Mechanical behavior of polymer composites at cryogenic temperatures

Polymers at Cryogenic Temperatures

Volumn 9783642353352, Issue , 2013, Pages 59-113

  Sethi, Sanghamitra ^a   Ray, Bankim Chandra ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

Alternating differential scanning calorimeter; Atomic force microscope; Cryogenic temperature; Damage and degradation; Failure and fracture; Interphase; Mechanical properties; Polymer matrix composite; Scanning electron microscope

Indexed keywords

AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS; AEROSPACE INDUSTRY; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS; CORROSION RESISTANCE; CRACKS; CRYOGENICS; DAMPING; DEGREES OF FREEDOM (MECHANICS); DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; ELASTIC MODULI; ELASTOMERS; FILLED POLYMERS; FRACTURE; GLASS CERAMICS; GLASS TRANSITION; MILITARY APPLICATIONS; NANOCOMPOSITES; RESIDUAL STRESSES; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; STIFFNESS; TEMPERATURE; THERMAL EXPANSION;

ALTERNATING DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETER; ATOMIC FORCE; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE; CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES; DAMAGE AND DEGRADATION; FAILURE AND FRACTURE; INTERPHASE; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE; SCANNING ELECTRONS; THE DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETER (DSC);

POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES;

EID: 84949176599     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35335-2_4     Document Type: Chapter

References (124)

1. Lee SM (1993) Handbook of composite reinforcements. VCH, New York
2. Dorgham MA (1986) The economic case for plastics. In: Dorgham MA, Rosta DV (eds) Designing with plastics and advanced plastic composite. Interscience, Geneva, pp 10-13
3. Ray BC (2005) Effect of hydrothermal shock cycles on shear strength of glass fiber/polyester composite. J Reinf Plast Compos 24: 1335-1340
4. Ray BC (2005) Freeze-thaw response of glass-polyester composites at different loading rate. J Reinf Plast Compos 24: 1771-1776
5. Ray BC (2005) Effects of thermal and cryogenic conditionings on mechanical behavior of thermally shocked glass fiber/epoxy composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 24: 713-715
6. Ray BC (2005) Thermal shock and thermal fatigue on delamination of glass fiber reinforced polymeric composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 24: 111-116
7. Jang BZ (1994) Advanced polymer composites: principle and applications. ASM International, Materials Park
8. Hartwig G (2004) Polymer properties at room and cryogenic temperatures. Plenum, New York
9. Bunsell AR, Renard J (2005) Fundamentals of fibre reinforced composite materials. Institute of Physics, London
10. Hull D (1996) An introduction to composite materials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
11. Kaw AK (2006) Mechanics of composite materials. Taylor & Francis, London
12. Kelly A, Zweben C (2000) Comprehensive composite materials. Elsevier Science, Oxford
13. Moncrieff RW (1979) Man-made fibers, 6th edn. Butterworth, London
14. Thomson JL (1995) The interface region in glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites: 3. Characterization of fiber surface coatings and the interphase. Composites 26: 487-498
15. Plonka R, Mader E, Gao SL, Bellmann C, Duschk V, Zhandarov S (2004) Adhesion of epoxy/glass fiber composites influenced by aging effects on sizing. Adhesion 35: 1207-1216
16. Watts AA (ed) (1980) Commercial opportunities for advanced composites, STP 704. ASTM, Philadelphia
17. Kim JK, Mai YW (1992) Interfaces in composites. In: Chou TW (ed) Structure and properties of composites, vol 13, Materials science and technology. VCH, Weinheim, pp 239-289
18. Ishida H, Koening JL (1980) Effect of hydrolysis and drying on the coupling agent/matrix interface of fiber glass reinforced plastic by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Polym Sci B Polym Phys 17: 615-626
19. Moussawi E, Drown EK, Drzal LT (1993) The silane sizing composites interphase. Polym Compos 14: 195-200
20. Kim K, Mai YW (1998) Engineered interfaces in fiber reinforced composites. Elsevier, Kidlington
21. Plueddemann EP (ed) (1974) Interfaces in polymer matrix composites, vol 6, Composite materials. Academic, New York
22. Plueddemann EP, Stark GL (1980) In: Proceedings 35th Annual Technical Conference Reinforced Plastics/Composites Institute, New Orleans. SPI, Washington
23. Tsai HC, Arocho AM, Gause LW (1990) Prediction of fiber-matrix interphase properties and their influence on interface stress, displacement and fracture toughness of composite materials. Mater Sci Eng A126: 295-304
24. Williams JG, Donnellan ME, James MR, Morris WL (1990) Properties of the interphase in organic matrix composites. Mater Sci Eng A 126: 305-312
25. Frank O, Tsoukleri G, Riaaz I, Papagelis K, Parthenios J, Andre C, Geim AK, Novoselov S, Galootis C (2011) Development of universal stress tensor for graphene and carbon fiber. Nature Commun 2: 255. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1247
26. Ochola RO, Marcus K, Nurick GN, Franz T (2004) Mechanical behaviour of glass and carbon fibre reinforced composites at varying strain rates. Compos Struct 63: 455-467
27. Marshall P, Price J (1991) Topography of carbon fiber. Composite 22: 388-393
28. Horie K, Murai H, Mita I (1977) Bonding of epoxy resin to graphite fibers. Fiber Sci Technol 9: 253-264
29. Donnet JB, Bansal RC (1984) Carbon fibers. Marcel Dekker, New York
30. Jones C (1991) The chemistry of carbon fiber surfaces and its effect on interfacial phenomena in fiber/epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 42: 275-298
31. Thorne DJ (1970) Strength-modulus relation for carbonized acrylic fibres. Nature 225: 1039-1040
32. Kaelble DH, Dynes PJ, Maus L (1976) Hydrothermal aging of composite materials. Part 1: interfacial aspects. Adhesion 8: 121-144
33. Gilat A, Goldberg RK, Roberts GD (2002) Experimental study of strain-rate-dependent behavior of carbon/epoxy composite. Compos Sci Technol 62: 1469-1476
34. Goan JC, Martin TW, Prescot R (1973) The influence of interfacial bonding on the properties of carbon fiber composites. In: Proceedings 28th Annual Technical Conference on Reinforced Plastics/Composites Institute, Washington, DC. Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI), Washington
35. Chiao CC, Chiao TT (1977) Aramid fibers and composites. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-80400
36. Ganczakowski HL, Beaumont PWR (1989) The behaviour of Kevlar fibre-epoxy laminates under static and fatigue loadings. Part I-experimental. Compos Sci Technol 36: 299-319
37. Allred RE (1984) In: Proceedings of the 7th annual meeting of the Adhesion Society, New York.
38. Allred RE, Merrill EW, Roylance DK, Ishida H, Kumar G (eds) (1985) Molecular characterization of composite interfaces. Plenum, New York, pp 333-375
39. Northolt MG (1974) X-ray diffraction study of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber. Eur Polym J 10: 799-804
40. Morgan RJ, Kong FM, Lepper JK (1988) Laser induced damage mechanismof Kevlar-49/epoxy composites. J Compos Mater 22: 1027
41. 3:amine catalysts used in the cure of C fiber-epoxy prepregs. Polymer 26: 827-836
42. 3: amine catalysts used in the cure of C fiber-epoxy prepregs. Proceedings of the 29th National SAMPE Symposium, London, pp. 891-902
43. Penn LS, Ishida H, Kumar G (eds) (1985) Molecular characterization of composite interfaces. Plenum, New York
44. Moss M (1978) Effect of water-bearing fiber in Kevlar 49/epoxy composites. Sandia National Laboratories report SAND-77-0444
45. Hahn HT, Pagano NJ (1975) Curing stresses in composite laminates. J Compos Mater 9: 91-106
46. Updegraff I (1982) Unsaturated polyester resins. In: Lubin G (ed) Handbook of composites. Van Norstrand Reinhold, New York
47. Camino G, Luda MP, Polishchuk AY, Revellino M, Blancon R, Merle G, Martinez-Vega JJ (1997) Kinetic aspects of water sorption in polyester. Compos Sci Technol 57: 1469-1482
48. Launikitis MB (1982) Handbook of composites. Van Norstrand Reinhold, New York
49. Bascom WD, Drzal LT (1987) The surface properties of carbon fibers and their adhesion to organic polymers. NASA contract report 4084
50. Kaiser T (1989) Highly cross-linked polymers. Prog Polym Sci 14: 373-450
51. Mijovic J, Lin KF (1985) The effect of hygrothermal fatigue on physical/mechanical properties and morphology of neat epoxy resin and graphite/epoxy composite. J Appl Polym Sci 30: 2527-2549
52. Hartwig G, Knaak S (1984) Fibre-epoxy composites at low temperatures. Cryogenics 24: 639-647
53. Hiltner A, Baer E (1974) Mechanical properties of polymers at cryogenic temperature; relationships between relaxation, yield and fracture process. Polymer 15: 805-813
54. Dodiuk H, Kenig S, Liran I (1991) Low temperature curing epoxies for elevated temperature composites. Composites 22: 319-327
55. Boller A, Schick C, Wunderlich B (1995) Modulated scanning calorimetry in the glass transition region. Thermochim Acta 266: 97-111
56. Nielsen LE (1975) Mechanical properties of polymers and composites. Marcel Dekker, New York
57. Lu X, Jiang B (1990) Glass transition temperature and molecular parameters of polymers. Polymer 32: 471-478
58. Min BG, Stachurshi ZH, Hodgkin JH (2003) Cure kinetics of elementary reactions of a DGEBA/DDS epoxy resin: 1. Glass transition temperature. Polymer 34: 4908-4912
59. Barjasteh E, Bosze EJ, Tsai YI, Nutt SR (2009) Thermal aging of fibreglass/carbon-fiber hybrid composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci 40: 2038-2045
60. Ahlborn K, Knaak S (1988) Cryogenic mechanical behavior of a thick-walled carbon fiber reinforced plastic structure. Cryogenic 28: 273-277
61. Kellogg KG, Patil R, Kallmeyer AR, Dutta PK (2005) Effect of load rate on notch toughness of glass FRP subjected to moisture and low temperature. Int J Offshore Polar Eng 15: 54-61
62. Ray BC (2006) Temperature effect during humid ageing on interfaces of glass and carbon fibers reinforced epoxy composites. J Colloid Interf Sci 298: 111-117
63. Ray BC, Surendra Kumar M, Sharma N (2009) Microstructural and mechanical aspects of carbon/epoxy composites at liquid nitrogen temperature. J Reinf Plast Compos 28: 2013-2023
64. Ray BC (2006) Adhesion of glass/epoxy composites influenced by thermal and cryogenic environments. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1943-1949
65. Ray BC (2006) Loading rate effects on mechanical properties of polymer composites at ultralow temperatures. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2289-2292
66. Yano O, Yamaoka H (1995) Cryogenic properties of polymers. Prog Polym Sci 20: 585-613
67. Naruse T, Hattori T, Miura H, Takahashi K (2001) Evaluation of thermal degradation of unidirectional CFRP rings. Compos Struct 52: 533-538
68. Colin X, Verdu J (2005) Strategy for studying thermal oxidation of organic matrix composites. Compos Sci Technol 65: 411-419
69. Ray BC (2004) Thermal shock on interfacial adhesion of thermally conditioned glass fiber/epoxy composites rates. Mater Lett 58: 2175-2177
70. Ray BC (2004) Effect of crosshead velocity and sub-zero temperature on mechanical behavior of hygrothermally conditioned glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Mater Sci Eng: A 397: 39-44
71. Mader E, Gao SL, Plonka R (2004) Enhancing the properties of composites by controlling their interphase parameters. Adv Eng Mater 6: 147-150
72. Wang Y, Hahn TH (2007) AFM characterization of the interfacial properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites subjected to hygrothermal treatments. Compos Sci Technol 67: 92-101
73. Aktas M, Karakuzu R (2009) Determination of mechanical properties of glass-epoxy composites in high temperatures. Polym Compos 30: 1437-1441
74. Morioka K, Tomita Y, Takigawa K (2001) High-temperature fracture properties of CFRP composite for aerospace applications. Mater Sci Eng A 319: 675-678
75. Reed RP, Golde M (1997) Cryogenic composite supports: a review of strap and strut properties. Cryogenic 37: 233-250
76. Salin I, Seferis JC (1996) Anisotropic degradation of polymeric composites: from neat resin to composite. Polym Compos 13: 430-433
77. Borje A, Aders S, Lars B (2000) Micro- and meso-level residual stresses in glass/vinyl-ester composite. Compos Sci Technol 60: 2011-2028
78. Timmerman JF, Tillman MS, Matthew S, Hayes BS, Seferis JC (2002) Matrix and fiber influences on the cryogenic micro cracking of carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci 33: 323-329
79. Ueki T, Nishijma S, Izumi Y (2005) Designing of epoxy resin systems for cryogenic use. Cryogenics 45: 141-148
80. Hartwig G (1994) Polymer properties at room and cryogenic temperatures. Plenum, New York
81. Sawa F, Nishijima S, Onada T (1995) Molecular design of an epoxy for cryogenic temperature. Cryogenic 35: 767-769
82. Kanchanomai C, Rattananon S, Soni M (2005) Effects of loading rate on fracture behavior and mechanism of thermoset epoxy resin. Polym Test 24: 886-892
83. Zhou J, Lucas JP (1999) Hygrothermal effects of epoxy resin. Part II: variations of glass transition temperature. Polymer 40: 5513-5522
84. Ngono Y, Marechal Y, Mermilliod N (1999) Epoxy-amine reticulates observed by infrared spectroscopy. 1: Hydration process and interaction configurations of embedded water molecules. J Phys Chem B 103: 4979-4985
85. Liang L, Zhang SY, Chen YH, Liu MJ, Ding YF, Luo XW, Pu Z, Zhou WF, Li S (2005) Water transportation in epoxy resin. Chem Mat 17: 839-845
86. Maxwell ID, Pethrick RA (2003) Dielectric studies of water in epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 28: 2363-2379
87. Eidelman N, Raghavan D, Forster AM, Amis EJ, Karim A (2004) Combinatorial approach to characterizing epoxy curing. Macromol Rapid Comm 25: 259-263
88. Xiao GZ, Shanahan MER (1997) Water absorption and desorption in an epoxy resin with degradation. J Polym Sci Part B 35: 2659-2670
89. Zheng Q, Morgan RJ (1993) Synergistic thermal-moisture damage mechanisms of epoxies and their carbon fiber composites. J Compos Mater 27: 1465-1478
90. Tsenoglou CJ, Pavlidou S, Papaspyrides CD (2006) Evaluation of interfacial relaxation due to water absorption in fiber-polymer composites. Compos Sci Technol 66: 2855-2864
91. Browning CE, Husman GE, Whitney JM (1977) Moisture effects in epoxy matrix composites. In: Davis JG (ed) Composite materials: testing and design ASTM STP 617. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 481-496
92. Wu P, Siesler HW (2003) Water diffusion into epoxy resin: a 2D correlation ATR-FTIR investigation. Chem Phys Lett 374: 74-78
93. Lin YC, Chen X (2005) Moisture sorption-desorption-resorption characteristics and its effect on the mechanical behaviour of the epoxy system. Polymer 46: 11994-12003
94. Morozova EM, Sokolova NP, Bulgakova RA, Karpova IV (2004) The investigation of the interaction at the glass-fiber-polymer matrix interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 239: 81-83
95. Abdelkader AF, White JR (2005) Water absorption in epoxy resins: the effects of the crosslinking agent and curing temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2544-2549
96. Xiaoping H, Shenliang H, Liang Y (2003) A study on dynamic fracture toughness of composite laminates at different temperatures. Compos Sci Technol 63: 155-159
97. Garton A, Daly JH (1985) Characterization of the aramid: epoxy and carbon: epoxy interphases. Polym Compos 6: 195-200
98. Okoli OI, Smith GF (1998) Failure modes of fiber reinforced composites: the effect of strain rate and fiber content. J Mater Sci 33: 5415-5422
99. Okoli OI, Smith GF (1999) Aspects of the tensile response of random continuous glass/epoxy composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 18: 606-613
100. Okoli OI (2001) The effects of strain rate and failure modes on the failure energy of fibre reinforced composites. Compos Struct 54: 299-303
101. Barre S, Chotard T, Benzeggagh ML (1996) Comparative study of strain rate effects on mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced thermoset matrix composites. Compos Part A-Appl S 27A: 1169-1181
102. Gonzalez-Benito J (2003) The nature of structure gradient in epoxy curing at a glass fiber/epoxy matrix interface using FTIR imaging. J Colloid Interf Sci 267: 326-332
103. Jurgen E, Schawe K (2002) About the changes of heat capacity, glass transition temperature and relaxation time during polymerization reaction of thermosetting systems. Thermochim Acta 391: 279-295
104. Marom G, Broutman LJ (1981) Moisture penetration into composites under external stress. Polym Compos 2: 132-136
105. Detassis M, Pegoretti A, Migliaresi C (1995) Effect of temperature and strain rate on interfacial shear stress transfer in carbon/epoxy model composites. Compos Sci Technol 53: 39-46
106. Hughes D, Buck B, Cornwell A. (1982) In: Lubin G (ed) Handbook of composite materials. Van Norstrand Reinholds, New York
107. Greenhalgh ES (2009) Failure analysis and fractography of polymer composites. CRC, Cambridge
108. Brewis DM (1993) Adhesion to polymers: how important are weak boundary layers? Int J Adhes Adhes 13: 251-256
109. Miura M, Shindo Y, Narita F, Watanable S, Suzuku M (2009) Mode III fatigue growth of glass fiber reinforced polymer woven laminates at cryogenic temperature. Cryogenic 49: 407-412
110. Purslow D (1986) Matrix fractography of fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Composites 17: 289-303
111. Shindo Y, Takano S, Horiguchi K, Sato T (2006) Cryogenic fatigue behavior of plain weave glass/epoxy composite laminates under tension-tension cycling. Cryogenics 46: 794-798
112. Abdel-Magid B, Ziaee S, Gass K, Schneider M (2005) The combined effects of load, moisture and temperature on the properties of E-glass/epoxy composites. Compos Struct 71: 320-326
113. Hamouda AMS, Hashmi MSJ (1998) Testing of composite materials at high rates of strain: advances and challenges. J Mater Process Technol 77: 327-336
114. Anashkin OP, Keilin VE, Patrikeev VM (1999) Cryogenic vacuum tight adhesive. Cryogenics 39: 795-798
115. Shokrieh MM, Omidi J (2009) Tension behavior of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites under different strain rates. Compos Struct 88: 595-601
116. Rio TG, Zaera R, Barbero E, Navarro C (2005) Damage in CFRPs due to low velocity impact at low temperature. Compos Part B: Eng 36: 41-50
117. Saniee FF, Majzoobi GH, Bahrami M (2005) An experimental study on the behaviour of glass-epoxy composite at low strain rates. J Mater Process Technol 162: 39-45
118. Ishida H (1990) Controlled interphases in composite materials. Elsevier Science, New York, pp 431-440
119. Padmanabhan K (1996) Time-temperature failure analysis of epoxies and unidirectional glass/epoxy composites in compression. Compos Part A-Appl S 27A: 585-596
120. Tanoglu M, McKnight SH, Palmese GR, Gillespie JW (2000) A new technique to characterize the fiber/matrix interphase properties under high strain rates. Compos Part A: Appl Sci 31: 1127-1138
121. Jacob GC, Starbuck JM, Fellers JF, Simunovic S, Boeman RG (2004) Strain rate effects on the mechanical properties of polymer composite materials. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 296-301
122. Naik NK, Yernamma P, Thoram NM, Gadipatri R, Kavala VR (2010) High strain rate tensile behavior of woven fabric E-glass/epoxy composite. Polym Test 29: 14-22
123. Harding J, Li YL (1992) Determination of interlaminar shear strength for glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy laminates at impact rates of strain. Compos Sci Technol 45: 161-171
124. Harding J, Welsh LM (1983) A tensile testing technique for fibre-reinforced composite at impact rates of strain. J Mater Sci 18: 1810-1826