Policy Feedback in the Public-Private Welfare State: Advocacy Groups and Access to Government Homeownership Programs, 1934-1954

Studies in American Political Development

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 250-267

  Thurston, Chloe N ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84949211150     PISSN: 0898588X     EISSN: 14698692     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0898588X15000097     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Jennifer Klein, For All These Rights: Business, Labor and the Shaping of America's Public-Private Welfare State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006)
2. Marie Gottschalk, The Shadow Welfare State: Labor, Business, and the Politics of Health Care in the United States (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000)
3. Jacob Hacker, The Divided Welfare State: The Battle over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
4. Christopher Howard, The Hidden Welfare State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997)
5. Suzanne Mettler, The Submerged State: How Invisible Government Policies Undermine American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011)
6. Kimberly Morgan and Andrea Campbell, The Delegated Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)
7. James Morone, "American Ways of Welfare," Perspectives on Politics 1(2003): 137-46.
8. see Christopher Howard, The Welfare State Nobody Knows (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 19-20
9. Howard, The Hidden Welfare State, 5
10. See Hacker, The Divided Welfare State, 12
11. Howard, The Hidden Welfare State
12. Mettler, The Submerged State
13. Suzanne Mettler, Degrees of Inequality: How the Politics of Higher Education Sabotaged the American Dream (New York: Basic Books, 2014)
14. Morgan and Campbell, The Delegated Welfare State, 21
15. Paul Starr and Gøsta Esping-Andersen, "Passive Intervention," Working Papers for a New Society, July/August 1979.
16. See Andrea Louise Campbell, "Policy Makes Mass Politics" Annual Reviews of Political Science 15(2012): 333-51
17. Andrea Louise Campbell, How Policies Make Citizens: Senior Political Activism and the American Welfare State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003)
18. Paul Pierson, "When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change," World Politics 45 (1993): 598-651
19. Joe Soss, "Lessons of Welfare: Policy Design, Political Learning, and Political Action," American Political Science Review 93 (1999): 363-80
20. Joe Soss and Sanford Schram, "A Public Transformed? Welfare Reform as Policy Feedback," American Political Science Review 100 (2007): 111-27
21. Suzanne Mettler, Soldiers to Citizens: The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
22. see Eric Patashnik and Julian Zelitzer, "The Struggle to Remake Politics: Liberal Reform and the Limits of Policy Feedback in the Contemporary American State," Perspectives on Politics 11 (2013): 1071-87.
23. See, for example, Elisabeth Clemens, "Lineages of the Rube Goldberg State: Building and Blurring Public Programs, 1900-1940," in Rethinking Political Institutions: The Art of the State, ed. Ian Shapiro, Stephen Skowronek, and Daniel Galvin (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 380-443
24. Carol Nackenoff and Julie Novkov, Statebuilding from the Margins: Between Reconstruction and the New Deal (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014)
25. Meg Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics: Economic Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
26. Richard Titmuss, Essays on "The Welfare State" (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1959)
27. Hacker, The Divided Welfare State, 12.
28. Howard, The Hidden Welfare State, chap. 5.
29. Morgan and Campbell, The Delegated Welfare State, 190-94
30. Mettler, The Submerged State, 37-40.
31. Mettler, Degrees of Inequality, 61-62.
32. Hacker, The Divided Welfare State, 50.
33. R. Douglas Arnold, The Logic of Congressional Action (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990)
34. Hacker, The Divided Welfare State, 42-43.
35. Mettler, Degrees of Inequality, 61.
36. See Gary Becker, The Economics of Discrimination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957)
37. Edmund Phelps, "The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism," American Economic Review 62 (1972): 659-61.
38. Christopher Bonastia, Knocking on the Door: The Federal Government's Attempt to Desegregate the Suburbs (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), especially p. 12.
39. Henry Aaron, Shelter and Subsidies: Who Benefits from Federal Housing Policies? (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1973)
40. Alex Schwartz, Housing Policy in the United States, 2nd Ed. (New York: Routledge, 2010).
41. Louis Hyman, Debtor Nation: The History of America in Red Ink (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 46-58
42. Charles M. Lamb and Adam W. Nye, "Do Presidents Control Bureaucracy? The Federal Housing Administration during the Truman-Eisenhower Era" Political Science Quarterly 127, no. 3 (2012): 454
43. Kenneth Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 203
44. Mark Gelfand, A Nation of Cities: The Federal Government and Urban America, 1933-1965 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), especially pp. 216-22
45. David Freund, Colored Property: State Policy and White Racial Politics in Suburban America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007
46. Kerry Vandell, "FHA Restructuring Proposals: Alternatives and Implications," Housing Policy Debate 6 (1995): 299-392
47. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 203.
48. National Housing Act: Hearing before the Committee on Banking and Currency, "National Housing Act," 51.
49. Vandell, "FHA Restructuring Proposals," 302.
50. Guy Stuart, Discriminating Risk: The U.S. Mortgage Lending Industry in the Twentieth Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 90-93
51. Stuart, Discriminating Risk, 93.
52. Freund, Colored Property
53. Hyman, Debtor Nation, 63.
54. Gelfand, A Nation of Cities, 216-22
55. James Greer, "The Better Homes Movement and the Origins of Redlining in the United States," in Statebuilding at the Margins: Between Reconstruction and the New Deal, ed. Carol Nackenoff and Julie Novkov (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014), chap. 7.
56. Gelfand, A Nation of Cities, 213
57. Greer, "The Better Homes Movement."
58. see David Freund, Colored Property, chap. 3
59. Kevin Fox Gotham, "Racialization and the State: The Housing Act of 1934 and the Creation of the Federal Housing Administration," Sociological Perspectives 43 (2000): 291-317.
60. see Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold Story of Racial Inequality in Twentieth Century America (New York: W.W. Norton, 2006), 29-30
61. "The Housing Loan," The Chicago Defender
62. see Desmond King, Separate and Unequal: African Americans and the U.S. Federal Government (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007)
63. "Accuse FHA of Jim Crow Home Construction Program," The Chicago Defender
64. Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White, 162-166
65. Freund, Colored Property, chaps 3-4
66. Charles Lamb, Housing Segregation in Suburban America since 1960: Presidential and Judicial Politics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 11-24
67. Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), chap. 2.
68. Freund, Colored Property, chap. 3.
69. Freund, Colored Property, loc. 1952.
70. See Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 187-88.
71. "Exposes 'Color Law' in Federal Housing Plans," 1.
72. Freund, Colored Property, loc. 2419.
73. "Bare Nationwide Plot to Restore Covenants," Chicago Defender 10/9/48, 1.
74. Raymond Foley, "An Integrated Approach to Community Housing Problems,"
75. Freund, Colored Property, loc. 2608.
76. Albert Cole (Commissioner, FHA) quoted in "1700 Concerns Join Housing Loan Program," Los Angeles Times 4/10/55, 21.
77. Arnold Hirsch, "'The Last and Most Difficult Barrier': Segregation and Federal Housing Policy in the Eisenhower Administration, 1953-1960," Report Submitted to the Poverty & Race Research Action Council, March 2005, 57.
78. See King, Separate and Unequal, 192.
79. Robert Burk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1984), 118.
80. See Robert Lieberman, Shifting the Color Line: Race and the American Welfare State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 6
81. Desmond King and Rogers Smith, "Racial Orders in American Political Development," The American Political Science Review 99 (2005): 75-92.
82. see Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Vintage Books, 2003), chap. 3
83. see Margot Canady, "Building a Straight State: Sexuality and Social Citizenship under the 1944 G.I. Bill," The Journal of American History 90 (2003): 935-57
84. Glenn Altschuler and Stuart Blumin, The GI Bill: A New Deal for Veterans (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 181-82.
85. Altschuler and Blumin, The GI Bill, 184.
86. S. H. Scheibla, "GI Loan Lag," Wall Street Journal 4/4/45, 1.
87. Kenneth A. Snowden, "Home Mortgage Insurance and Guarantee Activity: 1935-1999," Table Dc1105-1121, in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition Online, ed. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
88. See Wright Patman, testimony in House Committee on Banking and Currency, "1945 Housing Stabilization Act," 5-6.
89. Richard Davies, Housing Reform During the Truman Administration (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1966), 41.
90. "Homes-In Blueprint," Newsweek, 11/19/45.
91. L. E. Mahan (of Mortgage Bankers Association of America) statement in Senate Subcommittee on Housing and Redevelopment, "Post-War Economic Policy and Planning," 1855; 1877-78.
92. Taylor, testimony in "Amendments to the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944," 113.
93. "Legion, VFW Rap Veteran-Aid Delay" New York Times 4/23/45, 18.
94. American Legion, "The American Legion Housing Program," 10.
95. John Taylor Thomas, "Help for Joe," The American Legion Magazine, August 1945, 31.
96. Senate, "Amendments to the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944," 70-76.
97. Thomas, "Help for Joe," 31.
98. Veterans Administration, GI Loans, 4-5.
99. Scheibla, "GI Loan Lag," 5.
100. Veterans Administration, GI Loans, 5.
101. American Legion. Reports to the Twenty-Seventh Annual National Convention, Chicago, IL, November 18-21, 1945
102. American Legion. Reports to the Twenty-Seventh Annual National Convention. 105.
103. Altschuler and Blumin, The GI Bill, 182.
104. Veterans Administration, GI Loans, 6.
105. American Legion, "The American Legion Housing Program," 5
106. See also, Paul Griffith, "Now Let's Build Them," The American Legion Magazine, April 1947, 24.
107. American Legion, "The American Legion Housing Program," 5
108. Kathleen Frydl, The GI Bill (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 276.
109. Miles Colean, The Impact of Government on Real Estate Finance in the United States (UMI, 1950), 109
110. Colean, The Impact of Government on Real Estate Finance, 110.
111. Frydl, The GI Bill, 286-7
112. Altschuler and Blumin, The GI Bill, 183.
113. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, "Legislative History of the VA Home Loan Guaranty Program," at http://www.bene fits.va.gov/homeloans/documents/docs/history.pdf. Accessed 28 August 2015
114. Snowden, "Home Mortgage Insurance and Guarantee Activity."
115. Altschuler and Blumin, The GI Bill, 182-83.
116. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, "Legislative History," 5.
117. American Legion, Reports to the Twenty-Ninth National Convention of the American Legion, New York, NY, August 28-31 1947 (Indianapolis: American Legion, 1947), 257.
118. Jason Seawright and John Gerring, "Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options" Political Research Quarterly 61 (2008): 294-308
119. Frydl, The GI Bill, 264-65
120. Freund, Colored Property, loc. 2312
121. Bonastia, Knocking on the Door, 2
122. Mettler, Soldiers to Citizens, loc. 1512-17.
123. Beth Stevens, "Blurring the Boundaries: How the Federal Government Has Influenced Welfare Benefits in the Private Sector," in Margaret Weir, Ann Shola Orloff and Theda Skocpol (eds.), The Politics of Social Policy in the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), chap. 3, 146-48.