Relationship between organic carbon and opportunistic pathogens in simulated glass water heaters

Pathogens

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 355-372

  Williams, Krista ^a   Pruden, Amy ^a   Falkinham, Joseph O ^b   Edwards, Marc ^a  

^a State University   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Acanthamoeba; Assimilable organic carbon; Biostability; Drinking water; Legionella pneumophila; Mycobacterium avium; Opportunistic pathogens; Premise plumbing; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Vermamoeba vermiformis

Indexed keywords

DISSOLVED OXYGEN; ORGANIC CARBON;

ACANTHAMOEBA POLYPHAGA; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COUNT; BACTERIAL GROWTH; COLONY FORMING UNIT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DNA EXTRACTION; GENERAL DEVICE; GLASS WATER HEATER; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; MICROORGANISM DETECTION; MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON;

EID: 84949461137     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20760817     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4020355     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Yoder, J.; Roberts, V.; Craun, G.F.; Hill, V.; Hicks, L.; Alexander, N.T.; Radke, V.; Calderon, R.L.; Hlavsa, M.C.; Beach, M.J.; et al. Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water and Water not Intended for Drinking-United States, 2005-2006. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 2008, 57, 39-62.
2. Edwards, M.A.; Pruden, A.; Falkinham, J.O., III; Brazeau, R.; Williams, K.; Wang, H.; Martin, A.; Rhoads, W. Relationship Between Biodegradable Organic Matter and Pathogen Concentrations in Premise Plumbing; Water Research Foundation: Denver, CO, USA, 2013; p. 111.
3. Bartrand, T.A.; Causey, J.; Clancy, J. Naegleria fowleri: An emerging drinking water pathogen. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2014, 106, E418-E432.
4. Falkinham, J.O., III; Hilborn, E.D.; Arduino, M.J.; Pruden, A.; Edwards, M.A. Epidemiology and Ecology of Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens: Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ. Health Perspect. 2015, (in press)
5. Pruden, A.; Edwards, M.A.; Falkinham, J.O., III; Arduino, M.; Bird, J.; Birdnow, R.; Bédard, E.; Camper, A.; Clancy, J.; Hilborn, E.; et al. Research Needs for Opportunistic Pathogens in Premise Plumbing: Methodology, Microbial Ecology, and Epidemiology. Water Research Foundation Project 4379 Final Report; Water Research Foundation: Denver, CO, USA, 2013; p. 188.
6. Snoeyink, V.S.; Hass, C.H.; Boulos, P.F.; Burlingame, G.A.; Camper, A.K.; Clark, R.N.; Edwards, M.A.; LeChevallier, M.W.; McMullen, L.D.; Moe, C.L.; et al. Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks; National Research Council: Washington, D.C. USA, 2006; p. 392.
7. Wang, H.; Edwards, M.; Falkinham, J.O., III; Pruden, A. Probiotic Approach to Pathogen Control in Potable Water Systems? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 10117-10128, doi:10.1021/es402455r.
8. Pruden, A.; Edwards, M.A.; Falkinham, J.O., III; Arduino, M.; Bird, J.; Birdnow, R.; Bédard, E.; Camper, A.; Clancy, J.; Hilborn, E.; et al. Research Needs for Opportunistic Pathogens in Premise Plumbing: Methodology, Microbial Ecology, and Epidemiology. Water Research Foundation Project 4379 Final Report; Water Research Foundation: Denver, CO, USA, 2013; p. 188.
9. Rhoads, W.; Pruden, A.; Edwards, M.A. Anticipating Challenges with in-building Disinfection for Control of Opportunistic Pathogens. Water Environ. Res. 2014, 86, 540-549.
10. Van der Kooij, D.; van der Wielen, P.W.J.J. Microbial Growth in Drinking-Water Supplies Problems, Causes, Control and Research Needs; IWA Publishing: London, UK 2013.
11. Thomas, J.M.; Ashbolt, N.J. Do free-living Amoeba in treated drinking water system present an emerging health risk? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 860-869.
12. Van der Kooij, D. Assimilable organic carbon as indicator of bacterial regrowth. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 1992, 84, 57.
13. Camper, A.; Brastrup, K.; Sandvig, A.; Clement, J.; Spencer, C.; Capuzzi, A. Effect of distribution system materials on bacterial regrowth. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2003, 95, 107-121.
14. LeChevallier, M.W.; Schulz, W.; Lee, R.G. Bacterial nutrients in drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1991, 57, 857-862.
15. Norton, C.D.; LeChevallier, M.W.; Falkinham, J.O., III. Survival of Mycobacterium avium in a model distribution system. Water Res. 2004, 38, 1457-1466.
16. Wullings, B.A.; Bakker, G.; van der Kooij, D. Concentration and Diversity of Uncultured Legionella spp. in Two Unchlorinated Drinking Water Supplies with Different Concentrations of Natural Organic Matter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77, 634-641.
17. Van der Wielen, P.W.J.J.; van der Kooij, D. Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria, Fungi, and Opportunistic Pathogens in Unchlorinated Drinking Water in the Netherlands. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2013, 79, 825-834.
18. Clark, R.A.; Clarke, D.R. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Hydronic Heating Systems. J. Fail. Anal. Prev. 2004, 4, 38-42.
19. Mathys, W.; Stanke, J.; Harmuth, M.; Junge-Mathys, E. Occurrence of Legionella in hot water systems of single-family residences in suburbs of two German cities with special reference to solar and district heating. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2008, 211, 179-185.
20. Van der Kooij, D.; Veenendaal, H.R.; Scheffer, W.J.H. Biofilm formation and multiplication of Legionella in a model warm water system with pipes of copper, stainless steel and cross-linked polyethylene. Water Res. 2005, 39, 2789-2798.
21. Filter, U.S. Application Note: Preventing Microbial Contamination in Analytical Grade Water with Regular Sanitation, 2001, Literature No.: LO-Sanit-AN-0201.
22. Kayser, W.V.; Hickman, K.C.; Bond, W.W.; Favero, M.S.; Carson, L.A. Bacteriological Evaluation of an Ultra-Pure Water-Distilling System. Appl. Microbiol. 1975, 30, 704-706.
23. Kulakov, L.A.; McAlister, M.B.; Ogden, K.L.; Larkin, M.J.; O’Hanlon, J.F. Analysis of bacteria contaminating ultrapure water in industrial systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68, 1548-1555.
24. McAlister, M.B.; Kulkaov, L.A.; Larkin, M.J.; Ogden, K.L. Analysis of bacterial contamination in different sections of a high-purity water system. Ultrapure Water 2001, 18, 18-26.
25. Van der Kooij, D.; Oranje, J.P.; Hijnen. W.A.M. Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Tap Water in Relation to Utilization of Substrates at Concentrations of a Few Micrograms per Liter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982, 44, 1086-1095.
26. Favero, M.S.; Carson, L.A.; Bond, W.W.; Petersen, N.J. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Growth in distilled water from hospitals. Science 1971, 173, 836-838.
27. Van der Wielen, P.W.J.J. Opportunistic pathogens in unchlorinated drinking water in the Netherlands. In Proceedings of the American Water Works Association International Symposium on Waterborne Pathogens, Savannah, GA, USA, 13-14 April 2015.
28. Morton, S.C.; Zhang, Y.; Edwards, M. Implications of nutrient release from iron metal for microbial regrowth in water distribution systems. Water Res. 2005, 39, 2883-2892.
29. Zhang, Y.; Edwards, M. Accelerated chloramine decay and microbial growth by nitrification in premise plumbing. J. Am. Water Works Ass. 2009, 101, 51-62.
30. Proctor, C. Effect of Various Water Chemistry Factors on Legionella Proliferation and the Premise Plumbing Microbiome Composition. Master’s Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. USA, 2013.
31. Temmerman, R.; Vervaeren, H.; Noseda, B.; Boon, N.; Verstraete, W. Necrotrophic Growth of L. pneumophila. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72, 4323-4328.
32. Edwards, M.; Benjamin, M.M. Effect of Preozonation on Coagulant-NOM Interactions. J. Am. Water Work Assoc. 1992, 84, 63-72.
33. Strickhouser, A. Legionella pneumophila in domestic hot water systems: Evaluation of Detection Methods and Environmental Factors Affecting Survival. Master’s Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. USA, 2007.
34. Wadowsky, R.M.; Wolford, R.; McNamara, A.M.; Yee, R.B. Effect of temperature, pH, and oxygen level on the multiplication of naturally occurring Legionella pneumophila in potable water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985, 49, 1197-1205.
35. Hoffman, P.; Friedman, H.; Bendinelli, M. Legionella Pneumophila: Pathogenesis and Immunity. Springer Science & Business Media, LLC: New York, NY, USA, 2008.
36. Kuiper, M.W.; Valster, R.M.; Wullings, B.A.; Boonstra, H.; Smidt, H.; van der Kooij, D. Quantitative detection of the free-living Amoeba Hartmannella Vermiformis in surface water by using real-time PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72, 5750-5756.
37. Wang, H.; Edwards, M.A.; Falkinham, J.O., III; Pruden, A. Molecular Survey of Occurrence of Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Amoeba Hosts in Two Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78, 6285-6294.
38. Clescerl, L.S.; Greenberg, A.E.; Eaton, A.D. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20 ed. American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation:Washington, DC, USA, 1998.
39. Servais, P.; Billen, G.; Hascoet, M.C. Determination of the biodegradable fraction of dissolved organic matter in waters. Water Res. 1987, 21, 445-450.