Personality, stress and the determination of smoking behaviour in adolescents

The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Volume 1 - Personality Theories and Models

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 698-719

  Byrne, Donald G ^a   Mazanov, Jason ^b  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84949908409     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781849200462.n34     Document Type: Chapter

References (177)

1. Acierno, R. Kilpatrick, D. G. Resnick, H. Saunders, B. De Arellano, M. Best, C. 'Assault, PTSD, family substance use, and depression as risk factors for cigarette use in youth: Findings from the National Survey of Adolescents'Journal of Traumatic Stress 13 (3): 381-96.(2000)doi:10.1023/A:1007772905696 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007772905696
2. Adalbjarnardottir, S. Rafnsson, F. D. 'Adolescent anti-social behaviour and substance use: Longitudinal analyses'Addictive Behaviours 27 (2): 227-40.(2002)doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00179-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603%2800%2900179-9
3. Ajzen, I. The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes 50 (2): 179-211.(1991)doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978%2891%2990020-T
4. al'Absi, M. 'Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical responses to psychological stress and risk for smoking relapse'International Journal of Psychophysiology 59 (3): 218-27.(2006)doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.010
5. Alexander, L., Currie, C., Todd, J. and Smith, R.(2004) How are Scotland's young people doing? A cross-national perspective on health-related risk. HBSB Briefing Paper, 6.
6. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn Text Revision). Washington DC: APA.
7. Amey, C. H. Albrecht, S. L. Miller, M. K. 'Racial differences in adolescent drug use: The impact of religion'Substance Use and Misuse 31 (10): 1311-32.(1996)doi:10.3109/10826089609063979 http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826089609063979
8. Amos, A. Elton, R. Gray, D. Currie, C. 'Healthy or druggy? Self-image, ideal image and smoking behaviour among young people'Social Science and Medicine 45 (6): 847-58.(1997)doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00425-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536%2896%2900425-X
9. Amos, A. Wiltshire, S. Haw, S. McNeill, A. 'Ambivalence and uncertainty: Experiences of and attitudes towards addiction and smoking cessation in the mid-to-late teens'Health Education Research 21 (2): 181-91.(2006)doi:10.1093/her/cyh054 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyh054
10. Arijit, N. Galea, S. Ahern, J. Vlahov, D. 'Probable cigarette dependence, PTSD, and depression after an urban disaster: Results from New York City residents 4 months after September 11, 2001'Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 68 (4): 299-310.(2005)doi:10.1521/psyc.2005.68.4.299 http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2005.68.4.299
11. Arnett, J. J. 'Optimistic bias in adolescent and adult smokers and non-smokers. Addictive Behaviours 25 (2): 625-32.(2000)doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(99)00072-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603%2899%2900072-6
12. Audrain-McGovern, J. Cuevas, J. Rodgers, K. Rodriguez, D. Tercyak, K. P. Patterson, F. 'Identifying and characterising adolescent smoking trajectories'Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 13 (12): 2023-34.(2004)
13. Audrain McGovern, J. Rodriguez, D. Tercyak, K. P. Neuner, G. Moss, H. B. The impact of self-control indices on peer smoking and adolescent smoking progression. Journal of Paediatric Psychology 31 (2): 139-51.(2006)doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsi079 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsi079
14. Avenevoli, S. Merikangas, K. R. 'Familial influences on adolescent smoking'Addiction 98 (suppl. 1) 1-20.(2003)doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.98.s1.2.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.98.s1.2.x
15. Aveyard, P. Markham, W. A. Lancashire, E. Bullock, A. Maca, C. Cheng, K. K. Daniels, H. 'The influence of school culture on smoking among pupils'Social Science and Medicine 58 (9): 1767-80.(2004)doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00396-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536%2803%2900396-4
16. Bennett, P. Norman, P. Moore, L. Murphy, S. Tudor-Smith, C. 'Health locus of control and value for health in smokers and non-smokers'Health Psychology 16 (2): 179-82.(1997)doi:10.1037/0278-6133.16.2.179 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.16.2.179
17. Bina, M. Graziano, F. Bonino, S. Risky driving and lifestyles in adolescence. Accident Analysis and Prevention 38 (3): 472-81.(2006)doi:10.1016/j.aap.2005.11.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.11.003
18. Bobak, M. Rose, R. Marmot, M. Pikhart, H. Hertzman, C. 'Socioeconomic factors, perceived control and self-reported health in Russia: A cross-sectional survey'Social Science and Medicine 47 (2): 269-79.(1998)doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00095-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536%2898%2900095-1
19. Bonnet, A. Fernandez, L. Marpeaux, V. Graziani, P. Pedinielli, J.-L. Rouan, G. 'Stress, tobacco smoking and other addictive behaviours in the police force'Alcoologie et Addictologie 27 (2(suppl.)) 26S-36S.(2005)
20. Booker, C. L. Gallaher, P. Unger, J. B. Ritt-Olson, A. Johnson, C. A. 'Stressful life events, smoking behavior, and intentions to smoke among a multiethnic sample of sixth graders'Ethnicity and Health 9 (4): 369-97.(2004)doi:10.1080/1355785042000285384 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1355785042000285384
21. Boos, D. J. Croft, A. M. 'Smoking rates in the staff of a military field hospital before and after wartime deployment'Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 97 (1): 20-2.(2004)doi:10.1258/jrsm.97.1.20 http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.97.1.20
22. Borland, R. 'What do people's estimates of smoking related risk mean?'Psychology and Health 12 (4): 513-21.(1997)doi:10.1080/08870449708406727 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870449708406727
23. Botello Cabrera, M. T. 'DSM-IV psychiatric disorders and cigarette smoking among adolescents living in Puerto Rico'Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 66 (5-B): 2538.(2005)
24. Botvin, G. J. Griffin, J. W. Diaz, T. Ifill-Williams, M. 'Drug abuse prevention among minority adolescents: Post-test and one-year follow-up of a school-based preventive intervention'Prevention Science 2 (1): 1-13.(2001)doi:10.1023/A:1010025311161 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010025311161
25. Britt, T. W. Adler, A. B. 'Stress and health during medical humanitarian assistance missions'Military Medicine 164 (4): 275-9.(1999)
26. Brook, J. S. Pahl, T. Balka, E. B. Fei, K. 'Smoking among New Yorican adolescents: Time 1 predictors of time 2 tobacco use'Journal of Genetic Psychology 165 (3): 324-40.(2004)doi:10.3200/GNTP.165.3.310-323 http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.165.3.310-323
27. Bruvold, W. H. 'A meta-analysis of adolescent smoking prevention programs'American Journal of Public Health 83 (6): 872-80.(1993)doi:10.2105/AJPH.83.6.872 http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.83.6.872
28. Burt, R. D. Dinh, K. T. Peterson, A. V. Sarason, I. G. 'Predicting adolescent smoking: A prospective study of personality smoking'Preventive Medicine 30 (2): 115-25.(2000)doi:10.1006/pmed.1999.0605 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1999.0605
29. Byrne, D. G. Byrne, A. E. Reinhart, M. I. 'Personality, stress and the decision to commence smoking in adolescence'Journal of Psychosomatic Research 39 (1): 53-62.(1995)doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)00074-F http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999%2894%2900074-F
30. Byrne, D. G. Davenport, S. C. Mazanov, J. 'Profiles of adolescent stress: The development of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire'Journal of Adolescence 30 (3): 393-416.(2007)doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.004
31. Byrne, D. G. Mazanov, J. 'Sources of adolescent stress, smoking and the use of other drugs'Stress Medicine 15 (4): 215-27.(1999)doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1700(199910)15:4<215::AID-SMI817>3.0.CO;2-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1700%28199910%2915:4%3C215::AID-SMI817%3E3.0.CO;2-1
32. Byrne, D. G. Mazanov, J. 'Self-esteem, stress and cigarette smoking in adolescents'Stress and Health 17 (2): 105-10.(2001)doi:10.1002/smi.885 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.885
33. Byrne, D. G. Mazanov, J. 'Adolescent stress and future smoking behaviour: A prospective investigation'Journal of Psychosomatic Research 54 (4): 313-21.(2003)doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00411-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999%2802%2900411-7
34. Byrne, D. G. Mazanov, J. 'Prevention of adolescent smoking: A prospective test of three models of intervention'Journal of Substance Use 10 (6): 363-74.(2005)doi:10.1080/14659890412331333032 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14659890412331333032
35. Byrne, D. G. Reinhart, M. I. Psychological determinants of adolescent smoking behaviour: A prospective study'Australian Journal of Psychology 50 (1): 29-34.(1998)doi:10.1080/00049539808257528 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049539808257528
36. Campo-Arias, A. Diaz-Martinez, L. A. Rueda-Jaimes, G. E. Rueda-Sanchez, M. Farelo-Palacin, D. Diaz, F. J. et al. 'Smoking is associated with schizophrenia, but not with mood disorders, within a population with low smoking rates: A matched case-control study in Bucaramanga, Colombia'Schizophrenia Research 83 (2-3): 269-76.(2006)doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.01.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.01.001
37. Canals, J. Blade, J. Domenech, E. 'Smoking and personality predictors among young Spanish people'Personality and Individual Differences 23 (5): 905-8.(1997)doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00096-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2897%2900096-2
38. Chen, C. Y. Dormitzer, C. M. Bejarano, J. Anthony, J. C. 'Religiosity and the earliest stages of adolescent drug involvement in seven countries of Latin America'American Journal of Epidemiology 159 (12): 1180-8.(2004)doi:10.1093/aje/kwh151 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh151
39. Chisick, M. C. Poindexter, F. R. York, A. K. 'Comparing tobacco use among incoming recruits and military personnel on active duty in the United States'Tobacco Control 7 (3): 236-40.(1998)doi:10.1136/tc.7.3.236 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.7.3.236
40. Choi, W. S. Gilpin, E. A. Farkas, A. J. Pierce, J. P. 'Determining the probability of future smoking among adolescents'Addiction 96 (2): 313-23.(2001)doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96231315.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96231315.x
41. Chung, H. Elias, M. 'Patterns of adolescent involvement in problem behaviours: Relationship to self-efficacy, social competence and life events'American Journal of Community Psychology 24 (6): 771-84.(1996)doi:10.1007/BF02511034 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02511034
42. Coan, R. W. 'Personality variables associated with cigarette smoking'Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 26 (1): 86-104.(1973)doi:10.1037/h0034213 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0034213
43. Collins, L. M. 'Analysis of longitudinal data: The integration of theoretical model, temporal design, and statistical model'Annual Review of Psychology 57: 505-28.(2006)doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190146 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190146
44. Conner, M. Armitage, C. J. 'Extending the theory of planned behaviour: A review and avenues for further research'Journal of Applied Social Psychology 28 (15): 1429-64.(1998)doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01685.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01685.x
45. Creson, D. Schmitz, J. M. Arnoutovic, A. 'War-related changes in cigarette smoking: A survey study of health professionals in Sarajevo'Substance Use and Misuse 31 (5): 639-46.(1996)doi:10.3109/10826089609045831 http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826089609045831
46. Croghan, I. T. Bronars, C. Patten, C. A. Schroeder, D. R. Nirelli, L. M. Thomas, J. L. et al. 'Is smoking related to body image satisfaction, stress, and self-esteem in young adults?'American Journal of Health Behavior 30 (3): 322-33.(2006)doi:10.5993/AJHB.30.3.10 http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.30.3.10
47. Dick, D. M. Rose, R. J. Viken, R. J. Kaprio, J. 'Pubertal timing and substance use: Associations between and within families across late adolescence'Developmental Psychology 36 (2): 180-9.(2000)doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.180 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.180
48. Dierker, L. C. Ramirez, R. R. Chavez, L. M. Canino, G. 'Association between psychiatric disorders and smoking stages among Latino adolescents'Drug and Alcohol Dependence 80 (3): 361-8.(2005)doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.004
49. Droomers, M. Schrijvers, C. T. M. Casswell, S. Mackenbach, J. P. 'Father's occupational group and daily smoking during adolescence: Patterns and predictors'American Journal of Public Health 95 (4): 681-9.(2005)doi:10.2105/AJPH.2002.002774 http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2002.002774
50. Engels, R. C. M. E. de Vries, J. Hale, W. W. Noom, M. 'Self-efficacy and emotional adjustment as precursors of smoking in early adolescence'Substance Use and Misuse 40 (12): 1883-93.(2006)doi:10.1080/10826080500259612 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826080500259612
51. Engels, R. C. M. E. Knibbe, R. A. Drop, M. J. 'Predictability of smoking in adolescence: Between optimism and pessimism'Addiction 94 (1): 115-24.(1999)doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9411158.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9411158.x
52. Epstein, J. A. Botvin, G. J. Spoth, R. 'Predicting smoking among rural adolescents: Social and cognitive processes'Nicotine and Tobacco Research 5 (4): 485-91.(2003)doi:10.1080/1462220031000118577 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1462220031000118577
53. Etter, J. F. Perneger, T. V. Bergman, M. M. Humair, J. P. 'Development and validation of a scale measuring self-efficacy of current and former smokers'Addiction 95 (6): 901-13.(2000)doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9569017.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9569017.x
54. Etter, J. F. Perneger, T. V. Humair, J. P. Bergman, M. M. 'Development and validation of the Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale (ATS-18)'Addiction 95 (4): 613-25.(2000)doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95461312.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95461312.x
55. Evans, R. I.(2001) 'Social influences in etiology and prevention of smoking and other health threatening behaviours in children and adolescents', in A. Baum, T. A. Revenson and J. E. Singer (eds), Handbook of Health Psychology. London: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, pp. 459-68.
56. Eysenck, H. J.(1990) 'Biological dimensions of personality', in L. A. Pervin (ed.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: Guilford, pp. 244-76.
57. Falba, T. Teng, H.-M. Sindelar, J. L. Gallo, W. T. 'The effect of involuntary job loss on smoking intensity and relapse'Addiction 100 (9): 1330-9.(2005)doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01150.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01150.x
58. Feigelman, W. 'Cigarette smoking among former military service personnel: A neglected social issue'Preventive Medicine 23 (2): 235-41.(1994)doi:10.1006/pmed.1994.1032 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1994.1032
59. Fishbein, M., Triandis, H. C., Kanfer, F. H., Becker, M., Middlestadt, S. E. and Eichler, A.(2001) 'Factors influencing behaviour and behaviour change', in A. Baum, T. A. Revenson and J. E. Singer (eds), Handbook of Health Psychology. London: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, pp. 3-17.
60. Fisher, C. B. Wallace, S. A. Fenton, R. E. 'Discrimination distress during adolescence'Journal of Youth and Adolescence 29 (6): 679-95.(2000)doi:10.1023/A:1026455906512 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026455906512
61. Flay, B. R. Hu, F. B. Richardson, J. 'Psychosocial predictors of different stages of cigarette smoking among high school students'Preventive Medicine 27 (5pt2): A9-A18.(1998)doi:10.1006/pmed.1998.0380 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1998.0380
62. Formann-Hoffman, V. Riley, W. Pici, M. 'Acute impact of the September 11 tragedy on smoking and early relapse rates among smokers attempting to quit'Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 19 (3): 277-83.(2005)doi:10.1037/0893-164X.19.3.277 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.19.3.277
63. Franke, W. D. Collins, S. A. Hinz, P. N. 'Cardiovascular disease morbidity in an Iowa law enforcement cohort, compared with the general Iowa population'Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 40 (5): 441-4.(1998)doi:10.1097/00043764-199805000-00006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199805000-00006
64. Galera, C. Fombonne, E. Chastang, J.-F. Bouvard, M. 'Childhood hyperactivity-inattention symptoms and smoking in adolescence'Drug and Alcohol Dependence 78 (1): 101-8.(2005)doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.003
65. Gilbert, E. 'Contextualising the medical risks of cigarette smoking: Australian young women's perceptions of anti-smoking campaigns'Health, Risk and Society 7 (3): 227-45.(2005)doi:10.1080/13698570500229655 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698570500229655
66. Glendinning, A. 'Self-esteem and smoking in youth - muddying the waters?'Journal of Adolescence 25 (4): 415-25.(2004)doi:10.1006/jado.2002.0485 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.2002.0485
67. Glendinning, A. Inglis, D. 'Smoking behaviour in youth: The problem of low self-esteem?'Journal of Adolescence 22 (5): 673-82.(1999)doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0262 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0262
68. Glied, S. 'Is smoking delayed or averted?'American Journal of Public Health 93 (3): 412-16.(2003)doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.3.412 http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.3.412
69. Gonzalez, J. Field, T. Yando, R. Gonzalez, K. Lasko, D. Bendell, D. 'Adolescent perceptions of their risk-taking behaviour'Adolescence 29 (115): 701-9.(1994)
70. Goodwin, R. D. Lewinsohn, P. M. Seeley, J. R. 'Cigarette smoking and panic attacks among young adults in the community: The role of parental smoking and anxiety disorders'Biological Psychiatry 58 (9): 686-93.(2005)doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.042 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.042
71. Gullone, E. Moore, S. Moss, S. Boyd, C. 'The Adolescent Risk-Taking Questionnaire: Development and psychometric evaluation'Journal of Adolescent Research 15 (2): 231-50.(2000)doi:10.1177/0743558400152003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558400152003
72. Guthrie, B. J. Young, A. M. Williams, D. R. Boyd, C. J. Kintner, E. K. 'African American girls' smoking habits and day-today experiences with racial discrimination'Nursing Research 51 (3): 183-90.(2002)doi:10.1097/00006199-200205000-00007 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200205000-00007
73. Hall, S. M. '"History of depression and smoking cessation outcome: A meta-analysis": The Covey-Hitsman exchange'Nicotine and Tobacco Research 6 (4): 751-2.(2004)doi:10.1080/14622200410001727920 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200410001727920
74. Halpern-Felsher, B. L. Biehl, M. Kropp, R. Y. Rubenstein, M. L. 'Perceived risks and benefits of smoking: Differences among adolescents with different smoking experiences and intentions'Preventive Medicine 39 (3): 559-67.(2004)doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.017
75. Hapke, U. Schumann, A. Rumpf, H. J. John, U. Konerding, U. Meyer, C. 'Association of smoking and nicotine dependence with trauma and posttruamatic stress disorder in a general population sample'Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 193 (12): 843-6.(2005)doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000188964.83476.e0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000188964.83476.e0
76. Harakeh, Z. Engles, R. C. M. E. de Vries, J. Scholte, R. H. J. 'Association between personality and adolescent smoking'Addictive Behaviours 31 (2): 232-45.(2005)doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.003
77. Henker, B. Whalen, C. K. Jamner, L. D. Delfino, R. J. 'Anxiety, affect, and activity in teenagers: Monitoring daily life with electronic diaries'Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41 (6): 660-70.(2002)doi:10.1097/00004583-200206000-00005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200206000-00005
78. Hines, D. Fretz, A. C. Nollen, N. L. 'Regular and occasional smoking by college students: Personality attributions of smokers and non-smokers'Psychological Reports 83 (3Pt2): 1299-306.(1999)
79. Holm, K. Kremers, S. P. J. de Vries, H. 'Why do Danish adolescents take up smoking?'European Journal of Public Health 13 (1): 67-74.(2003)doi:10.1093/eurpub/13.1.67 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/13.1.67
80. Horn, K. Dino, G. Kalsekar, I. Massey, C. J. Manzo-Tennant, K. McGloin, T. 'Exploring the relationship between mental health and smoking cessation: A study of rural teens'Prevention Science 5 (2): 113-26.(2004)doi:10.1023/B:PREV.0000023081.55878.3a http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:PREV.0000023081.55878.3a
81. Hunt, Y. 'Generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation and patterns of substance use in adolescents'Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 65 (7-B): 3745.(2005)
82. Huver, R. M. E. Engels, R. C. M. E. de Vries, H. 'Are anti-smoking parenting practices related to adolescent smoking cognition and behavior?'Health Education Research 21 (1): 66-77.(2006)doi:10.1093/her/cyh045 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyh045
83. Islam, S. M. S. Johnson, C. A. 'Influence of known psychosocial smoking risk factors of Egyptian adolescents' cigarette smoking behaviour'Health Promotion International 20 (2): 135-45.(2005)doi:10.1093/heapro/dah604 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dah604
84. Ismali, K. Blatchley, N. Hotopf, M. Hull, L. Palmer, I. Unwin, C. et al. 'Occupational risk factors for ill health in Gulf veterans of the United Kingdom'Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 54 (11): 834-8.(2000)doi:10.1136/jech.54.11.834 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.11.834
85. Johnson, E. O. Breslau, N. 'Is the association of smoking and depression a recent phenomenon?'Nicotine and Tobacco Research 8 (2): 257-62.(2006)doi:10.1080/14622200600576644 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200600576644
86. Jones, L. R. 'Gender and ethnic differences in perceived stress as a predictor of smoking behaviors in rural adolescents'Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 65 (4-B): 2082.(2004)
87. Karatzias, A. Power, K. G. Swanson, V. 'Predicting use and maintenance of use of substances in Scottish adolescents'Journal of Youth and Adolescence 30 (4): 465-84.(2001)doi:10.1023/A:1010497216920 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010497216920
88. Kashdan, T. B. Vetter, C. J. Collins, R. L. 'Substance use in young adults: Associations with personality and gender'Addictive Behaviours 30 (2): 259-69.(2005)doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.05.014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.05.014
89. Kawabata, T. Shimai, S. Cross, D. Nishioka, N. 'Relationship between self-esteem and smoking behaviour among Japanese early adolescents: Initial results from a three-year study'Journal of School Health 69 (7): 280-4.(1999)doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb06409.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb06409.x
90. Kikuchi, Y. Masuda, M. Yoshimura, K. Inoue, T. Ito, M. Watanabe, S. 'Health consciousness of young people in relation to their personality'Journal of Epidemiology 9 (2): 121-31.(1999)doi:10.2188/jea.9.121 http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.9.121
91. Klevens, R. M. Giovino, G. A. Peddicord, J. P. Nelson, D. E. Mowery, P. Grummer-Strawn, L. 'The association between veteran status and cigarette-smoking behaviors'American Journal of Preventive Medicine 11 (4): 245-50.(1995)
92. Knox, S. Barnes, A. Kiefe, C. Lewis, C. E. Iribarren, C. Matthews, K. A. et al. 'History of depression, race, and cardiovascular risk in CARDIA'International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 13 (1): 44-50.(2006)doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1301_6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1301_6
93. Koenen, K. C. Hitsman, B. Lyons, M. J. Stroud, L. Niaura, R. McCaffery, J. et al. 'Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and late-onset smoking in the Vietnam era twin registy'Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 (1): 186-90.(2006)doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.186 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.186
94. Kopstein, A. N. Martin, S. S. Crum, R. M. Celentano, D. D. 'Sensation seeking needs among 8th and 11th graders: Characteristics associated with cigarette and marijuana use'Drug and Alcohol Dependence 62 (3): 192-203.(2001)doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00170-8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716%2800%2900170-8
95. Kouvonen, A. Kivimaki, M. Virtanen, M. Pentti, J. Vahtera, J. 'Work stress, smoking status, and smoking intensity: An observational study of 46,190 employees'Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59 (1): 63-9.(2005)doi:10.1136/jech.2004.019752 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.019752
96. Koval, J. J. McGrady, G. A. Carvajal, S. C. Pederson, L. L. Mills, C. A. 'Models of the relationship of stress, depression, and other psychosocial factors to smoking behaviour: A comparison of a cohort of students in grades 6 and 8'Preventive Medicine 30 (6): 463-77.(2001)doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0671 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2000.0671
97. Koval, J. J. Pederson, L. L. Chan, S. S. H. 'Psychosocial variables in a cohort of students in grades 8 and 11: A comparison of current and never smokers'Preventive Medicine 39 (5): 1017-25.(2004)doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.006
98. Koval, J. J. Pederson, L. L. Mills, C. A. McGrady, G. A. Carvajal, S. C. 'Models of the relationship of stress, depression, and other psychosocial factors to smoking behavior: A comparison of a cohort of students in Grades 6 and 8'Preventive Medicine 30 (6): 463-77.(2000)doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0671 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2000.0671
99. Kremers, S. P. J. Mudde, A. N. de Vries, H. 'Subtypes within the precontemplation stage of adolescent smoking acquisition'Addictive Behaviors 26 (2): 237-51.(2001)doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00104-0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603%2800%2900104-0
100. Leigh, J. Bowen, S. Marlatt, G. A. Spirituality, mindfulness and substance abuse. Addictive Behaviours 30 (7): 1335-41.(2005).doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.01.010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.01.010
101. Lejuez, C. W. Aklin, W. M. Bornovalova, M. A. Moolchan, E. T. 'Differences in risk-taking propensity across inner-city adolescent ever- and never-smokers'Nicotine and Tobacco Research 7 (1): 71-9.(2005)doi:10.1080/14622200412331328484 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200412331328484
102. Lerman, C. Niaura, R. Collins, B. N. Wileyto, P. Audrain-McGovern, J. Pinto, A. et al. 'Effect of Bupropion on depression symptoms in a smoking cessation clinical trial'Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 18 (4): 362-6.(2004)doi:10.1037/0893-164X.18.4.362 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.18.4.362
103. Li, Y. Unger, J. Gong, J. Chen, X. Chou, C. Johnson, C. A. 'Stressful life events and smoking in adolescents in Wuhan, China'Chinese Mental Health Journal 17 (2): 113-16.(2003)
104. Liu, X. 'Cigarette smoking, life stress and behavioural problems in Chinese adolescents'Journal of Adolescent Health 33 (3): 189-92.(2003)doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00020-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X%2803%2900020-X
105. Ludtke, H. A. Schneider, H. G. 'Habit-specific locus of control scales for drinking, smoking and eating'Psychological Reports 78 (2): 363-9.(1996)doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.363 http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.363
106. Manning, B. K. Catley, D. Harris, K. J. Mayo, M. S. Ahluwalia, J. S. 'Stress and quitting among African American smokers'Journal of Behavioral Medicine 28 (4): 325-33.(2005)doi:10.1007/s10865-005-9004-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9004-9
107. Markham, W. A. Aveyard, P. Thomas, H. Charlton, A. Lopez, M. L. de Vries, H. 'What determines future smoking intentions of 12- to 13-year-old UK African-Caribbean, Indian, Pakistani and white young people?'Health Education Research 19 (1): 15-28.(2004)doi:10.1093/her/cyg008 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg008
108. Matarazzo, J. D. Saslow, G. 'Psychological and related characteristics of smokers and non-smokers'Psychological Bulletin 57 (6): 493-513.(1960)doi:10.1037/h0040828 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0040828
109. Mazanov, J. Byrne, D. G. 'A cusp catastrophe model analysis of changes in adolescent substance use: Assessment of behavioural intention as a bifurcation variable'Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology and Life Sciences 10 (4): 445-70.(2006a)
110. Mazanov, J. Byrne, D. G. 'An evaluation of the stability of perceptions and frequency of adolescent risk taking over time and across samples'Personality and Individual Differences 40 (4): 725-35.(2006b)doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.018
111. Mazanov, J. Byrne, D. G. 'Changes in adolescent smoking behaviour and knowledge of health consequences of smoking'Australian Journal of Psychology 59 (3): 176-80.(2007)
112. Mazanov, J. Byrne, D. G. 'A comparison of predictors of the adolescent intention to smoke with adolescent current smoking using discriminant function analysis'British Journal of Health Psychology 7 (2): 185-201.(2002)doi:10.1348/135910702169439 http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/135910702169439
113. McCrae, R. R. and Costa, P. T. Jr.(1996) 'Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the five-factor model', in J. S. Wiggins (ed.), The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Theoretical Perspectives. New York: Guilford, pp. 51-87.
114. McGee, R. Williams, S. Shymala, N.-R. 'Is cigarette smoking associated with suicidal ideation among young people?'American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (3): 619-20.(2005)doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.619 http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.619
115. McKenna, H. Slater, P. McCance, T. Bunting, B. Spiers, A. McElwee, G. 'The role of stress, peer influence and education levels on the smoking behaviour of nurses'International Journal of Nursing Studies 40 (4): 359-66.(2003)doi:10.1016/S0020-7489(02)00099-8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7489%2802%2900099-8
116. Merrill, R. M. Folsom, J. A. Christopherson, S. S. 'The influence of family religiosity on adolescent substance use according to religious preference'Social Behaviour and Personality 33 (8): 821-36.(2005)doi:10.2224/sbp.2005.33.8.821 http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2005.33.8.821
117. Miller, T. Q. Volk, R. J. 'Family relationships and adolescent cigarette smoking: Results from a national longitudinal survey'Journal of Drug Issues 32 (3): 945-72.(2002)doi:10.1177/002204260203200314 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260203200314
118. Moore, S. Laflin, M. T. Weiss, D. L. 'The role of cultural norms in the self-esteem and drug use relationship'Adolescence 31 (123): 523-42.(1996)
119. Morissette, S. B. Brown, T. A. Kamholz, B. W. Gulliver, S. B. 'Differences between smokers and nonsmokers with anxiety disorders'Journal of Anxiety Disorders 20 (5): 597-613.(2006)doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.08.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.08.003
120. Nebot, M. Valmayor, S. Lopez, M. J. Tomas, Z. Arizen, C. Juarez, O. 'Factors associated with smoking onset: 3-year cohort study of schoolchildren'Archivos de Bronconeumologia 40 (11): 495-501.(2005)doi:10.1016/S1579-2129(06)60364-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1579-2129%2806%2960364-9
121. Nesbitt, P. D. 'Smoking, physiological arousal and emotional response'Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 25 (1): 137-44.(1973)doi:10.1037/h0034256 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0034256
122. Nonnemaker, J. M. McNeely, C. A. Blum, R. W. 'Public and private domains of religiosity and adolescent health risk behaviours: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health'Social Science and Medicine 57 (11): 2049-54.(2003)doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00096-0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536%2803%2900096-0
123. Norman, S. B. Norman, G. J. Rossi, J. S. Prochaska, J. O. 'Identifying high- and low-success smoking cessation subgroups using signal detection analysis'Addictive Behaviors 31 (1): 31-41.(2006)doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.019 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.019
124. O'Callaghan, F. Doyle, J. 'What is the role of impression management in adolescent cigarette smoking?'Journal of Substance Abuse 13 (4): 459-70.(2002)doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(01)00089-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3289%2801%2900089-X
125. O'Connell, M. L. Freeman, M. Jennings, G. Chan, W. Greci, L. S. Manta, I. D. et al. 'Smoking cessation for high school students: Impact evaluation of a novel program'Behavior Modification 28 (1): 133-46.(2004)doi:10.1177/0145445503259262 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445503259262
126. Olff, M. Meewisse, M. L. Kleber, R. J. van der Velden, P. G. Drogendijk, A. N. van Amsterdam, J. G. et al. 'Tobacco usage interacts with postdisaster psychopathology on circadian salivary cortisol'International Journal of Psychophysiology 59 (3): 251-8.(2006)doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.014
127. Op den Velde, W. Aarts, P. G. H. Falger, P. R. J. Hovens, J. E. van Duijn, H. de Groen, J. H. M. et al. 'Alcohol use, cigarette consumption and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder'Alcohol and Alcoholism 37 (4): 355-61.(2002)doi:10.1093/alcalc/37.4.355 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/37.4.355
128. Panter, A. T. Reeve, B. B. 'Assessing tobacco beliefs among youth using item response theory models'Drug and Alcohol Dependence 68 (Suppl 1): S21-S39.(2002)
129. Parrott, A. C. 'Nesbitt's Paradox resolved: Stress and arousal modulation during cigarette smoking'Addiction 93 (1): 27-40.(1998)doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.931274.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.931274.x
130. Peterson, A. V. J. Leroux, B. G. Bricker, J. Kealey, K. A. Marek, P. M. Sarason, I. G. et al. 'Nine-year prediction of adolescent smoking by number of smoking parents'Addictive Behaviors 31 (5): 788-801.(2006)doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.06.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.06.003
131. Piko, B. 'Smoking in adolescence. Does it matter?'Addictive Behaviors 26: 201-17.(2001)doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00101-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603%2800%2900101-5
132. Piko, B. F. Fitzpatrick, K. M. 'Substance use, religiosity, and other protective factors among Hungarian adolescents'Addictive Behaviours 29 (6): 1095-107.(2004)doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.03.022 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.03.022
133. Pirkle, E. C. Richter, L. 'Personality, attitudinal and behavioural risk profiles of young female binge-drinkers and smokers'Journal of Adolescent Health 38 (1): 44-54.(2006)doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.09.012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.09.012
134. Poikolainen, K. Tuulio-Henriksson, A. Lonnqvist, J. Aalot-Setala, T. Martunnen, M. 'Predictors of somatic symptoms: A five year follow-up of adolescents'Archives of Disease in Childhood 83 (5): 388-92.(2001)doi:10.1136/adc.83.5.388 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.83.5.388
135. Prendergast, T. J. Preble, M. R. Tennant, F. S. 'Drug use and its relation to alcohol and cigarette consumption in the military community of West Germany'International Journal of the Addictions 8 (5): 741-75.(1973)
136. Presson, C. C. Chassin, L. Sherman, S. J. 'Psychosocial antecedents of tobacco chipping'Health Psychology 21 (4): 384-92.(2002)doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.4.384 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.21.4.384
137. Richmond, R. L. Wodak, A. Kehoe, L. Heather, N. 'How healthy are the police? A survey of life-style factors'Addiction 93 (11): 1729-37.(1998)doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9311172910.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9311172910.x
138. Rose, J. S. Chassin, L. Presson, C. C. Sherman, S. J. 'Prospective predictors of quit attempts and smoking cessation in young adults'Health Psychology 15 (4): 261-8.(1996)doi:10.1037/0278-6133.15.4.261 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.15.4.261
139. Rotter, J. B. 'Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement'Psychological Monographs 80 (1): 1-28.(1966)doi:10.1037/h0092976 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0092976
140. Sarafino, E. P.(2006) Health Psychology: Biopsychosocial Interactions (4th edn). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
141. Schachter, S. Silverstein, B. Kozlowski, L. T. Perlick, D. Herman, C. P. Liebling, B. 'Studies of the interaction of psychological and pharmacological determinants of smoking'Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106 (1): 3-4.(1977)doi:10.1037/h0078126 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0078126
142. Schneider, H. G. Busch, M. N. 'Habit control expectancy for drinking, smoking and eating'Addictive Behaviours 23 (5): 601-7.(1998)doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00020-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603%2898%2900020-3
143. Simon, A. E. Wardle, J. Jarvis, M. J. Steggles, N. Cartwright, M. 'Examining the relationship between pubertal stage, adolescent health behaviours and stress'Psychological Medicine 33 (8): 1369-79.(2003)doi:10.1017/S0033291703008390 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703008390
144. Singleton, M. G. Pope, M. 'A comparison of successful smoking cessation interventions for adults and adolescents'Journal of Counseling and Development 78 (4): 448-53.(2000)doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01928.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01928.x
145. Siqueira, L. Diab, M. Bodian, C. Rolnitzky, L. 'Adolescents becoming smokers: The roles of stress and coping methods'Journal of Adolescent Health 27 (6): 399-408.(2000)doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00167-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X%2800%2900167-1
146. Smith, D. R. Devine, S. Laggat, P. A. Ishitake, T. 'Alcohol and tobacco consumption among police officers'Kurume Medical Journal 52 (1-2): 63-5.(2005)doi:10.2739/kurumemedj.52.63 http://dx.doi.org/10.2739/kurumemedj.52.63
147. Soldz, S. Cui, X. 'A Risk Factor Index predicting adolescent cigarettes smoking: A 7-year longitudinal study'Psychology of Addictive Behaviours 15 (1): 33-41.(2001)doi:10.1037/0893-164X.15.1.33 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.15.1.33
148. Sperber, A. D. Schvartzman, P. Peleg, A. Friger, M. 'Factors associated with daily smoking among Israeli adolescents: A prospective cohort study with a 3-year follow-up'Preventive Medicine 33 (2Pt1): 73-81.(2001)
149. Spigner, C. Shigaki, A. Tu, S.-P. 'Perceptions of Asian American men about tobacco cigarette consumption: A social learning theory framework'Journal of Immigrant Health 7 (4): 293-303.(2005)doi:10.1007/s10903-005-5126-y http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-005-5126-y
150. Stephens, S. Cellucci, T. Gregory, J. 'Comparing stage of change measures in adolescent smokers'Addictive Behaviours 29 (4): 759-64.(2004)doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.004
151. Steptoe, A. Wardle, J. 'Locus of control and health behaviour revisited: A multivariate analysis of young adults from 18 countries'British Journal of Psychology 92 (Pt4): 659-72.(2001)doi:10.1348/000712601162400 http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000712601162400
152. Steptoe, A. Wardle, J. Cui, W. Baban, A. Glass, K. Tsuda, A. et al. 'An international comparison of tobacco smoking, beliefs and risk awareness in university students from 23 countries'Addiction 97 (12): 1561-71.(2002)doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00269.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00269.x
153. Steuber, T. Banner, F. 'Adolescent smoking and depression: Which comes first?'Addictive Behaviors 31 (1): 133-6.(2006)doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.010
154. Straub, D. M. Hills, N. K. Thompson, P. J. Moscicki, A.-B. 'Effects of pro- and anti-tobacco advertising on nonsmoking adolescents' intentions to smoke'Journal of Adolescent Health 32 (1): 36-43.(2003)doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00451-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X%2802%2900451-2
155. Stuart, K. Borland, R. McMurray, N. 'Self-efficacy, health locus of control and smoking cessation'Addictive Behaviours 19 (11): 1-12.(1994)doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90046-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603%2894%2990046-9
156. Thomsson, H. 'Women's smoking behaviour - caught by a cigarette diary'Health Education Research 12 (2): 237-45.(1997)doi:10.1093/her/12.2.237 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/12.2.237
157. Thorndike, F. P. Wernicke, R. Pearlman, M. Y. Haaga, D. A. 'Nicotine dependence, PTSD symptoms, and depression proneness among male and female smokers'Addictive Behaviors 31 (2): 223-31.(2006)doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.023 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.023
158. Thornton, W. Douglas, G. A. Houghton, S. J. 'Transition through stages of smoking: The effect of gender and self-concept on adolescent smoking behaviour'Journal of Adolescent Health 25 (4): 284-9.(1999)doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00027-0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X%2899%2900027-0
159. Tilleczek, K. C. Hine, D. W. 'The meaning of smoking as health and social risk in adolescence'Journal of Adolescence 29 (2): 273-87.(2006)doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.07.002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.07.002
160. Timberlake, D. S. Rhee, S. H. Haberstick, B. C. Hopfer, C. Ehringer, M. Lessem, J. et al. 'The moderating effects of religiosity on the genetic and environmental determinants of smoking initiation'Nicotine and Tobacco Research 8 (1): 123-33.(2006)doi:10.1080/14622200500432054 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200500432054
161. Turner, L. R. Mermelstein, R. Berbaum, M. L. Veldhuis, C. B. 'School-based smoking cessation programs for adolescents: What predicts attendance?'Nicotine and Tobacco Research 6 (3): 559-68.(2004)doi:10.1080/14622200410001696475 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200410001696475
162. Tyas, S. L. Pederson, L. L. 'Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: A critical review of the literature'Tobacco Control 7 (4): 409-20.(1998)doi:10.1136/tc.7.4.409 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.7.4.409
163. Udry, J. R. Li, R. M. Hendrickson-Smith, J. 'Health and behavior risks of adolescents with mixed-race identity'American Journal of Public Health 93 (11): 1865-70.(2003)doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.11.1865 http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.11.1865
164. Unger, J. B. Li, Y. Johnson, C. A. Gong, J. Chen, X. Li, C. Y. et al. 'Stressful life events among adolescents in Wuhan, China: Associations with smoking, alcohol use, and depressive symptoms'International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 8 (1): 1-18.(2001)doi:10.1207/S15327558IJBM0801_01 http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327558IJBM0801_01
165. Unger, J. B. Rohrbach, L. A. Cruz, T. B. Baezconde-Garbanati, L. Howard, K. A. Palmer, P. H. et al. 'Ethnic variation in peer influences on adolescent smoking'Nicotine and Tobacco Research 3 (2): 167-76.(2001)doi:10.1080/14622200110043086 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200110043086
166. Van den Bree, M. B. M. Whitmer, M. D. Pickworth, W. B. 'Predictors of smoking development in a population-based sample of adolescents: A prospective study'Journal of Adolescent Health 35 (3): 172-81.(2004)doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.09.021 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.09.021
167. Vink, J. M. Boomsma, D. I. Willemsen, G. Engels, R. C. M. E. 'Smoking status of parents, siblings and friends: Predictors of regular smoking? Findings from a longitudinal twin-family study'Twin Research 6 (3): 209-17.(2003)
168. Vlahov, D. Galea, S. Resnick, H. Ahern, J. Boscarino, J. A. Bucuvalas, M. et al. 'Increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan, New York, residents after the September 11th terrorist attacks'American Journal of Epidemiology 155 (11): 988-96.(2002)doi:10.1093/aje/155.11.988 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/155.11.988
169. Wallace, J. M. Brown, T. N. Bachman, J. G. La Veist, T. A. 'The influence of race and religion on abstinence from alcohol, cigarettes and marijuana among adolescents'Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64 (6): 843-8.(2003)
170. Weinstein, N. D. 'Testing four competing theories of health-protective behaviour'Health Psychology 12 (4): 324-33.(1993)doi:10.1037/0278-6133.12.4.324 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.12.4.324
171. Whalen, C. K. Jamner, L. D. Henker, B. Delfino, R. J. 'Smoking and moods in adolescents with depressive and aggressive dispositions: Evidence from surveys and electronic diaries'Health Psychology 20 (2): 99-111.(2001)doi:10.1037/0278-6133.20.2.99 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.20.2.99
172. White, H. R. Pandina, R. J. Chen, P-H. 'Developmental trajectories of cigarettes use from early adolescent into young adulthood'Drug and Alcohol Dependence 65 (2): 167-78.(2002)doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00159-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716%2801%2900159-4
173. White, V. Hill, D. Hopper, J. 'The outgoing, the rebellious and the anxious: Are adolescent personality dimensions related to the uptake of smoking?'Psychology and Health 12 (1): 73-85.(1996)doi:10.1080/08870449608406923 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870449608406923
174. Whitlock, E. P. Ferry, L. H. Burchette, R. J. Abbey, D. 'Smoking characteristics of female veterans'Addictive Behaviors 20 (4): 409-26.(1995)doi:10.1016/0306-4603(95)00011-Z http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603%2895%2900011-Z
175. Wills, T. A. Sandy, J. M. Yaeger, A. M. 'Stress and smoking in adolescence: A test of directional hypotheses'Health Psychology 21 (2): 122-30.(2002)doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.2.122 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.21.2.122
176. Wills, T. A. Yaegar, A. M. Sandy, J. M. 'Buffering effect of religiosity for adolescent substance use'Psychology of Addictive Behaviours 17 (10): 24-31.(2003)doi:10.1037/0893-164X.17.1.24 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.17.1.24
177. Wynd, C. A. Ryan-Wenger, N. A. 'The health and physical readiness of Army reservists: A current review of the literature and significant research questions'Military Medicine 163 (5): 283-7.(1998)