Engineering upconversion nanoparticles for biomedical imaging and therapy

Engineering in Translational Medicine

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 585-609

  Chen, Feng ^a   Bu, Wenbo ^a   Cai, Weibo ^b   Shi, Jianlin ^a  

^a SHANGHAI INSTITUTE OF CERAMICS   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INFRARED DEVICES; MEDICAL IMAGING; NANOPARTICLES; OPTICAL PROPERTIES;

BIOMEDICAL IMAGING; DEEP-TISSUE IMAGING; EMISSION EFFICIENCIES; IMAGING PROBE; MORPHOLOGY CONTROL; NEAR INFRARED BAND; SIZE-CONTROL; ULTRA-SMALL; UPCONVERSION LUMINESCENCE; UPCONVERSION NANOPARTICLES;

DOPING (ADDITIVES);

EID: 84949176031     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4372-7_22     Document Type: Chapter

References (87)

1. Zhou J, Liu Z, Li F (2012) Upconversion nanophosphors for small-Animal imaging. Chem Soc Rev 41(3): 1323-1349. doi: 10.1039/c1cs15187h
2. Auzel F (2004) Upconversion and anti-Stokes processes with f and d ions in solids. Chem Rev 104(1): 139-173. doi: 10.1021/cr020357g
3. Haase M, Schafer H (2011) Upconverting nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(26): 5808-5829. doi: 10.1002/anie.201005159
4. Ju Q, Tu D, Liu Y, Li R, Zhu H, Chen J, Chen Z, Huang M, Chen X (2012) Aminefunctionalized lanthanide-doped KGdF4 nanocrystals as potential optical/magnetic multimodal bioprobes. J Am Chem Soc 134(2): 1323-1330. doi: 10.1021/ja2102604
5. Wu S, Han G, Milliron DJ, Aloni S, Altoe V, Talapin DV, Cohen BE, Schuck PJ (2009) Nonblinking and photostable upconverted luminescence from single lanthanide-doped nanocrystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(27): 10917-10921. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904792106
6. Cheng L, Wang C, Liu Z (2012) Upconversion nanoparticles and their composite nanostructures for biomedical imaging and cancer therapy. Nanoscale 5(1): 23-37. doi: 10.1039/c2nr32311g
7. Park YI, Kim JH, Lee KT, Jeon KS, Bin Na H, Yu JH, Kim HM, Lee N, Choi SH, Baik SI, Kim H, Park SP, Park BJ, Kim YW, Lee SH, Yoon SY, Song IC, Moon WK, Suh YD, Hyeon T (2009) Nonblinking and nonbleaching upconverting nanoparticles as an optical imaging nanoprobe and T1 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. Adv Mater 21 (44): 4467. doi: 10.1002/adma.200901356
8. Chatterjee DK, Rufaihah AJ, Zhang Y (2008) Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals. Biomaterials 29(7): 937-943. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.10.051
9. Nam SH, Bae YM, Park YI, Kim JH, Kim HM, Choi JS, Lee KT, Hyeon T, Suh YD (2011) Long-term real-time tracking of lanthanide ion doped upconverting nanoparticles in living cells. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(27): 6093-6097. doi: 10.1002/anie.201007979
10. Xiong L, Chen Z, Tian Q, Cao T, Xu C, Li F (2009) High contrast upconversion luminescence targeted imaging in vivo using peptide-labeled nanophosphors. Anal Chem 81(21): 8687-8694. doi: 10.1021/ac901960d
11. Chen F, Bu WB, Zhang SJ, Liu XH, Liu JN, Xing HY, Xiao QF, Zhou LP, Peng WJ, Wang LZ, Shi JL (2011) Positive and negative lattice shielding effects co-existing in Gd(III) ion doped bifunctional upconversion nanoprobes. Adv Funct Mater 21(22): 4285-4294. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201101663
12. Kumar R, Nyk M, Ohulchanskyy TY, Flask CA, Prasad PN (2009) Combined optical and MR bioimaging using rare earth ion doped NaYF4 nanocrystals. Adv Funct Mater 19(6): 853-859. doi: 10.1002/adfm.200800765
13. Zhou J, Sun Y, Du X, Xiong L, Hu H, Li F (2010) Dual-modality in vivo imaging using rareearth nanocrystals with near-infrared to near-infrared (NIR-to-NIR) upconversion luminescence and magnetic resonance properties. Biomaterials 31(12): 3287-3295. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.040
14. He M, Huang P, Zhang CL, Hu HY, Bao CC, Gao G, He R, Cui DX (2011) Dual phasecontrolled synthesis of uniform lanthanide-doped NaGdF4 upconversion nanocrystals via an OA/Ionic Liquid Two-Phase System for in vivo dual-modality imaging. Adv Funct Mater 21(23): 4470-4477. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201101040
15. Liu Y, Ai K, Liu J, Yuan Q, He Y, Lu L (2012) A high-performance ytterbium-based nanoparticulate contrast agent for in vivo X-ray computed tomography imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed 51(6): 1437-1442. doi: 10.1002/anie.201106686
16. Zhu X, Zhou J, Chen M, Shi M, Feng W, Li F (2012) Core-shell Fe3O4@NaLuF4: Yb, Er/Tm nanostructure for MRI, CT and upconversion luminescence tri-modality imaging. Biomaterials 33(18): 4618-4627. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.007
17. Wang F, Banerjee D, Liu Y, Chen X, Liu X (2010) Upconversion nanoparticles in biological labeling, imaging, and therapy. Analyst 135(8): 1839-1854. doi: 10.1039/c0an00144a
18. Hong H, Yang K, Zhang Y, Engle JW, Feng L, Yang Y, Nayak TR, Goel S, Bean J, Theuer CP, Barnhart TE, Liu Z, Cai W (2012) In Vivo Targeting and Imaging of Tumor Vasculature with Radiolabeled, Antibody-Conjugated Nanographene. Acs Nano 6(3): 2361-2370. doi: 10.1021/nn204625e
19. Idris NM, Gnanasammandhan MK, Zhang J, Ho PC, Mahendran R, Zhang Y (2012) In vivo photodynamic therapy using upconversion nanoparticles as remote-controlled nanotransducers. Nat Med 18(10): 1580-1585. doi: 10.1038/nm.2933
20. Wang X, Zhuang J, Peng Q, Li Y (2005) A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis. Nature 437(7055): 121-124. doi: 10.1038/nature03968
21. Mai HX, Zhang YW, Si R, Yan ZG, Sun LD, You LP, Yan CH (2006) High-quality sodium rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals: controlled synthesis and optical properties. J Am Chem Soc 128(19): 6426-6436. doi: 10.1021/ja060212h
22. Boyer JC, Cuccia LA, Capobianco JA (2007) Synthesis of colloidal upconverting NaYF4: Er3+/Yb3+ and Tm3+/Yb3+ monodisperse nanocrystals. Nano Lett 7(3): 847-852. doi: 10.1021/nl070235+
23. Qian HS, Zhang Y (2008) Synthesis of hexagonal-phase core-shell NaYF4 nanocrystals with tunable upconversion fluorescence. Langmuir 24(21): 12123-12125. doi: 10.1021/la802343f
24. Li Z Zhang Y. 2008 An efficient and user-friendly method for the synthesis of hexagonalphase NaYF(4): Yb, Er/Tm nanocrystals with controllable shape and upconversion fluorescence Nanotechnology 19 34 345606 doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/34/345606
25. Choi HS, Liu W, Liu F, Nasr K, Misra P, Bawendi MG, Frangioni JV (2010) Design considerations for tumour-targeted nanoparticles. Nat Nanotechnol 51): 42-47. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2009.314
26. Choi HS, Liu W, Misra P, Tanaka E, Zimmer JP, Itty Ipe B, Bawendi MG, Frangioni JV (2007) Renal clearance of quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 25(10): 1165-1170. doi: 10.1038/nbt1340
27. Boyer JC, Van Veggel FC (2010) Absolute quantum yield measurements of colloidal NaYF4: Er3+, Yb3+ upconverting nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2(8): 1417-1419. doi: 10.1039/c0nr00253d
28. Wang F, Han Y, Lim CS, Lu YH, Wang J, Xu J, Chen HY, Zhang C, Hong MH, Liu XG (2010) Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide doping. Nature 463(7284): 1061-1065. doi: 10.1038/Nature08777
29. Liu Q, Sun Y, Yang T, Feng W, Li C, Li F (2011) Sub-10 nm hexagonal lanthanide-doped NaLuF4 upconversion nanocrystals for sensitive bioimaging in vivo. J Am Chem Soc 133(43): 17122-17125. doi: 10.1021/ja207078s
30. Wang F, Wang J, Liu X (2010) Direct evidence of a surface quenching effect on sizedependent luminescence of upconversion nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed 49(41): 7456-7460. doi: 10.1002/anie.201003959
31. Chen Y, Gao Y, Chen H, Zeng D, Li Y, Zheng Y, Li F, Ji X, Wang X, Chen F, He Q, Zhang L, Shi J (2012) Engineering inorganic nanoemulsions/nanoliposomes by fluoride-silica chemistry for efficient delivery/co-delivery of hydrophobic agents. Adv Funct Mater: n/a-n/a. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201102052
32. Ostrowski AD, Chan EM, Gargas DJ, Katz EM, Han G, Schuck PJ, Milliron DJ, Cohen BE (2012) Controlled synthesis and single-particle imaging of bright, sub-10 nm lanthanidedoped upconverting nanocrystals. ACS Nano 6(3): 2686-2692. doi: 10.1021/nn3000737
33. Bogdan N, Vetrone F, Ozin GA, Capobianco JA (2011) Synthesis of ligand-free colloidally stable water dispersible brightly luminescent lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles. Nano Lett 11(2): 835-840. doi: 10.1021/nl1041929
34. Zhang T, Ge J, Hu Y, Yin Y (2007) A general approach for transferring hydrophobic nanocrystals into water. Nano Lett 7(10): 3203-3207. doi: 10.1021/nl071928t
35. Chen Z, Chen H, Hu H, Yu M, Li F, Zhang Q, Zhou Z, Yi T, Huang C (2008) Versatile synthesis strategy for carboxylic acid-functionalized upconverting nanophosphors as biological labels. J Am Chem Soc 130(10): 3023-3029. doi: 10.1021/ja076151k
36. Wang L, Yan R, Huo Z, Wang L, Zeng J, Bao J, Wang X, Peng Q, Li Y (2005) Fluorescence resonant energy transfer biosensor based on upconversion-luminescent nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed 44(37): 6054-6057. doi: 10.1002/anie.200501907
37. Li LL, Zhang R, Yin L, Zheng K, Qin W, Selvin PR, Lu Y (2012) Biomimetic surface engineering of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles as versatile bioprobes. Angew Chem Int Ed 51(25): 6121-6125. doi: 10.1002/anie.201109156
38. Liu Q, Li C, Yang T, Yi T, Li F (2010) "Drawing" upconversion nanophosphors into water through host-guest interaction. Chem Commun 46(30): 5551-5553. doi: 10.1039/c0cc01352h
39. Chen F, Zhang S, Bu W, Liu X, Chen Y, He Q, Zhu M, Zhang L, Zhou L, Peng W, Shi J (2010) A "neck-formation" strategy for an antiquenching magnetic/upconversion fluorescent bimodal cancer probe. Chemistry 16(37): 11254-11260. doi: 10.1002/chem.201000525
40. Nyk M, Kumar R, Ohulchanskyy TY, Bergey EJ, Prasad PN (2008) High contrast in vitro and in vivo photoluminescence bioimaging using near infrared to near infrared up-conversion in Tm3+ and Yb3+ doped fluoride nanophosphors. Nano Lett 8(11): 3834-3838
41. Park YI, Kim HM, Kim JH, Moon KC, Yoo B, Lee KT, Lee N, Choi Y, Park W, Ling D, Na K, Moon WK, Choi SH, Park HS, Yoon SY, Suh YD, Lee SH, Hyeon T (2012) Theranostic probe based on lanthanide-doped nanoparticles for simultaneous in vivo dual-modal imaging and photodynamic therapy. Adv Mater 24(42): 5755-5761. doi: 10.1002/adma.201202433
42. Tian G, Gu Z, Zhou L, Yin W, Liu X, Yan L, Jin S, Ren W, Xing G, Li S, Zhao Y (2012) Mn2+ dopant-controlled synthesis of NaYF4: Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles for in vivo imaging and drug delivery. Adv Mater 24(9): 1226-1231. doi: 10.1002/adma.201104741
43. Wang F, Deng R, Wang J, Wang Q, Han Y, Zhu H, Chen X, Liu X (2011) Tuning upconversion through energy migration in core-shell nanoparticles. Nat Mater 10(12): 968-973. doi: 10.1038/nmat3149
44. Wang J, Wang F, Wang C, Liu Z, Liu X (2011) Single-band upconversion emission in lanthanide-doped KMnF3 nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(44): 10369-10372. doi: 10.1002/anie.201104192
45. Wang F, Liu X (2008) Upconversion multicolor fine-tuning: visible to near-infrared emission from lanthanide-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 130(17): 5642-5643. doi: 10.1021/ja800868a
46. Chen G, Ohulchanskyy TY, Kumar R, Agren H, Prasad PN (2010) Ultrasmall monodisperse NaYF(4): Yb(3+)/Tm(3+) nanocrystals with enhanced near-infrared to near-infrared upconversion photoluminescence. ACS Nano 4(6): 3163-3168. doi: 10.1021/nn100457j
47. Dong C, Korinek A, Blasiak B, Tomanek B, Van Veggel FCJM (2012) Cation exchange: a facile method to make NaYF4: Yb, Tm-NaGdF4Core-shell nanoparticles with a thin, tunable, and uniform shell. Chem Mater 24(7): 1297-1305. doi: 10.1021/cm2036844
48. Johnson NJ, Korinek A, Dong C, Van Veggel FC (2012) Self-focusing by Ostwald ripening: a strategy for layer-by-layer epitaxial growth on upconverting nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 134(27): 11068-11071. doi: 10.1021/ja302717u
49. Chen G, Shen J, Ohulchanskyy TY, Patel NJ, Kutikov A, Li Z, Song J, Pandey RK, Agren H, Prasad PN, Han G (2012) (alpha-NaYbF4: Tm(3+))/CaF2 core/shell nanoparticles with efficient near-infrared to near-infrared upconversion for high-contrast deep tissue bioimaging. ACS Nano 6(9): 8280-8287. doi: 10.1021/nn302972r
50. Xie MY, Peng XN, Fu XF, Zhang JJ, Lia GL, Yu XF (2009) Synthesis of Yb3+/Er3+ codoped MnF2 nanocrystals with bright red up-converted fluorescence. Scripta Mater 60(3): 190-193. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.10.010
51. Zeng JH, Xie T, Li ZH, Li YD (2007) Monodispersed nanocrystalline fluoroperovskite upconversion phosphors. Cryst Growth Des 7(12): 2774-2777. doi: 10.1021/Cg070477n
52. Cai W, Hong H (2011) Peptoid and positron emission tomography: an appealing combination. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 1(1): 76-79
53. Cai W, Zhang Y, Kamp TJ (2011) Imaging of induced pluripotent stem cells: from cellular reprogramming to transplantation. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 1(1): 18-28
54. Zhang Y, Cai W (2012) Molecular imaging of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in cancer. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2(2): 248-259
55. Zhang Y, Hong H, Engle JW, Yang Y, Barnhart TE, Cai W (2012) Positron emission tomography and near-infrared fluorescence imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor with dual-labeled bevacizumab. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2(1): 1-13
56. Xia A, Gao Y, Zhou J, Li C, Yang T, Wu D, Wu L, Li F (2011) Core-shell NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+@FexOy nanocrystals for dual-modality T2-enhanced magnetic resonance and NIR-to-NIR upconversion luminescent imaging of small-Animal lymphatic node. Biomaterials 32(29): 7200-7208. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.094
57. Guo H, Li Z, Qian H, Hu Y, Muhammad IN (2010) Seed-mediated synthesis of NaY F4: Y b, Er/NaGdF4 nanocrystals with improved upconversion fluorescence and MR relaxivity. Nanotechnology 21(12): 125602. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/12/125602
58. Johnson NJJ, Oakden W, Stanisz GJ, Scott Prosser R, Van Veggel FCJM (2011) Size-Tunable, Ultrasmall NaGdF4 Nanoparticles: Insights into Their T1 MRI Contrast Enhancement. Chemistry of Materials 23(16): 3714-3722. doi: 10.1021/cm201297x
59. Chen F, Bu W, Zhang S, Liu J, Fan W, Zhou L, Peng W, Shi J (2013) Gd3+-Ion-Doped Upconversion Nanoprobes: Relaxivity Mechanism Probing and Sensitivity Optimization. Adv Funct Mater 23(3): 298-307. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201201469
60. Xing H, Bu W, Zhang S, Zheng X, Li M, Chen F, He Q, Zhou L, Peng W, Hua Y, Shi J (2012) Multifunctional nanoprobes for upconversion fluorescence, MR and CT trimodal imaging. Biomaterials 33(4): 1079-1089. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.039
61. Xia A Chen M Gao Y Wu D Feng W Li F. 2012 Gd3+ complex-modified NaLuF4-based upconversion nanophosphors for trimodality imaging of NIR-to-NIR upconversion luminescence, X-Ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance. Biomaterials 33 21 5394-5405 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.025
62. Zhou J, Zhu X, Chen M, Sun Y, Li F (2012) Water-stable NaLuF4-based upconversion nanophosphors with long-term validity for multimodal lymphatic imaging. Biomaterials 33(26): 6201-6210. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.036
63. Liu Y, Ai K, Liu J, Yuan Q, He Y, Lu L (2012) Hybrid BaYbF(5) nanoparticles: novel binary contrast agent for high-resolution in vivo X-ray computed tomography angiography. Adv Healthc Mater 1(4): 461-466. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201200028
64. Zeng S, Tsang MK, Chan CF, Wong KL, Hao J (2012) PEG modified BaGdF(5): Yb/Er nanoprobes for multi-modal upconversion fluorescent, in vivo X-ray computed tomography and biomagnetic imaging. Biomaterials 33(36): 9232-9238. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.019
65. Xiao Q, Bu W, Ren Q, Zhang S, Xing H, Chen F, Li M, Zheng X, Hua Y, Zhou L, Peng W, Qu H, Wang Z, Zhao K, Shi J (2012) Radiopaque fluorescence-transparent TaOx decorated upconversion nanophosphors for in vivo CT/MR/UCL trimodal imaging. Biomaterials 33(30): 7530-7539. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.028
66. Liu Q, Sun Y, Li C, Zhou J, Li C, Yang T, Zhang X, Yi T, Wu D, Li F (2011) 18F-Labeled magnetic-upconversion nanophosphors via rare-Earth cation-Assisted ligand assembly. ACS Nano 5(4): 3146-3157. doi: 10.1021/nn200298y
67. Sun Y, Yu M, Liang S, Zhang Y, Li C, Mou T, Yang W, Zhang X, Li B, Huang C, Li F (2011) Fluorine-18 labeled rare-earth nanoparticles for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of sentinel lymph node. Biomaterials 32(11): 2999-3007. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.011
68. Chen F, Bu W, Zhang S, Liu X, Liu J, Xing H, Xiao Q, Zhou L, Peng W, Wang L, Shi J (2011) Positive and negative lattice shielding effects co-existing in Gd(III) ion doped bifunctional upconversion nanoprobes. Adv Funct Mater 21(22): 4285-4294. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201101663
69. Liu Q, Chen M, Sun Y, Chen G, Yang T, Gao Y, Zhang X, Li F (2011) Multifunctional rareearth self-Assembled nanosystem for tri-modal upconversion luminescence/fluorescence/positron emission tomography imaging. Biomaterials 32(32): 8243-8253. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.053
70. Sun Y, Liu Q, Peng J, Feng W, Zhang Y, Yang P, Li F (2012) Radioisotope post-labeling upconversion nanophosphors for in vivo quantitative tracking. Biomaterials 27(12): 01306-01303 01306. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.11.047
71. Yang Y, Sun Y, Cao T, Peng J, Liu Y, Wu Y, Feng W, Zhang Y, Li F (2013) Hydrothermal synthesis of NaLuF4: 153Sm, Yb, Tm nanoparticles and their application in dual-modality upconversion luminescence and SPECT bioimaging. Biomaterials 34(3): 774-783
72. Cui S, Yin D, Chen Y, Di Y, Chen H, Ma Y, Achilefu S, Gu Y (2012) In vivo targeted deeptissue photodynamic therapy based on near-infrared light triggered upconversion nanoconstruct. ACS Nano. doi: 10.1021/nn304872n
73. Qian HS, Guo HC, Ho PC, Mahendran R, Zhang Y (2009) Mesoporous-silica-coated upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Small 5(20): 2285-2290. doi: 10.1002/smll.200900692
74. Zhao Z, Han Y, Lin C, Hu D, Wang F, Chen X, Chen Z, Zheng N (2012) Multifunctional core-shell upconverting nanoparticles for imaging and photodynamic therapy of liver cancer cells. Chem Asian J 7(4): 830-837. doi: 10.1002/asia.201100879
75. Chen F, Zhang S, Bu W, Chen Y, Xiao Q, Liu J, Xing H, Zhou L, Peng W, Shi J (2012) A uniform sub-50 nm-sized magnetic/upconversion fluorescent bimodal imaging agent capable of generating singlet oxygen by using a 980 nm laser Chemistry 18(23): 7082-7090. doi: 10.1002/chem.201103611
76. Zhang P, Steelant W, Kumar M, Scholfield M (2007) Versatile photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy at infrared excitation. J Am Chem Soc 129(15): 4526-4527. doi: 10.1021/ja0700707
77. Meng H, Xue M, Xia T, Ji Z, Tarn DY, Zink JI, Nel AE (2011) Use of size and a copolymer design feature to improve the biodistribution and the enhanced permeability and retention effect of doxorubicin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles in a murine xenograft tumor model. ACS Nano 5(5): 4131-4144. doi: 10.1021/nn200809t
78. Shan JN, Budijono SJ, Hu GH, Yao N, Kang YB, Ju YG, Prud'homme RK (2011) Pegylated composite nanoparticles containing upconverting phosphors and meso-tetraphenyl porphine (TPP) for photodynamic therapy. Adv Funct Mater 21(13): 2488-2495. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201002516
79. Liu JN Bu W Pan LM Zhang S Chen F Zhou L Zhao KL Peng W Shi J. 2012 Simultaneous nuclear imaging and intranuclear drug delivery by nuclear-targeted multifunctional upconversion nanoprobes Biomaterials 33 29 7282-7290 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.035
80. Wang C, Cheng L, Liu Z (2011) Drug delivery with upconversion nanoparticles for multifunctional targeted cancer cell imaging and therapy. Biomaterials 32(4): 1110-1120. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.09.069
81. Wang C, Tao H, Cheng L, Liu Z (2011) Near-infrared light induced in vivo photodynamic therapy of cancer based on upconversion nanoparticles. Biomaterials 32(26): 6145-6154. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.007
82. Chatterjee DK, Yong Z (2008) Upconverting nanoparticles as nanotransducers for photodynamic therapy in cancer cells. Nanomedicine 3(1): 73-82. doi: 10.2217/17435889.3.1.73
83. Xu H, Cheng L, Wang C, Ma X, Li Y, Liu Z (2011) Polymer encapsulated upconversion nanoparticle/iron oxide nanocomposites for multimodal imaging and magnetic targeted drug delivery Biomaterials 32(35): 9364-9373. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.053
84. Cheng L, Yang K, Li Y, Chen J, Wang C, Shao M, Lee ST, Liu Z (2011) Facile preparation of multifunctional upconversion nanoprobes for multimodal imaging and dual-targeted photothermal therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(32): 7385-7390. doi: 10.1002/anie.201101447
85. Ungun B, Prud'homme RK, Budijon SJ, Shan J, Lim SF, Ju Y, Austin R (2009) Nanofabricated upconversion nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Opt Express 17(1): 80-86
86. Nichols JW, Bae YH (2012) Odyssey of a cancer nanoparticle: from injection site to site of action. Nano Today 7(6): 606-618. doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2012.10.010
87. Zhang F, Braun GB, Pallaoro A, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Cui D, Moskovits M, Zhao D, Stucky GD (2012) Mesoporous multifunctional upconversion luminescent and magnetic "nanorattle" materials for targeted chemotherapy. Nano Lett 12(1): 61-67. doi: 10.1021/nl202949y