Between two fires: A fire history of contemporary America

Between two Fires: A Fire History of Contemporary America

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1-541

  Pyne, Stephen J ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84951849731     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (474)

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135. John M. Pierovich et al., Forest Residues Management Guidelines for the Pacific Northwest, General Technical Report PNW-33 (Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1975);
136. David J. Parsons, “Fire and Fuel Accumulation in a Giant Sequoia Forest,” Journal of Forestry (February 1978), 104–5.
137. Clive M. Countryman and Charles W. Philpot, The Physical Characteristics of Chamise as a Wildland Fuel, Research Paper PSW-66 (Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Range and Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1970).
138. C. W. Philpot, “New Fire Control Strategy Developed for Chaparral,” Fire Management 35, no. 1 (1974): 3–7
139. C. W. Philpot, “Vegetative Features as Determinants of Fire Frequency and Intensity,” in Mooney and Conrad, Environmental Consequences of Fire and Fuel Management, 12–16.
140. Keith E. Klinger and Carl C. Wilson, “What Are We Going to Do About the Brush in Southern California?” Fire Control Notes 29, no. 1 (1968): 16.
141. Lisle R. Green, Burning by Prescription in Chaparral, General Technical Report PSW-51 (Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Range and Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1981).
142. Von J. Johnson, “Hardwood Fuel-Breaks for Northeastern United States,” Journal of Forestry (September 1975): 588–89.
143. Lisle E. Green and Harry E. Schimke, Guide for Fuel-Breaks in the Sierra Nevada Mixed-Conifer Type (Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1971)
144. Verdie E. White and Lisle R. Green, Fuel-Breaks in Southern California 1958–1965 (Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1967);
145. Jay R. Bentley, Conversion of Chaparral Areas to Grassland: Techniques Used in California, Agriculture Handbook no. 328 (Washington, DC: U.S. Forest Service, 1967);
146. Lisle R. Green, Fuelbreaks and Other Fuel Modification for Wildland Fire Control, Agriculture Handbook no. 499 (Washington, DC: U.S. Forest Service, 1977).
147. James L. Murphy, Lisle R. Green, and Jay R. Bentley, “Fuel-Breaks: Effective Aids, Not Cure-Alls,” Fire Control Notes 28, no. 1 (1967): 4–5.
148. Bruce M. Kilgore and George S. Briggs, “Restoring Fire to High Elevation Forests in California,” Journal of Forestry (May 1972): 266–71.
149. Hal K. Rothman, Blazing Heritage: A History of Wildland Fire in the National Parks (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 106–7.
150. Hal K. Rothman, “Fire in the National Parks Symposium,” Proceedings, Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, 1972 (Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station, 1973), 339–488.
151. Bruce M. Kilgore, “Impact of Prescribed Burning on a Sequoia– Mixed Conifer Forest,” Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, 1972, 345–76
152. Peter H. Schuft, “A Prescribed Burning Program for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks,” Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, 1972, 77–389
153. John S. McLaughlin, “Restoring Fire to the Environment in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks,” Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, 1972, 391–96
154. David B. Butts, “Fire Management in Rocky Mountain National Park,” in Proceedings, Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 14 and Intermountain Fire Research Council, Fire and Land Management Symposium (Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station, 1976), 73, 69–70.
155. David B. Butts, “Case Study: The Ouzel Fire, Rocky Mountain National Park,” in Proceedings: Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire, James E. Lotan et al., technical coordinators, General Technical Report INT-182 (Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1985), 248–51.
156. Stephen Pyne, Fire on the Rim: A Firefighter’s Season at the Grand Canyon (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995).
157. James Muhn, Opportunity and Challenge: The Story of BLM (Washington, DC: Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1988), esp. 210–12
158. R. R. Robinson, “Fire Management Direction,” in Intermountain Fire Research Council, Role of Fire, 143–52;
159. Susan K. Todd and Holly Ann Jewkes, Wildland Fire in Alaska: A History of Organized Fire Suppression and Management in the Last Frontier, Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin No. 114 (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2006), 34–40.
160. C. W. Slaughter et al., eds. Fire in the Northern Environment: A Symposium (Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1971).
161. John A. Sandor et al., The Forest Service in Alaska, Alaska Region Series no. R10-28 (Juneau: U.S. Forest Service, Alaska Region, 1978).
162. George L. Turcott, “Fire Management: A Vital Factor in Land Use Planning,” in George L. Turcott et al., Fire Management in the Northern Environment: A Symposium (Anchorage: Bureau of Land Management, Alaska State Office, 1979), 1–7;
163. Leslie A. Viereck and Linda A. Schandelmeier, Effects of Fire in Alaska and Adjacent Canada: A Literature Review, BLM-Alaska Technical Report 6 (Anchorage: Bureau of Land Management, Alaska State Office, 1980).
164. Claus M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska: A History of the 49th State, 2nd ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994), 224–40
165. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 4th ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 296–315.
166. Alaska Department of Education, Applicability of Wildlands Fire-Fighting Techniques for Structural Fires (Wasilla: Alaska Department of Education, Fire Service Training Program, 1977).
167. Stanley H. Anderson, comp., Effects of the 1976 Seney National Wildlife Refuge Wildfire on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat, Resource Publication 146 (Washington, DC: Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1982);
168. Ernest Hemingway, “The Big Two-Hearted River: Part 1,” in The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway (New York: Scribner, 1953), 209
169. Roswell K. Miller, “The Keetch-Byram Drought Index and Three Fires in Upper Michigan, 1976,” in Fifth Joint Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Boston: American Meteorological Society, 1978), 63–67
170. Luke Popovich, “Up in Flames: Taking Heat on the Seney,” Journal of Forestry (March 1977): 147–50.
171. Paul S. Truesdell, “Postulates of the Prescribed Burning Program of the Bureau of Indian Affairs,” in Proceedings, Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 9 (Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station, 1969), 235–40;
172. Harry Kallander, “Controlled Burning on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation, Arizona, Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 9, 241–49.
173. Donald L. Fixico, Bureau of Indian Affairs (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2012).
174. Harold H. Biswell et al., Ponderosa Fire Management: A Task Force Evaluation of Controlled Burning in Ponderosa Pine Forests of Central Arizona, Miscellaneous Publication no. 2 (Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station, 1973), 1–2.
175. Paul Broyles, “An Interagency Cooperative Effort,” Fire Management Notes 42, no. 1 (Winter 1980–81): 3–4.
176. Joseph F. Pechanec, “Research Needed to Guide Fire Management Direction,” in Intermountain Fire Research Council, Role of Fire, 154.
177. Harold K. Steen, The Chiefs Remember: The Forest Service, 1952–2001 (Durham, NC: Forest History Society, 2004), 41.
178. David F. Aldrich and Robert W. Mutch, “Wilderness Fires Allowed to Burn More Naturally,” Fire Control Notes 33, no. 1 (1971): 3–5;
179. David F. Aldrich and Robert W. Mutch, “Ecological Interpretations of the White Cap Drainage: A Basis for Wilderness Fire Management” (unpublished report, U.S. Forest Service, 1972);
180. Orville L. Daniels, “Fire Management Takes Commitment,” in Proceedings, Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 14 and Intermountain Fire Research Council Fire and Land Management Symposium (Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station, 1976), 163–65.
181. Adam Burke, “Keepers of the Flame,” High Country News, http://www.hcn.org/issues/286/15102/print_view.
182. Thomas W. Swetnam and John H. Dietrich, “Fire History of Ponderosa Pine Forests in the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico,” Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire, 390–97
183. Thomas W. Swetnam and John H. Dietrich, “Donald R. Webb and Ronald L. Henderson, “Gila Wilderness Prescribed Fire Program,” Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire, 412–14.
184. Robert D. Gale, Evaluation of Fire Management Activities on the National Forests, Policy Analysis Staff Report (Washington, DC: U.S. Forest Service, 1977), 8.
185. H. Ames Harrison, “Rural Community Fire Protection Program: Two Years of Accomplishment,” Journal of Forestry (December 1977): 780–81.
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187. Henry W. DeBruin, “From Fire Control to Fire Management: A Major Policy Change in the Forest Service,” Tall Timber Fire Ecology Conference 14, 11–17
188. William R. Moore, “Fire, Land, and the People,” Tall Timber Fire Ecology Conference 14, 645–54.
189. John R. McGuire, “Fire as a Force in Land Use Planning,” Tall Timber Fire Ecology Conference 14, 439–44
190. Thomas C. Nelson, “Fire Management Policy in the National Forests: A New Era,” Journal of Forestry (November, 1979): 723–25;
191. James B. Davis, “A New Fire Management Policy on Forest Service Lands,” Fire Technology 15 (February 1979): 43–50.
192. McGuire, letter of transmittal, “Evaluation of Fire Management Activities on the National Forests”; quote from Randal O’Toole, Reforming the Fire Service: An Analysis of Federal Fire Budgets and Incentives (n.p.: Thoreau Institute, 2002), 29.
193. Marion Clawson, The Federal Lands Revisited (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1983), 259.
194. Stephen J. Pyne, Awful Splendour: A Fire History of Canada (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2007), 444–47
195. Arnold Hartigan, “A Wrapup of the 1977 Forest Fire Season,” International Fire Chief 43, no. 9 (November 1977): 4–5;
196. Myron K. Lee, “Marble-Cone/Big Sur Fire: From the Command Point of View,” International Fire Chief 43, no. 9 (November 1977): 6–8;
197. Fred E. McBride, “Alaska Fire Season: 1977,” Fire Management Notes 39, no. 1 (Winter 1977/78): 3–7
198. BLM Alaska, “Analysis of 1977 Fire Season: 10-10-77,” in La Mesa Fire Symposium: Los Alamos, New Mexico October 6 and 7, 1981, comp. Teralene Foxx (Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1984);
199. Hal K. Rothman, Blazing Heritage: A History of Wildland Fire in the National Parks (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 137–41
200. Douglas R. Leisz and W. A. Powers, “Fire and Drought: Bad Mix for a Dry State,” Fire Management Notes 38, no. 4 (Fall 1977): 3–7
201. Craig Allen, technical ed., Fire Effects in Southwestern Forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire Symposium, General Technical Report RM-GTR-286 (Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Forest Service, 1996).
202. Joseph N. Valencia, Beyond Tranquillon Ridge (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2004).
203. John W. Robinson, The San Bernardinos (Arcadia, CA: Big Santa Anita Historical Society, 1989), 107.
204. Stephen J. Pyne, Introduction to Wildland Fire: Fire Management in the United States (New York: Wiley, 1984), 430–31.
205. Jim Carrier, Summer of Fire (Salt Lake City, UT: Gibbs Smith, 1989), 42.
206. Anne M. Burford, and John Greenya, Are You Tough Enough? An Insider’s View of Washington Power Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986), 281–82.
207. Philip Morison, review of Fire in America, Scientific American 248 (January 1983): 27–28.
208. P. Crutzen and J. Birks, “The Atmosphere After a Nuclear War: Twilight at Noon,” Ambio 11 (1982): 114–25.
209. Paul R. Ehrlich et al., The Cold and the Dark: The World After Nuclear War (New York: Norton, 1984).
210. James E. Lotan, ed., Computer Modeling: Its Application in Fire Management: Proceedings (Logan, UT: Intermountain Fire Council and Utah State University, 1981), quote from p. ii.
211. Craig Chandler, “Why Not Let Fires Burn” (unpublished paper), FFASR files, p. 12
212. Stephen J. Pyne, “Vestal Fires and Virgin Lands: A Historical Perspective on Fire and Wilderness,” in Proceedings: Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire, James E. Lotan et al., technical coordinators, General Technical Report INT-182 (Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1985), 254–62
213. Jim Davis and John Marker, “The Wildland/Urban Fire Problem,” Fire Command 54, no. 10 (1986): 26–27
214. Jerry Laughlin and Cynthia Page, eds., Wildfire Strikes Home! The Report of the National Wildland/Urban Fire Protection Conference (Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1987).
215. A. Richard Guth, “Wildfire Strikes Home!” American Forests (September/October 1987): 54–56, 68.
216. William C. Fischer and Stephen F. Arno, comps., Protecting People and Homes from Wildfire in the Interior West: Proceedings of the Symposium and Workshop, General Technical Report 251 (Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1988);
217. Jim Davis and John F. Marker, “Wildland/Urban Fire Problem,” Fire Command 54, no. 1 (January 1987): 26–27
218. James B. Davis, “The Wildland-Urban Interface: Paradise or Battleground?” Journal of Forestry 88, no. 1 (January1990): 26–31
219. National Fire Protection Association, Protection of Life and Property from Wildfire, ANSI/NFPA 299 (Quincy, MA: NFPA, 1991);
220. Ronald E. Kirby, Stephen J. Lears, and Terry N. Sexson, Fire in North American Wetland Ecosystems and Fire-Wildlife Relations: An Annotated Bibliography, Biological Report 88 (1) (Washington, DC: Fish and Wildlife Service, 1988), iii.
221. Susan K. Todd and Holly Ann Jewkes, Wildland Fire in Alaska: A History of Organized Fire Suppression and Management in the Last Frontier, Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin, no. 114 (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, 2006), 41–47.
222. Hal K. Rothman, Blazing Heritage (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 148–51.
223. Bureau of Land Management, Alaska Interagency Fire Management Plan: Tanana/Minchumina Planning Area (Anchorage, AK: BLM, 1982).
224. Herman W. Gabriel and Gerald F. Tande, A Regional Approach to Fire History in Alaska, BLMAlaska Technical Report 9 (Anchorage: BLM Alaska, 1983).
225. Larry Knapman, Fireline Reclamation on Two Fire Sites in Interior Alaska, BLM-Alaska Resource Management Note 1 (Anchorage, AK: BLM, 1982).
226. James Muhn and Hanson R. Stuart, Opportunity and Challenge: The Story of BLM (Washington, DC: Bureau of Land Management, 1988), 220–69;
227. James R. Skillen, The Nation’s Largest Landlord: The Bureau of Land Management in the American West (Lawrence: University of Kansas, 2009), quote from p. 102.
228. Sally K. Fairfax, “The Differences between BLM and the Forest Service,” in Muhn and Stuart, Opportunity and Challenge, 227.
229. Bruce M. Kilgore, “Origin and History of Wildland Fire Use in the U.S. National Park System,” George Wright Forum 24, no. 3 (2007): 92–122.
230. Larry Bancroft et al., “Evolution of the Natural Fire Management Program at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks,” in Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire, 178.
231. Stephen J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), 346–59.
232. Lewis F. Southard, “The History of Cooperative Forest Fire Control and the Weeks Act,” Forest History Today (Spring/Fall 2011): 17–20.
233. Eliot Zimmerman, “A Historical Summary of State and Private Forestry in the U.S. Forest Service” (unpublished report 1976), 104
234. R. A Bonninghausen, “The Florida Forest Service and Controlled Burning,” Proceedings, First Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference (Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station, 1962), 43–52.
235. Jack Cohen, “The Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Problem: A Consequence of the Fire Exclusion Paradigm,” Forest History Today (Fall 2008): 20–26
236. William T. Sommers, “The Emergence of the Wildland-Urban Interface Concept,” Forest History Today (Fall 2008): 12–18.
237. Casey Cavanaugh Grant, “The Birth of NFPA,” http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=500&itemID=18020&URL=About percent20NFPA/Overview/History.
238. Stephen J. Pyne, Awful Splendour: A Fire History of Canada (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2007), 340–41.
239. Robert K. Winters, International Forestry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Economics Division Staff Report (Washington, DC: NED, 1980).
240. Paul Weeden, Dennis Dube, and Robert Mutch, technical coordinators, Proceedings: International Wildland Fire Conference, Boston, July 23–26, 1989 (Washington, DC: Fire Aviation Management, U.S. Forest Service, 1990), quote from Allan West, p. 5.
241. Stephen J. Pyne, Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991), 357.
242. Merle S. Lowden, “Fire Crisis in Brazil,” American Forests 71 (January 1965): 42–44, 46;
243. Merle S. Lowden, “From Firefighting to Revolution in Three Days,” American Forests 71 (August 1965): 16–20, 50.
244. Robert W. Mutch, Progress Report of the Disaster Assistance Support Program (Washington, DC: U.S. Forest Service, 1989).
245. Armando González-Cában and David V. Sandberg, “Fire Management and Research Needs in Mexico,” Journal of Forestry (August 1989): 20–23, 25–26;
246. James C. Sorensen, “A Look at Fire Prevention in Mexico,” Fire Management Notes 48, no. 2 (1987): 25–26.
247. Stewart L. Udall, The Quiet Crisis and the Next Generation (Salt Lake City, UT: Peregrine Smith, 1988), 262.
248. Paul W. Hirt, A Conspiracy of Optimism: Management of the National Forests Since World War Two (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994).
249. Daniel Sarewitz, “How Science Makes Environmental Controversies Worse,” Environmental Science and Policy 7 (2004): 385–403.
250. Richard J. Barney and David J. Aldrich, Land Management: Fire Management Policies, Directives, and Guides in the National Forest System: A Review and Commentary, General Technical Report INT-76 (Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1980);
251. Frederick W. Bratten et al., FOCUS: A Fire Management Planning System: Final Report, General Technical Report PSW-49 (Berkeley, CA: Pacific and Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1981)
252. Thomas J. Mills, Integrating Fire Management Analysis into Land Management Planning, General Technical Report PSW-74 (Berkeley, CA: Pacific and Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1983)
253. David A. Seaver et al., The Escaped Fire Situation: A Decision Analysis Approach, Research Paper RM-244 (Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1983);
254. Armando González-Cában et al., Developing Fire Management Mixes for Fire Program Planning, General Technical Report PSW-88 (Berkeley, CA: Pacific and Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1986);
255. David C. Iverson and Richard M. Alston, The Genesis of FORPLAN: A Historical and Analytical Review of Forest Service Planning Models, General Technical Report INT-214 (Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1986).
256. Richard C. Rothermel, How to Predict the Spread and Intensity of Forest and Range Fires, General Technical Report INT-143 (Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1983)
257. Patricia L. Andrews, BEHAVE: Fire Behavior Prediction and Fuel Modeling System: BURN Subsystem, Part 1, General Technical Report INT-194 (Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1986).
258. William T. Sommers, “The Emergence of the Wildland-Urban Interface Concept,” Forest History Today (Fall 2008): 12–18.
259. Allen Steuter and Jane Prohaska, “Fire Management Manual,” revised September 1985
260. Stephen J. Pyne, Awful Splendour: A Fire History of Canada (Vancouver:University of British Columbia Press, 2007), 340–41.
261. Robert K. Winters, InternationalForestry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Economics Division Staff Report (Washington, DC: NED, 1980).
262. Paul Weeden, Dennis Dube, and Robert Mutch, technical coordinators, Proceedings: International Wildland Fire Conference, Boston, July 23–26, 1989 (Washington, DC: Fire Aviation Management, U.S. Forest Service, 1990), quote from Allan West, p. 5
263. Stephen J. Pyne, Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991), 357
264. Merle S. Lowden, “Fire Crisis in Brazil,” American Forests 71 (January 1965):42–44, 46
265. Merle S. Lowden, “From Firefighting to Revolution in Three Days,” American Forests 71 (August 1965): 16–20, 50
266. Robert W. Mutch, Progress Report of the Disaster Assistance Support Program (Washington, DC: U.S. Forest Service, 1989).
267. Armando González-Cában and David V. Sandberg, “Fire Management and Research Needs in Mexico,” Journal of Forestry (August 1989): 20–23, 25–26
268. James C. Sorensen, “A Look at Fire Prevention in Mexico,” Fire Management Notes 48, no. 2 (1987): 25–26.
269. Stewart L. Udall, The Quiet Crisis and the Next Generation (Salt Lake City, UT: Peregrine Smith, 1988), 262.
270. Paul W. Hirt, A Conspiracy of Optimism: Management of the National Forests Since World War Two (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994)
271. Daniel Sarewitz, “How Science Makes Environmental Controversies Worse,” Environmental Science and Policy 7 (2004): 385–403
272. Richard J. Barney and David J. Aldrich, Land Management: Fire Management Policies, Directives, and Guides in the National Forest System: A Review and Commentary, General Technical Report INT-76 (Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1980)
273. Frederick W. Bratten et al., FOCUS: A Fire Management Planning System: Final Report, General Technical Report PSW-49 (Berkeley, CA: Pacific and Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1981)
274. Thomas J. Mills, Integrating Fire Management Analysis into Land Management Planning, General Technical Report PSW-74(Berkeley, CA: Pacific and Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S.Forest Service, 1983)
275. David A. Seaver et al., The Escaped Fire Situation: A Decision Analysis Approach, Research Paper RM-244 (Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1983)
276. Armando González-Cában et al., Developing Fire Management Mixes for Fire Program Planning, General Technical Report PSW-88 (Berkeley, CA: Pacific and Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1986)
277. David C. Iverson and Richard M.Alston, The Genesis of FORPLAN: A Historical and Analytical Review of Forest Service Planning Models, General Technical Report INT-214 (Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1986)
278. Richard C. Rothermel, How to Predict the Spread and Intensity of Forest and Range Fires, General Technical Report INT-143 (Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1983)
279. Patricia L. Andrews, BEHAVE: Fire Behavior Prediction and Fuel Modeling System: BURN Subsystem, Part 1, General Technical Report INT-194 (Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1986)
280. William T. Sommers, “The Emergence of the Wildland-Urban Interface Concept,” Forest History Today (Fall 2008): 12–18.
281. William T. Sommers, “User Needs/Research Planning Workshop: Fire Research to Meet User Needs: Immediate to Long Term,” Missoula, Montana, April 17–19, 1984
282. Clinton B. Phillips and Jerry Frinecker, “The Fire Siege of 1987: Lightning Fires Devastate the Forests of California (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 1988), 1–2, 21.
283. Kathleen M. Davis and Robert W. Mutch, “The Fires of the Greater Yellowstone Area: The Sage of a Long Hot Summer,” Western Wildlands 15 (Summer 1989): 2–9.
284. Alston Chase, Playing God at Yellowstone: The Destruction of America’s First National Park (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986).
285. Yellowstone National Park, Wildland Fire Management Plan for Yellowstone National Park (Yellowstone National Park, 1987), 61–65.
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287. Richard C. Rothermel, Roberta A. Hartford, and Carolyn H. Chase, Fire Growth Maps for the 1988 Greater Yellowstone Area Fires, General Technical Report INT-304 (Ogden, UT: U.S. Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1994)
288. Curt Leimbach, “Fire Proof: Social Construction of Reality and the 1988 Yellowstone Fires. An Analysis of Magazine Coverage” (thesis, University of South Florida, 1997)
289. Conrad Smith, Media and Apocalypse: News Coverage of the Yellowstone Fires, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, and Loma Prieta Earthquake (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1992)
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291. Chris Biolgiano, “Foreword,” Journal of Forestry (December 1989): 12.
292. D. DeSpain et al., A Bibliography and Directory of the Yellowstone Fires of 1988 (Fairfield, WA: International Association of Wildland Fire, 1994)
293. Ronald E. Masters Krista E. M. Galley, and Don G. DeSpain, eds., The’88 Fires: Yellowstone and Beyond:Conference Proceedings, Miscellaneous Publication no. 16 (Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station, 2009)
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295. Peter Matthiessen, “Our National Parks: The Case for Burning,” New York Times Magazine, December 11, 1988.
296. Bill Buck, “A Yellowstone Critique,” Journal of Forestry (December 1989): 38.
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298. Thomas M. Bonnicksen, “Report or Cover-up?” Journal of Forestry (October 1990): 26.
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300. Ronald H. Wakimoto, “The 1988 National Fire Policy Review [abstract],” in Masters, Galley, and DeSpain, The’88 Fires, 146
301. Ron Wakimoto, “National Fire Management Policy,” Journal of Forestry 15 (October 1990): 26
302. Ron Wakimoto, “The Yellowstone Fires of 1988: Natural Process and Natural Policy,” Northwest Science 46, no. 5 (1990): 241.
303. Norman L. Christensen et al., “Interpreting the Yellowstone Fires of 1988,” BioScience 39 (November 1989): 685
304. Jerry Franklin, “Toward a New Forestry,” American Forests (November/December 1989): 37
305. Anna Maria Gillis, “The New Forestry,” BioScience 40 (September 1990): 558–62
306. Stephen F. Arno and James K. Brown, “Managing Fire in Our Forests: Time for a New Initiative,” Journal of Forestry (December 1989): 44–46
307. Samuel P. Hays, War in the Woods: The Rise of Ecological Forestry in America (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2007).
308. Todd Wilkinson, Science Under Siege: The Politicians’ War on Nature and Truth (Boulder, CO: Johnson, 1998), 17–64, quote from p. 34
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310. National Fire Protection Association, Black Tiger Fire Case Study (Quincy, MA: NFPA, 1992).
311. Stephen C. Nodvin and Thomas A. Waldrop, eds., Fire and the Environment:Ecological and Cultural Perspectives, General Technical Report SE-69 (Asheville, NC: Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1991)
312. F. Dale Robertson, “The History of New Perspectives and Ecosystem Management,” in Ouachita and Ozark Mountains Symposium: Ecosystem Management Research, James M. Guldin, technical comp., General Technical Report SRS-74 (Asheville, NC: Southern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, 2004).
313. D. Hanley et al., eds., The Burning Decision: Regional Perspectives on Slash, Institute of Forest Resources Contribution no. 66 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1989).
314. Jim Brenner and Dale Wade, “Florida’s Revised Prescribed Fire Law: Protection for Responsible Burners,” in Proceedings of Fire Conference 2000 ed.K. E. M. Galley, R. C.Klinger, and N. G. Sugihara, Miscellaneous Publication no. 13 (Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station, 2003), 132–36.
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332. Gary Snyder, Back on the Fire (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2007), 83, 12.
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335. U.S. Forest Service, “Navigating into the Future” (unpublished report, 1994), 1
336. General Accounting Office, Ecosystem Management: Additional Actions Needed to Adequately Test a Promising Approach, RCED-94-111 (Washington, DC: GAO, 1994) 4
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343. Rocky Barker, Scorched Earth: How the Fires of Yellowstone Changed America (Washington, DC:Island Press, 2005), 217.
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349. Michael Isner and William Baden, “‘The Whole Canyon Blew Up…,’” NFPA Journal (March/April 1995): 51–57
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358. Dana C. Bryan, ed., “Strategic Assessment of Fire Management in the USDA Forest Service” (unpublished report, January 13, 1995).
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362. Ervin G. Schuster, David A. Cleaves, and Enoch F. Bell, Analysis of USDA Forest Service Fire-Related Expenditures 1970–1995, Research Paper PSW-RP-230 (Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, 1997).
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