Estimating attractiveness, hierarchy and catchment area extents for a national set of retail centre agglomerations

Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services

Volumn 28, Issue , 2016, Pages 78-90

  Dolega, Les ^a   Pavlis, Michalis ^a   Singleton, Alex ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Attractiveness score; GIS; Huff model; Retail catchments; Town centre hierarchy

Indexed keywords

AGGLOMERATION; COMPUTER SIMULATION; GIS; METROPOLITAN AREA; RETAILING; SATELLITE DATA; SHOPPING ACTIVITY; SOFTWARE;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84949467921     PISSN: 09696989     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.08.013     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Arentze T.A., Timmermans H.J.P. Deriving performance indicators from models of multipurpose shopping behaviour. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2001, 8(6):325-334.
2. ATCM, 2013. Successful Town Centres - Developing Effective Strategies. Association of Town & City Management, London. (accessed 06.08.15). http://www.gfirstlep.com/doc_get.aspx?DocID=40.
3. Benoit D., Clarke G.P. Assessing GIS for retail location planning. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 1997, 4(4):239-258.
4. Berry B.J.L. Commercial Structure and Commercial Blight: Retail Patterns and Processes in the City of Chicago 1963, University of Chicago, Department of Geography, Chicago, (Research Paper 85).
5. Birkin M., Clarke G., Clarke M. Refining and operationalizing entropy-maximizing models for business applications. Geogr. Anal. 2010, 42(4):422-445.
6. Borchert J. Spatial dynamics of retail structure and the venerable retail hierarchy. GeoJournal 1998, 45(4):327-336.
7. Burger M., Van Oort.F., Linders.G. On the specification of the gravity model of trade: zeros, excess zeros and zero-inflated estimation. Spat. Econ. Anal. 2009, 4(2):167-190.
8. Burger M., Meijers E., Van Oort.F. Regional spatial structure and retail amenities in The Netherlands. Reg. Stud. 2014, 48(12):1972-1992.
9. Calderwood E., Freathy P. Consumer mobility in the Scottish isles: The impact of internet adoption upon retail travel patterns. Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Pract. 2014, 59:192-203.
10. Epsom Town Centre: Comparison Goods Retail Study 2006-2011. CACI, London. (accessed 06.08.15). http://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk/(/EpsomComparisonRetailStudyFINAL.pdf.
11. CfRR, 2015. Online Retailing: Britain, Europe, US and Canada 2015. Centre for Retail Research, Newark, UK. (accessed 06.08.15). http://www.retailresearch.org/onlineretailing.php.
12. Cheng E.W.L., Li H., Yu L. A GIS approach to shopping mall location selection. Build. Environ. 2007, 42(2):884-892.
13. Christaller W. Central Places in Southern Germany (translated by Baskin C -1966) 1933, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
14. Clarke G. Changing methods of location planning for retail companies. GeoJournal 1998, 45(4):289-298.
15. Converse P. New laws of retail gravitation. J. Market. 1949, 14(3):170-171.
16. DCLG Planning for Sustainable Economic Growth 2009, TSO, London.
17. Davies Rl, Rogers D. Store Location and Assessment Research 1984, Wiley, Chichester.
18. De Beule M., Van den Poel D., Van de Weghe N. An extended Huff-model for robustly benchmarking and predicting retail network performance. Appl. Geogr. 2014, 46:80-89.
19. DeLisle J. The evolution of shopping center research: a 12-year retrospective. J. Shopp. Center Res. 2005, 12(2):1-82.
20. Dennis C. Objects of Desire: Consumer Behaviour in Shopping Centre Choices 2005, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
21. Dennis C., Marsland D., Cockett T. Central place practice: shopping centre attractiveness measures, hinterland boundaries and the UK retail hierarchy. J. of Retai. Consum. Serv. 2002, 9(4):185-199.
22. Dijkstra E.W. A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numer. Math. 1959, 1(1):269-271.
23. Dramowicz, E., 2005. Retail Trade Area Analysis using the Huff Model. Directions Magazine. (accessed 06.08.15). http://www.directionsmag.com/entry/retail-trade-area-analysis-using-the-huff-model/123411.
24. Drezner T. Derived attractiveness of shopping malls. IMA J. Manag. Math. 2006, 17(4):349-358.
25. Drezner T., Drezner Z. Validating the gravity-based competitive location model using inferred attractiveness. Ann. Oper. Res. 2002, 111(1-4):227-237.
26. Feinberg, R., Stanton, J., Keen, C., Kim, I.S., Hokama, L., de Ruyter, K., 2000. Attraction as a determinant of mall choice. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Retailing and Services Science. European Institute of Retailing and Services Science, Eindhoven.
27. Findlay, A., Sparks, L., 2010. The Retail Planning Knowledge Base Briefing Paper 13: Retail Vacancy. The National Retail Planning Forum, Aylesbury, UK. (accessed 06.08.15). http://www.nrpf.org.uk/PDF/nrpftopic13_vacancies.pdf.
28. Finn A., Louviere J. Shopping-center patronage models: fashioning a consideration set segmentation solution. J. Bus. Res. 1990, 21(3):259-275.
29. Finn A., Louviere J.J. Shopping centre image, consideration and choice: anchor store contribution. J. Bus. Res. 1996, 35(3):241-251.
30. Fotheringham A.S. Modelling hierarchical destination choice. Environ. Plan. A 1986, 18(3):401-418.
31. Fotheringham A.S. A new set of spatial interaction models: the theory of competing destinations. Environ. Plan. A 1983, 15(1):15-36.
32. Gonzalez-Benito O., Gonzalez-Benito J. The role of geodemographic segmentation in retail location strategy. Int. J. Res. Market. 2005, 47(3):295-316.
33. Guy C.M. Retail location analysis. Applied Geography: Principles and Practice 1999, 450-461. Routledge, London. M. Pacione (Ed.).
34. Guy C.M. Classifications of retail stores and shopping centres: some methodological issues. GeoJournal 1998, 45(4):255-264.
35. Hart C., Laing A. The consumer journey through the high street in the digital area. Evolving High Streets: Resilience and Reinvention - Perspectives from Social Science 2014, 36-39. University of Southampton, Southampton. N. Wrigley, E. Brookes (Eds.).
36. Huff, D., 2003. Parameter Estimation in the Huff Model. ArcUser 34-36. (accessed 06.08.15). https://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/1003/files/huff.pdf.
37. Huff D.L. Defining and estimating a trade area. J. Market. 1964, 28(3):34-38.
38. Hu P., Pooler J. An empirical test of the competing destinations model. J. Geogr. Syst. 2002, 4(3):301-323.
39. Jones, Simmons K.J. Location, Location, Location: Analyzing the Retail Environment 1993, Nelson, Scarborough, Ont, Canada. 2nd edition.
40. Joseph L., Kuby M. Gravity modeling and its impacts on location analysis. Foundations of Location Analysis 2011, 423-443. Springer, Boston, MA. H.A. Eiselt, V. Marianov (Eds.).
41. LDC, 2015. Location analysis: Tamworth - Employment Boom High Street Gloom. (accessed 02.06.15). http://blog.localdatacompany.com/location-analysis-tamworth-%E2%80%93employment-boom-high-street-gloom.
42. Lea A.C. An arsenal of trade areas. Bus. Geogr. 1998, 6:34-35.
43. Mintel Shopping Centres 1997, Mintel, London.
44. Newing A., Clarke G.P., Clarke M. Developing and applying a disaggregated retail location model with extended retail demand estimations: disaggregated retail location model. Geogr. Anal. 2015, 47(3):219-239.
45. ONS, 2012. 2011 Census, Population and Household Estimates for Small Areas in England and Wales. Office for National Statistics, London. (accessed 06.08.15). http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_288463.pdf.
46. Openshaw S. Insoluble problems in shopping model calibration when the trip pattern is not known. Reg. Stud. 1973, 7:367-371.
47. Oxford Institute of Retail Management, 2013. Diversity and the Uks High Streets. Available from: (Accessed 06.08.15). http://oxford-institute.sbsblogs.co.uk/2013/07/19/diversity-and-the-uks-high-streets/.
48. Powe N.A., Shaw T. Exploring the current and future role of market towns in servicing their hinterlands: a case study of Alnwick in the North East of England. J. Rural Stud. 2004, 20(4):405-418.
49. Pratt M., Wright J., Cockings S., Sterland I. Delineating retail conurbations: a rules-based algorithmic approach. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2014, 21(5):667-675.
50. Rasouli S., Timmermans H.J.P. Assessment of model uncertainty in destinations and travel forecasts of models of complex spatial shopping behaviour. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2013, 20(2):139-146.
51. Reilly W.J. The Law of Retail Gravitation 1931, Knickerbocker Press, New York.
52. Reimers V., Clulow V. Retail centres: it's time to make them convenient. Int. J. Retail Distrib. Manag. 2009, 37(7):541-562.
53. Retail Week, 2013. High Street Vacancy Rates Remain "Stubbornly High". Available from: 〈〉 (accessed 16.07.15). http://www.retail-week.com/high-street-vacancy-rates-remain-stubbornly-high/5052846.article.
54. Reynolds J., Schiller R. A new classification of shopping centres in Great Britain using multiple branchnumbers. J. Prop. Res. 1992, 9(2):122-160.
55. Roberts M., Eldridge A. Planning the Night-time City 2009, Routledge, Abingdon.
56. Savills, 2005. The Blackburn with Darwen Shopping Study 2005-2016. Savills, London. (accessed 06.08.15). http://www.preston.gov.uk/GetAsset.aspx?id=fAA2ADcANwAyAHwAfABUAHIAdQBlAHwAfAAwAHwA0.
57. Segal D.B. Retail trade area analysis: concepts and new approaches. J. Database Market. 1999, 6(3):267-278.
58. Singleton A., Wilson A., O'Brien O. Geodemographics and spatial interaction: an integrated model for higher education. J. Geogr. Syst. 2011, 14(2):223-241.
59. Tarjan R. Depth-first search and linear graph algorithms. SIAM J. Comput. 1972, 1(2):146-160.
60. Teller C., Elms J. Managing the attractiveness of evolved and created retail agglomerations formats. Market. Intell. Plan. 2010, 28(1):25-45.
61. Teller C., Reutterer T. The evolving concept of retail attractiveness: what makes retail agglomerations attractive when customers shop at them?. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2008, 15(3):127-143.
62. Teller C., Schnedlitz P. Drivers of agglomeration effects in retailing: the shopping mall tenant's perspective. J. Market. Manag. 2012, 28(9-10):1043-1061.
63. Thurstain-Goodwin M., Unwin D. Defining and delineating the central areas of towns for statistical monitoring using continuous surface representations. Trans. GIS 2000, 4(4):305-317.
64. Timmermans H.J.P. A stated choice model of sequential mode and destination choice behaviour for shopping trips. Environ. Plan. A 1996, 28(1):173-184.
65. Wilson A.G. Entropy in urban and regional modelling 1970, Pion, London,UK.
66. Wilson A.G. Urban and Regional Models in Geography and Planning 1974, Wiley, Chichester, UK.
67. Wilson A.G. Entropy in urban and regional modelling: retrospect and prospect. Geogr. Anal. 2010, 42(4):364-394.
68. Wrigley N., Branson J., Murdock A., Clarke G. Extending the Competition Commission's findings on entry and exit of small stores in British high streets: implications for competition and planning policy. Environ. Plan. A 2009, 41(9):2063-2085.
69. Wrigley N., Dolega L. Resilience, fragility, and adaptation: new evidence on the performance of UK high streets during global economic crisis and its policy implications. Environ. Plan. A 2011, 43(10):2337-2363.
70. Young W.J. Distance decay values and shopping center size. Prof. Geogr.r 1975, 27(3):304-309.
71. Yrigoyen, C.C., Otero, J.V., 1998. Spatial Interaction Models Applied to the Design of Retail Trade Areas. In: European Regional Science Association Conference 1998. Vienna, Austria. (accessed 06.08.15). http://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/economicas/coro/investigacion/viena98.PDF.