcock, Early English Text Society, Old Series, 156 (London: published for the Early English Text Society by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1921), p. 121
106. Reginald Pecock, John Hus at the Council of Constance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965), pp. 24-26
107. Howard Kaminsky, A History of the Hussite Revolution (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967).
108. Jones J, ‘Art and Christian Piety’, pp. 91-95.
109. Lamer L, Culture and Society in Italy, p. 276.
110. Lamer L, Culture and Society in Italy, p. 276.
111. Michael Baxandall, Giotto and the Orators. Humanist Observers of Painting in Italy and the Discovery of Pictorial Composition 1330-1450(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), p. 60.
112. John Lamer, ‘The Artist and the Intellectuals in Fourteenth Century Italy’, History, 54 (1969), pp. 13-30.
113. Baxandall B, Giotto and the Orators, pp. 59-83, 97.
114. Leon Battista Alberti, On Painting and On Sculpture. The Latin Texts of De pictura and De statua, ed. And trans. Cecil Grayson (London: Phaidon, 1972), p. 65.
115. Leon Battista Alberti, Paragons, 26, in The Literary Works of Leonardo da Vinci, 3rd edn. rev. by J. P. Richter and I. A. Richter (London: Phaidon, 1970), 1:60.
116. Giovanni Battista Armenini, On the True Precepts of the Art of Painting, ed. And trans. E. J. Olszewski (New York: B. Franklin, 1969), pp. 102-106, respectively.
117. Rensselaer W. Lee, ‘Ut pictura poesis. The Humanistic Theory of Painting’, Art Bulletin, 22 (1940), pp. 197-269
118. John R. Spencer, ‘Ut rhetorica pictura’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtald Institutes, 20 (1957), pp. 26-44;
119. Baxandall B, Giotto and the Orators, pp. 16, 24-27, 39-44. 59-64, 122-25
120. Julius Schlosser, Die Kunstliteratur. Ein Handbuch zur Quellenkunde der neueren Kunstgeschichte(Vienna: A. Schroll & Co., 1924), p. 348.
121. Gian Paolo Lomazzo, Scritti solle arti, ed. R. Ciardi (Florence: Marchi & Bertolli, 1974), 2:13
122. Schlosser S, Kunstliteratur, pp. 352-53.
123. Gian Paolo Lomazzo, ‘Against the Heavenly Prophets in the Matter of Images and Sacraments’ (1525), Luther’s Works, 40, ed. C. Bergendoff (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1958), p. 99.
124. Garside G, Zwingli and the Arts, pp. 109-115;
125. Garside G, ‘Grund und Ursach auss gotlicher schlifft der neüwerungen an dem nachtmal des herrn, so man die Mess nennet, Tauff, Feyrtagen, bildern und gesang in der gemein Christi’, pp. 185-278
126. Ayre A, Parker Society, 46-48 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1851-53), 3:3273
127. Garside G, Zwingli and the Arts, pp. 172-73.
128. Carl C. Christensen, Art and the Reformation in Germany (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1979), pp. 32-33.
129. Carl C. The English Works of Sir Thomas More, ed. And trans. W. E. Campbell, with Introduction and Notes by A. W. Reed (a facsimile reproduction of the Tastell edn. of 1557 together with translation) (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, Ltd.; New York: Dial Press, 1931), 2:20-21.
130. Carl C. This particular point is unfortunately not mentioned in the otherwise thorough and convincing article by the late Hubert Jedin, ‘Entstehung und Tragweite des Trienter Dekrets über die Bilderverehrung’, Tübinger Theologische Quartalschrift, 116 (1935) PP-143-88
131. Carl C. Canons and Decrees of the Counäl of Trent, trans. H. J. Schroeder (Rockford, 111.: Tan Books and Publishers, 1978), Sess. 25, decree ‘On the Invocation, Veneration, and Relics of Saints, and on Sacred Images’, p. 216
132. G. Alberigo et al., 3rd edn. (Bologna: Istituto per le scienze religiose, 1973), p. 775.
133. Gregor G, II. und der Bilderstreit’, Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, 52 (1933), pp. 28-89.
134. Giovanni Andrea Gilio, Dialogo nel quale si ragiona degli errori edegli abusi de’pittori circa Vistorie, in Trattati, ed. Barocchi, 2:25, 108.
135. Gabriele Paleotti, Discorso intomo alle imagini sacre e profane, in Trattati, ed. Barocchi, 2:142-43.
136. Charles Rufus Morey, Early Christian Art (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1942);
137. Lowrie L, Art in the Early Church, pp. 32-36;
138. Rudolf Arnheim, Art and Visual Perception (Berkeley: 1954), Toward a Psychology of Art (Berkeley: UCP 1966)
139. Marcel Brion, ‘Introduction’ to The Bible in Art (New York: Phaidon, 1956), p. 10
140. André Grabar, Martyrium. Recherches sur le culte des reliques et l’art chrétien antique (Paris: 1943—46; repr., London: Variorum Reprints, 1972), 2:321
141. André Grabar, Christian Iconography. A Study of Its Origins, Mellon Lectures for 1961 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), p. 93;
142. Sixten Ringbom, Icon to Narrative. The Rise of the Dramatic Close-up in Fifteenth-Century Devotional Painting, Acta Academiae Aboensis A 31/2 (Âbo: Âbo Akademi, 1965), pp. ii-22;
143. J. Bronowski, The Visionary Eye: Essays in the Arts, Literature, and Science, sei. And ed. P. E. Hriolti and R. Bronowski (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1978), especially the chapters entitled ‘Art as a Mode of Knowledge’ and ‘The Speaking Eye, the Visionary Ear’.
144. Meyer Schapiro, Words and Pictures: On the Literal and the Symbolic in the Illustration of a Text (The Hague-Paris: Mouton, 1973), p. 11.
145. Berliner B, ‘Freedom of Medieval Art’, p. 264.
146. Berliner B, Lowrie L, Art in the Early Church, p. 36.
147. Emile Mâle, The Gothic Image: Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century, trans. D. Nussey (New York: Harper & Row, 1958), p. vii.
148. Joseph Gutmann, ‘Preface’ to The Image and the Word (n. 6 above), p. 2;
149. Jones J, ‘Art and Christian Piety’, p. 84;
150. Ladner L, ‘Bilderstreit’ (n. 5 above), p. 19.
151. Biblia pauperum. Facsimile Edition of the Forty-Leaf Blockbook in the Library of Esztergom Cathedral, introduction, notes and subtitles by Elizabeth Soltész, trans. L. Halâpy (Budapest: Cowina Press, 1967), pp. vi—viii, XXV—xxvii;
152. Maurus Berve, Die Armenbibel. Herkunft. Gestalt. Typologie (Beuron: Beuroner Kunstverlag, 1969), pp. 7-9;
153. Avril Henry, Biblia Pauperum: A Facsimile and Edition (Aldershot: Scholars Press, 1987), pp. 3-38, especially 3-4 and 17-18.
154. Ronald Steinberg, Fra Girolamo Savonarola, Florentine Art, and Renaissance Historiography (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1977), p. 51
155. Coulton C, Art and the Reformation, p. 293.
156. Gougaud G, ‘Muta praedicatio’ (n. 6 above), p. 168.
157. Hans Belting, Das Bild und sein Publikum im Mittelalter. Form und Funktion früher Bildtafeln der Passion (Berlin: Mann, 1981), pp. 91-92;
158. Baxandall B, Painting and Experience, pp. 40-56. Baxandall, in fact, in his more recent Patterns of Intention: On the Historical Explanation of Pictures (NewHaven: Yale University Press, 1985), pp. 2-5, 43-44.
159. Margaret Aston, ‘Devotional Literacy’, pp. 101—133 in Lollards and Reformers (n. 52 above), pp. 114-19.
160. Camille C, ‘Seeing and Reading’ (n. 6 above), especially pp. 32-37. The quotation appears on p. 34.
161. Miles M, Image as Insight, pp. 6, 28-35.
162. Miles M, Image as Insight p. 66. For her concern with perception of religious art by the uneducated, see pp. xi, 5, 7-9.
163. Miles M, Image as Insight Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, eds. Herbert L. Kessler and Marianna Simpson, Studies in the History of Art, 16 (1985), pp. 7-8.
164. Hans Belting, ‘The New Role of Narrative in Public Painting of the Trecento: Historia and Allegory’, in Image as Insight Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages., pp. 151-68.
165. Kessler K, ‘Pictorial Narrative’ (n. 5 above), pp. 75-91, particularly 76, 80, 85-88.
166. Kessler K, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 17, Vol I (Summer 1986). The introductory remarks appear on pp. 1—6;
167. Coulton C, Art and the Reformation, chaps. 14-15 (entitled, respectively, ‘The People’s Mind’ and ‘The Poor Man’s Bible’).
168. Henry H, Biblia Pauperum, pp. 17-18 (n. 95 above).
169. E. H. Gombrich, The Image and the Eye. Further Studies in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982), pp. 155-57.
170. Idem I, ‘The Evidence of Images’, in Interpretation, Theory and Practice, ed. Charles S. Singleton (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969), p. 97.
171. Idem I, Cf. Also his earlier Art and Illusion
172. A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation, The Mellon Lectures for 1956, 2nd edn. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), pp. 62, 227, 240, 393—94.
173. Flint Schier, Deeper into Pictures: An Essay on Pictorial Representation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), passim, but chaps. 4, 5, and 8 in particular.
174. Kessler K, ‘Pictorial Narrative’, pp. 76-84.
175. Michael Clanchy, ‘Literate and illiterate; hearing and seeing: England 1066—1307’, in Literacy and Social Development in the West: A Reader, ed. Harvey J. Graff (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 21.
176. Jack Goody, ‘Introduction’, in Literacy in Traditional Societies, ed. Goody (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), p. 13;
177. Walter J, Ong S. J., The Presence of the Word (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 176-91;
178. Idem I, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London and New York: Methuen, 1982), pp. 2
179. Meyvaert M, ‘Bede and the church paintings’ (n. 12 above), p. 75.
180. D. D. McGarry (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1962), Bk. I, c. 24, pp. 65-66.
181. Paul Saenger, ‘Silent Reading: Its Impact on Late Medieval Script and Society’, Viator, 13 (1982), pp. 367-414
182. Savonarola S, Prediche sopra Ruth e Michea, ed. V. Romano (Rome: A. Belardetti, 1961), no. 25, 2:277
183. Paul Saenger, p. 237.— Reliquiae antiquae, 2:46, 50.
184. Jesse M. Gellrich, The Idea of the Book in the Middle Ages: Language Theory, Mythology, and Fiction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 29-30.
185. Ann Freeman, ‘Carolingian Orthodoxy and the Fate of the Libri Carolini’, Viator, 16 (1985), pp. 65-108.
186. Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller, trans. J. And A. Tedeschi (Penguin edn., 1982), pp. xiv-xxiv;
187. Thomas Tender, ‘Seventeen Authors in Search of Two Cultures’, Catholic Historical Review, 71 (1985), pp. 248—57
188. Michael Lauwers, “‘Religion populaire”, culture folklorique, mentalités. Notes pour une anthropologie culturelle du moyen âge’, Revue d’histoire écclésiastique, 82 (1987). pp- 221-58.
189. Peter Brown, The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), pp. 12-22
190. Peter Brown, ‘A Dark-Age crisis: aspects of the Iconoclastic controversy’, English Historical Review, 87 (1973), pp. 16—17: ‘If anything, it was the elite of the Byzantine world whose needs were more effectively satisfied by the cult of icons than were those of the supposed masses of the population’ (p. 17).
191. Sister Charles Murray, ‘Art and the Early Church’, Journal of Theological Studies N.S., 28 (1977), pp. 303-45.
192. Jacques LeGoff, La naissance du Purgatoire (Paris: 1981; Eng. trans., The Birth of Purgatory, trans. A. Goldhammer [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984]);
193. Aaron Ja. Gurevich, ‘Popular and scholarly medieval and cultural traditions: notes in the margins of Jacques LeGofPs book’, Journal of Medieval History, 9 (1983), pp. 71-90;
194. Aaron Ja. Gurevich, Graham Robert, Edwards, ‘Purgatory: “Birth” or Evolution?’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 36 (1985). PP- 634-46
195. Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modem Europe (London and New York: Harper & Row, 1978), pp. 70-71;
196. Coulton C, Art and the Reformation, pp. 317-566
197. G. R. Owst, Literature and Pulpit in Medieval England, 2nd edn. rev. (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1961), pp. 47-55, 136—48.
198. Henry H, Biblia Pauperum, p. 18.
199. Variously ascribed to Max Beerbohm and Herbert Asquith (David H. Fischer, Historians Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought [New York: Harper & Row, 1970], p. 25).
200. John Ruskin, The Bible of Amiens, in The Works of John Ruskin (London: G. Allen, 1903-12), 33:113-14, 124;
201. Victor Hugo, Notre-Dame of Paris, trans.
202. John Sturrock (Baltimore: Penguin, 1978).
203. William Morris, The Art of the People: An Address delivered before the Birmingham Society of Arts, February igth, i8yg (Chicago: R. F. Seymour, 1902).
204. Paul MacKendrick since 1960: The Mute Stones Speak. The Dacian Stones Speak, The Greek Stones Speak, etc. Doubtless MacKendrick means ‘speak’ metaphorically, but this flaccid usage nevertheless perpetuates the confusion.
205. Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Revolution in Early Modem Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 34-35.
206. Peter Laslett, The World We have Lost, 3rd edn. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1984), p. 235.
207. V. A. Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative: The First Five Canterbury Tales (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984), p. 45;
208. John Van Engen, ‘The Christian Middle Ages as an Historiographical Problem’, American Historical Review, 91 (1986).
209. Coulton C, Art and the Reformation, pp. 338-42, 365-70