Urban phenological studies - Past, present, future

Environmental Pollution

Volumn 203, Issue , 2015, Pages 250-261

  Jochner, Susanne ^a   Menzel, Annette ^a  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Climate change; Phenology; Temperature; Urban heat island

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGY; CLIMATE CHANGE; TEMPERATURE;

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS; INEXPENSIVE MEANS; LONG TERM STUDY; PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; PHENOLOGY; TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL; URBAN AREAS; URBAN HEAT ISLAND;

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE;

BIOINDICATOR; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE EFFECT; ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FUTURE PROSPECT; HEAT ISLAND; PHENOLOGY; PLANT;

CITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FLUSHING; HEAT; PHENOLOGY; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TEMPORAL ANALYSIS; URBAN AREA; URBAN RURAL DIFFERENCE; ENVIRONMENT; HUMAN ACTIVITIES; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; SEASON; TEMPERATURE; WEATHER;

CITIES; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENT; HUMAN ACTIVITIES; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; SEASONS; TEMPERATURE; WEATHER;

EID: 84951768713     PISSN: 02697491     EISSN: 18736424     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.003     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. J.U. Ahlholm, M.L. Helander, and J. Savolainen Genetic and environmental factors affecting the allergenicity of birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii [Orl.] Hamet-ahti) pollen Clin. Exp. Allergy 28 1998 1384 1388
2. G. D'Amato Urban air pollution and plant-derived respiratory allergy Clin. Exp. Allergy 30 2000 628 636
3. G. D'Amato, and L. Cecchi Effects of climate change on environmental factors in respiratory allergic diseases Clin. Exp. Allergy 38 2008 1264 1274
4. R.G. Amundson, R.J. Kohut, and J.A. Laurence Influence of foliar N on foliar soluble sugars and starch of red spruce saplings to ambient and elevated ozone Tree Physiol. 15 1995 167 174
5. Y. Aono Assessment of urban warming using plant phenology Proceedings of International Symposium on Monitoring and Management of Urban Heat Island 1997 Keio University Fujisawa, Japan 111 123
6. F.W. Badeck, A. Bondeau, K. Böttcher, D. Doktor, W. Lucht, J. Schaber, and S. Sitch Responses of spring phenology to climate change New Phytol. 162 2004 295 309
7. L.A. Baker, A.J. Brazel, N. Selover, C. Martin, N. McIntyre, F.R. Steiner, A. Nelson, and L. Musacchio Urbanization and warming of Phoenix (Arizona, USA): impacts, feedbacks and mitigation Urban Ecosyst. 6 2002 183 203
8. D.D. Baldocchi, T.A. Black, P.S. Curtis, and et al. Predicting the onset of net carbon uptake by deciduous forests with soil temperature and climate data: a synthesis of FLUXNET data Int. J. Biometeorol. 49 6 2005 377 387
9. J.S. Bale, G.J. Masters, I.D. Hodkinson, C. Awmack, T.M. Bezemer, V.K. Brown, J. Butterfield, A. Buse, J.C. Coulson, J. Farrar, J.E.G. Good, R. Harrington, S. Hartley, T.H. Jones, R.L. Lindroth, M.C. Press, I. Symrnioudis, A.D. Watt, and J.B. Whittaker Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores Glob. Change Biol. 8 2002 1 16
10. A. Baumgartner Zur Phänologie von Laubhölzern und ihre Anwendung bei lokalklimatischen Untersuchungen Ber. des Dtsch Wetterd. der US Zone 42 1952 69 73
11. A. Baumgartner, H. Mayer, W. Bründl, A. Kotz, E. Modlinger, and E.M. Noack Phänologische Beobachtungen in München Bayer. Staatsminist. für Landesentwickl. Umweltfr. 8 1984 30 35
12. E.G. Beaubien Spring Flowering Trends in Alberta, Canada: Response to Climate Change, Urban Heat Island Effects, and an Evaluation of a Citizen Science Network (Ph.D. thesis) 2013 Forest Biology and Management, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta 134
13. I. Beck, S. Jochner, S. Gilles, M. McIntyre, J.T.M. Buters, C. Schmidt-Weber, H. Behrendt, J. Ring, A. Menzel, and C. Traidl-Hoffmann High environmental ozone levels lead to enhanced allergenicity of birch pollen PLoS One 8 11 2013 e80147 10.1371/journal.pone.0080147
14. P.J. Beggs Impacts of climate change on aeroallergens: past and future Clin. Exp. Allergy 34 2004 1507 1513
15. C. Bernhofer Stadtphänologie am Beispiel der Forsythia Wetter Leben 43 1991 213 218
16. H. Bibi, D. Shoseyov, D. Feigenbaum, P. Nir, R. Shiachi, S. Scharff, and R. Peled Comparison of positive allergy skin tests among asthmatic children from rural and urban areas living within small geographic area Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 88 2002 416 420
17. G. Bonan Ecological Climatology - Concepts and Applications 2002 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
18. R. Borchert Soil and stem water storage determine phenology and distribution of tropical dry forest trees Ecology 75 1994 1437 1449
19. R. Borchert, G. Rivera, and W. Hagnauer Modification of vegetative phenology in a tropical semi-deciduous forest by abnormal drought and rain Biotropica 34 2002 27 39
20. R. Borchert, K. Robertson, M.D. Schwartz, and G. Williams-Linera Phenology of temperate trees in tropical climates Int. J. Biometeorol. 50 2005 57 65
21. C. Both, and M.E. Visser Adjustment to climate change is constrained by arrival date in a long-distance migrant bird Nature 411 2001 296 298
22. C. Braun-Fahrlander, M. Gassner, L. Grize, U. Neu, F.H. Sennhauser, H.S. Varonier, J.C. Vuille, and B. Wuthrich Prevalence of hay fever and allergenic sensitization in farmer's children and their peer living in the same rural community: SCARPOL team: Swiss study on childhood allergy and respiratory symptoms with respect to air pollution Clin. Exp. Allergy 29 1999 28 34
23. W. Bründl, H. Mayer, and A. Baumgartner Stadtklima Bayern - Abschlussbericht zum Teilprogramm Klimamessungen München" Reihe Materialien Nr. 43 1987 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen
24. D. Butler, and I. MacGregor GLOBE: science and education J. Geosci. Educ. 51 2003 9 20
25. A. Buyantuyev, and J. Wu Urbanization diversifies land surface phenology in arid environments: interactions among vegetation, climatic variation, and land use pattern in the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA Landsc. Urban Plan. 105 2012 149 159
26. A. Buyantuyev, P. Xu, J. Wu, S. Piao, and D. Wang A space-for-time (SFT) substitution approach to studying historical phenological changes in urban environment PLoS One 12 7 2012 e51260
27. A. Caffarra, A. Donnelly, and I. Chuine Modelling the timing of Betula pubescens budburst. II. Integrating complex effects of photoperiod into process-based models Clim. Res. 46 2011 159 170
28. A. Caffarra, A. Donnelly, I. Chuine, and M.B. Jones Modelling the timing of Betula pubescens budburst. I. Temperature and photoperiod: a conceptual model Clim. Res. 46 2011 147 157
29. M.G.R. Cannell, and R.I. Smith Climate warming, spring budburst and frost damage on trees J. Appl. Ecol. 23 1986 177 191
30. J.W. Chandler, and J.E. Dale Needle growth in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis): effects of nutrient deficiency and needle position within shoots Tree Physiol. 6 1990 41 56
31. I. Chuine, X. Morin, and H. Bugmann Warming, photoperiods, and tree phenology Science 329 5989 2010 277 278
32. U. Chung, J.-E. Jung, H.-C. Seo, and J.I. Yun Using urban effect corrected temperature data and a tree phenology model to project geographical shift of cherry flowering date in South Korea Clim. Change 93 2009 447 463
33. E.E. Cleland, I. Chuine, A. Menzel, H.A. Mooney, and M.D. Schwartz Shifting plant phenology in response to global change Trends Ecol. Evol. 22 2007 357 365
34. A. Comber, and C. Brunsdon A spatial analysis of plant phenophases changes and the impact of increases in urban land use Int. J. Climatol. 2014 10.1002/joc.4030
35. J. Cortinovis, F. Solmon, D. Serça, C. Sarrat, and R. Rosset A simple modeling approach to study the regional impact of a Mediterranean forest isoprene emission on anthropogenic plumes Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5 2005 1915 1929
36. C. Defila Der Einfluss des Stadtklimas auf die phänologischen Eintrittstermine Schweiz. Z. für Forstwes. 150 1999 151 153
37. C. Defila, and B. Clot Long-term urban-rural comparison M.D. Schwartz, Phenology: an Integrative Environmental Science 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Boston and London 541 554
38. H. Doi, M. Takahashi, and I. Katano Genetic diversity increases regional variation in phenological dates in response to climate change Glob. Change Biol. 16 2010 373 379
39. F.C. Do, V.A. Goudiaby, O. Gimenez, A.L. Diagne, M. Diouf, A. Rocheteau, and L.E. Akpo Environmental influence on canopy phenology in the dry tropics For. Ecol. Manag. 215 2005 319 328
40. J.A. Dunne, S.R. Saleska, M.L. Fischer, and J. Harte Integrating experimental and gradient methods in ecological climate change research Ecology 85 2004 904 916
41. D. Eamus, and L.D. Prior Ecophysiology of trees of seasonally dry tropics: comparisons among phenologies Adv. Ecol. Res. 32 2001 113 197
42. E. Eccel, R. Rea, A. Caffarra, and A. Crisci Risk of spring frost to apple production under future climate scenarios: the role of phenological acclimation Int. J. Biometeorol. 53 2009 273 286
43. A.J. Elmore, S.M. Guinn, B.J. Minsley, and A.D. Richardson Landscape controls on the timing of spring, autumn, and growing season length in mid-Atlantic forests Glob. Change Biol. 18 2 2012 656 674
44. F. Fezer Das Klima der Städte 1995 Justus Perthes Verlag Gotha
45. M.J. Fisher The influence of water stress on nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and concentrations in Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis) Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 20 1980 175 180
46. J.I. Fisher, J.F. Mustard, and M.A. Vadeboncoeur Green leaf phenology at Landsat resolution: scaling from the field to the satellite Remote Sens. Environ. 100 2006 265 279
47. A.H. Fitter, and R.S.R. Fitter Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants Science 296 2002 1689 1691
48. D.R. Fitzjarrald, O.C. Acevedo, and K.E. Moore Climatic consequences of leaf presence in the eastern United States J. Clim. 14 2001 598 614
49. C. Fotiou, A. Damialis, N. Krigas, J.M. Halley, and D. Vokou Parietaria judaica flowering phenology, pollen production, viability and atmospheric circulation, and expansive ability in the urban environment: impacts of environmental factors Int. J. Biometeorol. 55 2011 35 50
50. E. Franken Der Beginn der Forsythienblüte 1955 in Hamburg. Ein Beitrag zur Phänologie der Großstadt Meteorol. Rundsch. 8 1955 113 114
51. Y. Fu, S. Piao, M. Op de Beeck, N. Cong, H. Zhao, Y. Zhang, A. Menzel, and I.A. Janssens Recent spring phenology shifts in western Central Europe based on multi-scale observations Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 23 2014 1255 1263
52. T. Fukami, and D.A. Wardle Long-term ecological dynamics: reciprocal insights from natural and anthropogenic gradients Proc. R. Soc. B 272 2005 2105 2115
53. Y. Fukuoka, and F. Matsumoto The relationship between climate and plant phenology in Japanese cities Proceedings of the 5th International Conference Urban Climate, Lodz Poland 2003
54. R. Gazal, M.A. White, R. Gillies, E. Rodemaker, E. Sparrow, and L. Gordon GLOBE students, teachers, and scientists demonstrate variable differences between urban and rural leaf phenology Glob. Change Biol. 14 2008 1568 1580
55. A. Guedes, N. Ribeiro, H. Ribeiro, M. Oliveira, F. Noronha, and I. Abreu Comparison between urban and rural pollen of Chenopodium alba and characterization of adhered pollutant aerosol particles Aerosol Sci. 40 2009 81 86
56. G. Han, and J. Xu Land surface phenology and land surface temperature changes along an urban-rural gradient in Yangtze River Delta, China Environ. Manag. 52 2013 234 249
57. M. Hansell Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour 2000 Cambridge University Press Cambridge, U.K
58. J. Hansen, M. Sato, and R. Ruedy Global Temperature Update Through 2012 2013 Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/∼mhs119/Temperature/Temperature-2013.01.15.pdf
59. O.M. Heide High autumn temperature delays spring bud burst in boreal trees, counterbalancing the effect of climatic warming Tree Physiol. 23 2003 931 936
60. Y. Henniges, and F.-M. Chmielewski Zukunftsorientierte Nutzung ländlicher Räume - LandInnovation - Stadt-Umland-Gradienten phänologischer Phasen im Raum Berlin Materialien der Interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Nr. 11 2006 Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften Berlin
61. M. Hjelmroos, M.J. Schumacher, and M. van Hage-Hamsten Heterogeneity of pollen proteins within individual. Betula pendula trees Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 108 1995 368 376
62. IPCC Summary for policymakers T.F. Stocker, Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2013 Cambridge University Press Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
63. G.D. Jenerette, S.L. Harlan, W.L. Stefanov, and C.A. Martin Ecosystem services and urban heat riskscape moderation: water, green spaces, and social inequality in Phoenix, USA Ecol. Appl. 21 2011 2637 2651
64. G.D. Jenerette, G. Miller, A. Buyantuev, D.E. Pataki, T.W. Gillespie, and S. Pincetl Urban vegetation and income segregation in drylands: a synthesis of seven metropolitan regions in the southwestern United States Environ. Res. Lett. 8 2013 10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044001
65. A. Jentsch, J. Kreyling, and C. Beierkuhnlein A new generation of climate change experiments: events, not trends Front. Ecol. Environ. 5 2007 315 324
66. J.-H. Jeong, C.-H. Ho, H.W. Linderholm, S.-J. Jeong, D. Chen, and Y.-S. Choi Impact of urban warming on earlier spring flowering in Korea Int. J. Climatol. 31 2011 1488 1497
67. S. Jochner, I. Beck, H. Behrendt, C. Traidl-Hoffmann, and A. Menzel Effects of extreme spring temperatures on urban phenology and pollen production: a case study in Munich and Ingolstadt Clim. Res. 49 2011 101 112
68. S. Jochner, T.H. Sparks, N. Estrella, and A. Menzel The influence of altitude and urbanisation on trends and mean dates in phenology (1980-2009) Int. J. Biometeorol. 56 2012 387 394
69. S. Jochner, M. Alves-Eigenheer, A. Menzel, and L.P.C. Morellato Urban heat islands in tropical and temperate regions assessed by phenology Int. J. Climatol. 33 15 2013 3141 3151
70. S. Jochner, A. Caffarra, and A. Menzel Can spatial data substitute temporal data in phenological modelling? A survey using birch flowering Tree Physiol. 2013 10.1093/treephys/tpt079
71. S. Jochner, J. Höfler, I. Beck, A. Göttlein, D.P. Ankerst, C. Traidl-Hoffmann, and A. Menzel Nutrient status: a missing factor in phenological and pollen research? J. Exp. Bot. 64 7 2013 2081 2092
72. M. Karsten Eine Analyse der phänologischen Methode in der Stadtklimatologie am Beispiel der Kartierung Mannheims 1986 Universität Heidelberg Geographisches Institut
73. 2 measurements Nature 382 1996 146 149
74. E. Koch Auswirkungen der urbanen Wärmeinsel auf die Obstblüte Arboreta Phaenol. 31 1986 120 128
75. W. Kuttler Stadtklima. Teil 1. Grundzüge und Ursachen Umweltwiss. Schadstoffforsch. 16 2004 187 199
76. L. Lakatos, and Á. Gulyás Connection between phenological phases and urban heat island in Debrecen and Szeged, Hungary Acta Climatol. Chorol. 36-37 2003 79 83
77. H.E. Landsberg The Urban Climate 1981 Academic Press New York and London
78. J. Laube, T.H. Sparks, N. Estrella, J. Höfler, D.P. Ankerst, and A. Menzel Chilling overweighs photoperiod in preventing precocious spring development Glob. Change Biol. 20 2014 170 182
79. C. Lavoie, and D. Lachance A new herbarium-based method for reconstructing the phenology of plant species across large areas Am. J. Bot. 93 2006 512 516
80. A.C. Leopold Photoperiodism in plants Q. Rev. Biol. 26 1951 247 263
81. Y.Y. Levy, and C. Dean The transition to flowering Plant Cell 10 1998 1973 1990
82. V. Loetti, N. Schweigmanna, and N. Burronia Development rates, larval survivorship and wing length of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) at constant temperatures J. Nat. Hist. 45 2011 2207 2217
83. P. Lu, Q. Yu, J. Liu, and X. Lee Advance of tree-flowering dates in response to urban climate change Agric. For. Meteorol. 138 2006 120 131
84. Z. Luo, O.J. Sun, Q. Ge, W. Xu, and J. Zheng Phenological responses of plants to climate change in an urban environment Ecol. Res. 22 2007 507 514
85. A. Mäkelä En route to improved phenological models: can space-for-time substitution give guidance? Tree Physiol. 2013 10.1093/treephys/tpt104
86. H. Marschner Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants second ed. 1995 Academic Press Limited London
87. F. Matsumoto, T. Mikami, and Y. Fukuoka Effects of urban heat island on flowering dates of Somei Yoshino (cherry trees) - a case study in the wards area of Tokyo H. Mayer, A. Matzerakis, 5th Japanese-German Meeting on Urban Climatology. Berichte des Meteorologischen Instituts der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Nr. 18 2009 University of Freiburg Germany 101 106
88. A. Matzarakis Die thermische Komponente des Stadtklimas Berichte des Meteorologischen Institutes der Universität Freiburg Nr. 6 2001
89. A.G. McDonald, W.J. Bealey, D. Fowler, U. Dragosits, U. Skiba, R.I. Smith, R.G. Donovan, H.E. Brett, C.N. Hewitt, and E. Nemitz Quantifying the effect of urban tree planting on concentrations and depositions of PM10 in two UK conurbations Atmos. Environ. 41 2007 8455 8464
90. A. Menzel Phänologie von Waldbäumen unter sich ändernden Klimabedingungen - Auswertung der Beobachtungen in den Internationalen Phänologischen Gärten und Möglichkeiten der Modellierung von Phänodaten Forstliche Forschungsberichte 164, München 1997
91. A. Menzel Veränderungen der phänologischen Jahreszeiten Deutscher Wetterdienst Klimastatusbericht 1999 1999 99 106 (Offenbach am Main)
92. A. Menzel, and P. Fabian Growing season extended in Europe Nature 397 1999 659
93. A. Menzel, T.H. Sparks, N. Estrella, E. Koch, A. Aasa, R. Ahas, K. Alm-Kübler, P. Bissoli, O. Braslavká, A. Briede, F.-M. Chmielewski, Z. Crepinsek, Y. Curnel, Å. Dahl, C. Defila, A. Donnelly, Y. Filella, K. Jatczak, F. Måge, A. Mestre, Ø. Nordli, J. Peñuelas, P. Pirinen, V. Remišová, H. Scheifinger, M. Striz, A. Susnik, A.J.H. van Vliet, F.E. Wielgolaski, S. Zach, and A. Zust European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern Glob. Change Biol. 12 2006 1969 1976
94. A. Menzel, N. Estrella, W. Heitland, A. Susnik, C. Schleip, and V. Dose Bayesian analysis of the species-specific lengthening of the growing season in two European countries and the influence of an insect pest Int. J. Biometeorol. 52 2008 209 218
95. A.J. Miller-Rushing, R.B. Primack, and R. Stymeist Interpreting variation in bird migration times as observed by volunteers Auk 125 3 2008 565 573
96. A. Mimet, V. Pellissier, H. Quénol, R. Aguejdad, V. Dubreuil, and F. Rozé Urbanisation induces early flowering: evidence from Platanus aceriflora and Prunus cerasus Int. J. Biometeorol. 53 2009 287 298
97. M.B. Murray, M.G.R. Cannell, and R.I. Smith Date of budburst of 15 tree species in Britain following climatic warming J. Appl. Ecol. 26 1989 693 700
98. K. Neil, and J. Wu Effects of urbanization on plant flowering phenology: a review Urban Ecosyst. 9 2006 243 257
99. K.L. Neil, L. Landrum, and J. Wu Effects of urbanization on flowering phenology in the metropolitan phoenix region of USA: findings from herbarium records J. Arid Environ. 74 2010 440 444
100. E.A. Nord, and J.P. Lynch Plant phenology: a critical controller of soil resource acquisition J. Exp. Biol. 60 2009 1927 1937
101. D.J. Nowak, K.L. Civerolo, S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, C.J. Luley, and D.E. Crane A modelling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone Atmos. Environ. 34 2000 1610 1613
102. T.R. Oke The distinction between canopy and boundary-layer urban heat islands Atmosphere 14 1976 269 277
103. Y. Omoto, and Y. Aono Estimation of change in blooming dates of cherry flower by urban warming J. Agric. Meteorol. 46 1990 123 129
104. C. Parmesan, and G. Yohe A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems Nature 421 2003 37 42
105. J. Partanen, V. Koski, and H. Hänninen Effects of photoperiod and temperature on the timing of bud burst in Norway spruce (Picea abies) Tree Physiol. 18 1998 811 816
106. S. Pau, E.M. Wolkovich, B.I. Cook, T.J. Davies, N.J.B. Kraft, and et al. Predicting phenology by integrating ecology, evolution and climate science Glob. Change Biol. 17 2011 3633 3643
107. V. Pellissier, F. Rozé, R. Aguejdad, H. Quénol, and P. Clergeau Relationship between soil seed bank, vegetation and soil fertility along an urbanisation gradient Appl. Veg. Sci. 11 2008 325 334
108. J. Peñuelas, and I. Filella Responses to a warming world Science 294 2001 793 795
109. J. Peñuelas, and J. Llusià BVOCs: plant defense against climate warming? Trends Plant Sci. 8 2003 105 109
110. J. Peñuelas, T. Rutishauser, and I. Filella Phenology feedbacks on climate change Science 324 2009 887
111. D. Primack, C. Imbres, R.B. Primack, A.J. Miller-Rushing, and P. del Tredici Herbarium specimens demonstrate earlier flowering times in response to warming in Boston Am. J. Bot. 91 2004 1260 1264
112. R.B. Primack, H. Higuchi, and A.J. Miller-Rushing The impact of climate change on cherry trees and other species in Japan Biol. Conserv. 142 2009 1943 1949
113. J. Riedler, W. Eder, G. Oberfeld, and M. Schreuer Austrian children living on a farm have less hay fever, asthma and allergic sensitization Clin. Exp. Allergy 30 2000 194 200
114. J. Ring, U. Krämer, T. Schäfer, and H. Behrendt Why are allergies increasing? Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13 2001 701 708
115. 2 enrichment and nutrient availability in Norway spruce. I. Phenology and morphology of branches Trees 13 1999 188 198
116. T.L. Root, J.T. Price, K.R. Hall, S.H. Schneider, C. Rosenzweig, and A.J. Pounds Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants Nature 421 2003 57 60
117. C. Rosenzweig, D. Karoly, M. Vicarelli, P. Neofotis, Q. Wu, G. Casassa, A. Menzel, T.L. Root, N. Estrella, B. Seguin, P. Tryjanowski, C. Liu, S. Rawlins, and A. Imeson Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change Nature 453 2008 353 357
118. T. Rötzer Neuartige Karten der Phänologie und des Wasserhaushalts von Bayern unter Berücksichtigung möglicher künftiger Klimaverhältnisse (Ph.D. thesis) 1996 Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Landwirtschaft und Gartenbau 224
119. T. Rötzer Auswirkungen des Stadtklimas auf die Vegetation Promet 33 2007 40 45
120. T. Rötzer, and F.-M. Chmielewski Phenological maps of Europe Clim. Res. 18 2001 249 257
121. T. Rötzer, and M. Sachweh Klimaänderungen im Spiegel phänologischer Zeitreihen Arboreta Phaenol. 40 1995 11 22
122. T. Rötzer, H. Häckel, and R. Würländer Agrar- und umweltklimatologischer Atlas von Bayern 1997 Selbstverlag Deutscher Wetterdienst Weihenstephan Weihenstephan (Weihenstephan)
123. T. Rötzer, M. Wittenzeller, H. Häckel, and J. Nekovar Phenology in central Europe - differences and trends of spring phenophases in urban and rural areas Int. J. Biometeorol. 44 2000 60 66
124. M. Sachweh, and T. Rötzer Climatic change effects on phenological phases in Southern Germany Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Biometeorolgy vol. 2 1997 226 233
125. D.J. Sailor A review of methods for estimating anthropogenic heat and moisture emissions in the urban environment Int. J. Climatol. 31 2011 189 199
126. H. Saxe, M.G.R. Cannell, Ø. Johnsen, M.G. Ryan, and G. Vourlitis Tree and forest functioning in response to global warming New Phytol. 149 2001 369 399
127. J. Schaber, and F.W. Badeck Physiology-based phenology models for forest tree species in Germany Int. J. Biometeorol. 47 2003 193 201
128. C. Schär, P.L. Vidale, D. Lüthi, C. Frei, C. Häberli, M.A. Liniger, and C. Appenzeller The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves Nature 427 2004 332 336
129. M.D. Schwartz, and T.M. Crawford Detecting energy-balance modifications at the onset of spring Phys. Geogr. 22 2001 394 409
130. D.P. Shustack, A.D. Rodewald, and T.A. Waite Springtime in the city: exotic shrubs promote earlier greenup in urban forests Biol. Invasions 11 2009 1357 1371
131. J.R. Simpson, and E.G. McPherson The tree BVOV index Environ. Pollut. 159 2011 2088 2093
132. K.P. Singh, and C.P. Kushwaha Paradox of leaf phenology: Shorea robusta is a semi-evergreen species in tropical dry deciduous forests in India Curr. Sci. 88 2005 1820 1824
133. T.H. Sparks, and P.D. Carey The responses of species to climate over two centuries: an analysis of the Marsham phenological record, 1736-1947 J. Ecol. 83 1995 321 329
134. T.H. Sparks, E.P. Jeffree, and C.E. Jeffree An examination of the relationship between flowering times and temperature at the national scale using long-term phenological records form the UK Int. J. Biometeorol. 44 2000 82 87
135. F.T.M. Spieksma Daily hay fever forecast in the Netherlands. Radio broadcasting of the expected influence of the weather on subjective complaints of hay fever sufferers Allergy 35 1980 593 603
136. T. Suni, F. Berninger, T. Vesala, and et al. Air temperature triggers the recovery of evergreen boreal forests in spring Glob. Change Biol. 9 2003 1410 1426
137. H. Taha Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat Energy Build. 25 1997 99 103
138. F. Taylor Phenodynamics of production in a mesic deciduous forest H. Leith, Phenology and Seasonal Modeling 1974 Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 237 254
139. S. Townroe, and A. Callaghan British container breeding mosquitoes: the impact of urbanisation and climate change on community composition and phenology PLoS One 9 4 2014 e95325
140. P. Tryjanowski, T.H. Sparks, S. Kuźniak, P. Czechowski, and L. Jerzak Bird migration advances more strongly in urban environments PLoS One 8 5 2013 e63482
141. M.E. Visser, A.J. van Noordwijk, J.M. Tinbergen, and C.M. Lessells Warmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction in great tits (Parus major) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265 1998 1867 1870
142. G.-R. Walther, E. Post, P. Convey, A. Menzel, C. Parmesan, T.J.C. Beebee, J.-M. Frometin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and F. Bairlein Ecological responses to recent climate change Nature 416 2002 389 395
143. R.E. White, and K.P. Haydock Phosphate concentration in Siratro as a guide to its phosphate status in the field Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 10 1970 426 430
144. M.A. White, and R.R. Nemani Canopy duration has little influence on annual carbon storage in the deciduous broad leaf forest Glob. Change Biol. 9 2003 967 972
145. M.A. White, R.R. Nemani, P.E. Thornton, and S.W. Running Satellite evidence of phenological differences between urbanised and rural areas of the eastern United States deciduous broadleaf forest Ecosystems 5 2002 260 277
146. M.A. White, K.M. de Beurs, K. Didan, and et al. Intercomparison, interpretation and assessment of spring phenology in North America estimated from remote sensing for 1982-2006 Glob. Change Biol. 15 2009 2335 2359
147. F.E. Wielgolaski Starting dates and basic temperatures in phenological observations of plants Int. J. Biometeorol. 42 1999 158 168
148. F.E. Wielgolaski Phenological modifications in plants by various edaphic factors Int. J. Biometeorol. 45 2001 196 202
149. E.M. Wolkovich, B.I. Cook, J.M. Allen, T.M. Crimmins, J.L. Betancourt, S.E. Travers, S. Pau, J. Regetz, T.J. Davies, N.J.B. Kraft, T.R. Ault, K. Bolmgren, S.J. Mazer, G.J. McCabe, B.J. McGill, C. Parmesan, N. Salamin, M.D. Schwartz, and E.E. Cleland Warming experiments underpredict plant phenological responses to climate change Nature 485 2012 494 497
150. E. Youngsteadt, A.G. Dale, A.J. Terando, R.R. Dunn, and S.D. Frank Do cities simulate climate change? A comparison of herbivore response to urban and global warming Glob. Change Biol. 21 1 2014 97 105
151. F. Zacharias Blühphaseneintritt an Straßenbäumen (insbesondere Tilia x euchlora KOCH) und Temperaturverteilung in Westberlin (Ph.D. thesis) 1972 Freie Universität Berlin Berlin
152. X. Zhang, M.A. Friedl, C.B. Schaaf, A.H. Strahler, and A. Schneider The footprint of urban climates on vegetations phenology Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 2004 L12209 10.1029/2004GL020137
153. L. Zhao, X. Lee, R.B. Smith, and K. Oleson Strong contribution of local background climate to urban heat islands Nature 511 2014 216 219
154. C. Ziello, A. Böck, N. Estrella, D. Ankerst, and A. Menzel First flowering of wind-pollinated species with greatest phenological advance in Europe Ecography 35 2012 1017 1023
155. C. Ziello, T.H. Sparks, N. Estrella, J. Belmonte, K.C. Bergmann, E. Bucher, and et al. Changes to airborne pollen counts across Europe PLoS One 2012 10.1371/journal.pone.0034076
156. L.H. Ziska, D.E. Gebhard, D.A. Frenz, S. Faulkner, B.D. Singer, and J.G. Straka Cities as harbingers of climate change: common ragweed, urbanization, and public health J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111 2003 290 295