Britishness, clubbability, and the colonial public sphere: The genealogy of an imperial institution in colonial India

Journal of British Studies

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 489-521

  Sinha, Mrinalini ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84949116652     PISSN: 00219371     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/386265     Document Type: Article

References (241)

1. see Club Committee Meeting, 27 June 1916, Committee Proceedings of the Bengal Club, 1906-1919, Bengal Club Archives, Calcutta, India (BCA).
2. H. R. Panckridge, A Short History of the Bengal Club, 1827-1927 (Calcutta, 1927), p. 1, emphasis added.
3. Quoted in Roland Hunt and John Harrison, The District Officer in India, 1930-1947 (London, 1980), pp. 127-28.
4. Quoted in Charles Allen, ed., Plain Tales from the Raj: Images of British India in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1976), p. 99.
5. See Valentine Chirol, Indian Unrest (1910; reprint, New Delhi, 1979), p. 290.
6. see Jawaharlal Nehru, An Autobiography (1937; reprint, New Delhi, 1988), pp. 287-88.
7. Paul J. Rich's, Chains of Empire: English Public Schools, Masonic Cabalism, Historical Causality and Imperial Clubdom (London, 1991)
8. Also see Wai Kwan Chan, The Making of Hong Kong Society: Three Studies of Class Formation in Early Hong Kong (New York, 1991), pp. 38-40.
9. See Ann Stoler and Frederick Cooper, "Introduction" in Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, Calif., 1997).
10. Edward Said's Orientalism (New York, 1978)
11. see Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1994)
12. Laura Tabili, "We Ask for British Justice": Workers and Racial Difference in Late Imperial Britain (Ithaca, N.Y., 1994)
13. Annie Coombes, Reinventing Africa: Museums, Material Culture, and Popular Imagination in Victorian and Edwardian Britain (New Haven, Conn., 1994)
14. and Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York, 1995).
15. For a discussion of this trend in imperial historiography, see Mrinalini Sinha, "Britain and the Empire: Toward a New Agenda for Imperial History," Radical History Review 72 (Fall 1998): 163-74.
16. owe this cautionary note about the "domestication" of empire to Lata Mani and Ruth Frankenburg, "Crosscurrents, Crosstalk: Race, 'Postcoloniality' and the Politics of Location," Cultural Studies 7, no. 2 (1993): 292-310
17. and Susan O'Brien, "The Place of America in an Era of Postcolonial Imperialism," Ariel 29, no. 2 (April 1998): 159-83.
18. For the heuristic model of the "imperial social formation," see Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The "Manly Englishman" and the "Effeminate Bengali" in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester, 1995)
19. "Teaching Imperialism as a Social Formation," Radical History Review 67 (Winter 1997): 175-86.
20. see his The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Burger (Cambridge, Mass., 1991)
21. See also Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Boston, 1992).
22. Sandra B. Freitag, ed., special issue on the "public," South Asia, 14, no. 1 (1991), esp. 1-13
23. also see Tanika Sarkar, "Talking about Scandals: Religion, Law and Love in Late Nineteenth Century Bengal," Studies in History 1, no. 1 (1997): 63-95.
24. Samir Amin, Eurocentrism (New York, 1989).
25. Also see Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media (London, 1994).
26. See Rich, Chains of Empire.
27. See Christopher A. Bayly, "Returning the British to South Asian History: The Limits of Colonial Hegemony," South Asia 17, no. 2 (1994): 1-25.
28. See Peter Clark, British Clubs and Societies, c. 1580-1800: The Origins of an Associational World (Oxford, 2000).
29. See The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, vol. 1 (1933; reprint, New York, 1977) (hereafter cited as OED), p. 534.
30. Also see Bernard Darwin, British Clubs (London, 1943), p. 8.
31. see Steve Pincus, " 'Coffee Politicians Does Create': Coffeehouses and Restoration Political Culture," Journal of Modern History 67, no. 4 (December 1995): 807-34.
32. This point has been made in Werner Glinga, Legacy of Empire: A Journey through British Society (Manchester, 1986), pp. 2-3, 8.
33. see R. J. Morris, "Voluntary Societies and British Urban Elites, 1750-1850: An Analysis," Historical Journal 26, no. 1. (1983): 95-118
34. "Clubs, Societies and Associations" in The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750-1950, vol. 3, ed. F. M. L. Thompson (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 395-443.
35. Also see R. J. Morris, Class, Sect and Party: The Making of the British Middle-Class, Leeds, 1820-1850 (Manchester, 1990).
36. see his "Capital and Class Formation in Early Industrial England," Social History 18, no. 1 (January 1993): 17-30.
37. G. William Domhoff, "Social Clubs, Policy-Planning Groups and Corporations: A Network of Ruling Class Cohesiveness," Insurgent Sociologist ("New Directions in Power Structure Research," ed. G. William Domhoff) 5, no. 3 (Spring 1975): 173-84.
38. The above information is from Glinga, Legacy of Empire, pp. 2-4
39. and from Anthony Lejeune, The Gentlemen's Clubs of London (New York, 1978).
40. See Panckridge, A Short History, pp. 1-2
41. See also Denys Forrest, The Oriental Life Story of a West End Club (1968; reprint, London, 1979).
42. Quoted in Darwin, British Clubs, p. 7.
43. see OED, p. 535.
44. Glinga, Legacy of Empire, p. 4
45. and Lejeune, Gentlemen's Clubs, p. 15.
46. See extract from Vanity Fair, quoted in Englishman (12 October 1883), p. 3.
47. See also Richard Davenport-Hines, "In Good Company," Times Literary Supplement, no. 4 (8-14 June 1990), pp. 12-13.
48. see Martin J. Weiner, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850-1980 (Cambridge, 1981).
49. Alex Callinicos, "Exception or Symptom? The British Crisis and the World System," New Left Review 169 (1988): 97-107.
50. see Graeme Turner, British Cultural Studies: An Introduction (Boston, 1990)
51. also see Stuart Hall, "Cultural Studies and Its Theoretical Legacies," in Cultural Studies, ed. L. Grossberg, C. Nelson, and P. Treichler (New York, 1992), pp. 277-94.
52. See esp. Robert Colls and Philip Dodd, eds., Englishness, Politics and Culture, 1880-1920 (London, 1986).
53. see Raphael Samuel, ed., Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, vols. 1-3 (London, 1989), esp. Samuel's "Introduction," l:xviii-lvii.
54. Also see Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven, Conn., 1992).
55. See Gauri Viswanathan's critique in "Raymond Williams and British Colonialism," Yale Journal of Criticism 4, no. 2 (Spring 1991): 47-66.
56. see Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago, 1989), pp. 1-22.
57. See John Mackenzie, Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880-1960 (Manchester, 1984), p. 2.
58. for some examples, see Jeffrey Richards, ed., Imperialism and Juvenile Literature (Manchester, 1989)
59. John Mackenzie, ed., Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester, 1986)
60. J. A. Mangan, ed., Making Imperial Mentalities: Socialisation and British Imperialism (Manchester, 1990).
61. see this as the underlying theme of Edward Said's Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), esp. chap. 1.
62. The term is from Viswanathan, "Raymond Williams," p. 48.
63. see Viswanathan, The Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India (New York, 1989).
64. also see Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform in Great Britain, 1900-1914 (1960; reprint, Cambridge, Mass., 1979)
65. Thomas Holt, The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938 (Baltimore, 1982)
66. Tabili, "We Ask for British Justice";
67. Catherine Hall, "Rethinking Imperial Histories: The Reform Act of 1867," New Left Review, no. 208 (1994), pp. 3-29
68. see Eric Stokes, The English Utilitarians and India (Oxford, 1959)
69. Javed Majeed, Ungoverned Imaginings: James Mill's "History of British India" and Orientalism (New York, 1992)
70. and Partha Sarthi Gupta, Imperialism and the British Labour Movement (London, 1975).
71. see Catherine Hall, "The Economy of Intellectual Prestige: Thomas Carlyle, J. S. Mill and the Case of Governor Eyre," Cultural Critique, no. 12 (Spring 1989), pp. 167-96.
72. Also see Catherine Hall, White, Male and Middle Class: Explorations in Feminism and History (Cambridge, 1992).
73. see Sinha, Colonial Masculinity.
74. see Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (Chicago, 1987).
75. see Amanda Vickery, "Golden Age to Separate Spheres? A Review of the Categories and Chronology of English Women's History," Historical Journal 36, no. 2 (1993): 383-414.
76. see John Timbs, Club Life of London (London, 1886), 1:248.
77. see John Tosh, A Man's Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England (New Haven, Conn., 1999).
78. See Glinga, Legacy of Empire, pp. 21-22.
79. see Judith R. Walkowitz, "Science, Feminism, and Romance: The Men and Women's Club, 1885-1889," History Workshop Journal 21 (Spring 1986): 37-59.
80. See also Lucy Bland, "Rational Sex or Spiritual Love: The Men and Women's Club of the 1880's," Women's Studies International Forum 13, nos. 1/2 (1990): 33-48.
81. Darwin, British Clubs, p. 33.
82. see Lejeune, Gentlemen's Clubs, p. 14.
83. Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, Calif., 1985).
84. See also Anna Clark, "Contested Space: The Public and Private Spheres in Nineteenth-Century Britain," Journal of British Studies 35 (1996): 269-76.
85. see Pincus, " 'Coffee Politicians Does Create.' "
86. see his "The Nationalist Resolution of the Women's Question," in Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History, ed. K. Sangari and S. Vaid (New Brunswick, N.J., 1990), pp. 235-53.
87. see C. A. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (New York, 1988).
88. For British social life in early colonial India, see Percival Spear, The Nabobs (London, 1963)
89. and P. J. Marshall, "British Society in India under the East India Company," Modern Asian Studies 31, no. 1 (1997): 89-108.
90. see Bernard S. Cohn, "The British in Benares: A Nineteenth-Century Colonial Society," Comparative Studies in Society and History 4, no. 2 (January 1962): 169-99.
91. also see Dane Kennedy, The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj (Berkeley, 1996).
92. see Ann Stoler, "Making Empire Respectable: The Politics of Race and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Colonial Cultures," American Ethnologist 16, no. 4 (November 1989): 634-60.
93. see Kenneth Ballhatchett, Race, Sex and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and Policies and Their Critics, 1793-1905 (New York, 1980).
94. See R. Pearson, Eastern Interlude, A Social History of the European Community in Calcutta (Calcutta, 1954), p. 22.
95. J.A.D., Notes on an Outfit for India and Hints for the New Arrival (London, 1903), p. 41.
96. see his British Social Life in India, 1608-1937 (1938; reprint, New York, 1971), p. 281.
97. Judith Brown, "India," in The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 4, The Twentieth Century, ed. Judith Brown and W. Roger Louis (Oxford and New York, 1999), p. 423.
98. see Margaret O. Macmillan, "Social and Political Attitudes of British Expatriates in India, c. 1880-c. 1920" (D. Phil, thesis, Oxford University, 1974).
99. Panckridge, A Short History, p. 1
100. Pearson, Eastern Interlude, p. 204.
101. Also see Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Bengal Club, Limited, with Bye-Laws and List of Members [corrected to 1st Oct. 1917] (Calcutta, 1917), pp. 55-57.
102. Quoted in Allen, Plain Tales, p. 100.
103. W. O. Home, Work and Sport in the Old ICS (London, 1928), p. 23.
104. see her Women of the Raj (New York, 1988), p. 154.
105. J. H. Rivett-Carnac, Many Memories of Life in India: At Home and Abroad (London, 1910), p. 15.
106. Allen, Plain Tales, p. 99.
107. Cited in Macmillan, Women of the Raj, pp. 160-61.
108. See also reference to white women's involvement in the clubs in Mary Ann Lind, The Compassionate Memsahibs, Welfare Activities of British Women in India, 1900-1947 (Westport, Conn., 1988), p. 21.
109. see Boxwallah, An Eastern Backwater (London, [1916]), pp. 45, 55, 275.
110. See also Allen, Plain Tales, p. 105.
111. Cited in Sir Henry Sharp, Goodbye India (London, 1946), pp. 137-38.
112. Allen, Plain Tales, p. 99.
113. see R. I. Macalpine, Bengal Club, 1927-1970, pt. 2, BCA.
114. See Michael Edwardes, The Sahibs and the Lotus: The British in India (London, 1988), p. 226.
115. Quoted in Allen, Plain Tales, p. 103.
116. Colette Guilaumin, "Race and Nature: The System of Marks," Feminist Issues 8 (Fall 1988): 41.
117. See also the discussion of this point in David Lloyd, "Race under Representation," Oxford Literary Review 13, nos. 1-2 (1991): 62-94
118. Elizabeth Abel, "Black Writing, White Reading: Race and the Politics of Feminist Interpretation," Critical Inquiry 19, no. 3 (Spring 1993): 470-98.
119. see David Trotter, "Colonial Subjects," Critical Quarterly 32, no. 3 (Autumn 1990): 3-20
120. and Laura Chrisman, "The Imperial Unconscious? Representations of Imperial Discourse," Critical Quarterly, 32, no. 3 (Autumn 1990): 38-58
121. see also the critique of these moves in Paulus Pimono, "The Centre Writes/Strikes Back?" Critical Quarterly, 33 no. 3 (Autumn 1991): 43-47.
122. see Hazel Carby, "The Politics of Difference," Ms. (September-October 1990), pp. 84-85
123. Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (London, 1992)
124. see David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London, 1999)
125. Ruth Frankenburg, White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness (Minneapolis, 1993)
126. George Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics (Philadelphia, 1998)
127. and Mike Hill, Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York, 1997).
128. Satya Mohanty, "Kipling's Children and the Colour Line," Race and Class 31, no. 1 (1989): 21-40.
129. The work of Ann Staler has been especially useful in de-naturalizing the constructs of "colonizer" and "colonized"; see her "Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule," Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 1 (January 1989): 134-150
130. "Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia," Comparative Studies in Society and History 34, no. 3 (July 1992): 514-51
131. Timbs, Club Life of London, pp. 2-3.
132. See Mohanty, "Kipling's Children," p. 37.
133. David Arnold, "European Orphans and Vagrants in India in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 7, no. 2 (1979): 104-27.
134. See also Waltraud Ernst, Mad Tales from the Raj: The European Insane in British India, 1800-1888 (London, 1991).
135. Mohanty, "Kipling's Children," p. 30.
136. see Thomas McGuire, Professional Beggars: Being Sketches of Beggars, Begging Letter Writers and Impostors From Personal Observation (Calcutta, 1884).
137. see H.S., The Young Soldier in India: His Life and Prospects (London, 1889), pp. 202-5.
138. see Peter Stanley, White Mutiny: British Military Culture in India, 1825-1875 (London, 1998).
139. see Paul J. Rich, Elixir of Empire: The English Public Schools, Ritualism, Freemasonry, and Imperialism (London, 1989)
140. and also F. Pick, F. Smythe and G. Norman Knight, The Pocket History of Freemasonry, 6th ed. (London, 1991).
141. see H. W. B. Moreno, Freemasonry Revealed! Being a Series of Short Stories of Anglo Indian Life Concerning Masons and Masonry (Calcutta, 1907).
142. see S. M. Edwardes, Kharsedji Rustomji Cama, 1831-1909: A Memoir (London, 1923), pp. 51-54.
143. see Mohanty, "Kipling's Children."
144. see also Graham Dawson, "The Blond Bedouin: Lawrence of Arabia, Imperial Adventure and the Imagining of English-British Masculinity," in Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800, ed. Michael Roper and John Tosh (London, 1991), pp. 113-44.
145. Allen, Plain Tales, pp. 101-2.
146. Club Committee Meeting, 7 November 1872, Committee Proceedings of the Bengal Club, 1869-1888, BCA, p. 68.
147. See Amiya Bagchi, Private Investment in India, 1900-1939 (Cambridge, 1972), pp. 165-66.
148. Also see Maria Misra, Business, Race and Politics in British India, c. 1850-1960 (Oxford, 1999).
149. Rajat Ray, Urban Roots of Indian Nationalism: Pressure Group and Conflict of Interest in Calcutta City Politics, 1875-1939 (New Delhi, 1979), pp. 5-6
150. also see Rajat Ray, Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal, 1875-1927 (Delhi, 1984), pp. 21-29.
151. Ex-Civilian, Life in the Mofussil or the Civilian in Lower Bengal (London, n.d), 2:253.
152. See Statesman (3 June 1927), p. 3.
153. The information is from Panckridge, A Short History, p. 17.
154. See also J. H. Stocqueler, with notes by P. Thankappan Nair, British Social Life in Ancient Calcutta (Calcutta, 1983).
155. For a history of the indigo disturbances, see Blair Kling, The Blue Mutiny: The Indigo Disturbances in Bengal, 1859-1862 (Philadelphia, 1966).
156. Also see Ranajit Guha, "Neel Darpan: The Image of a Peasant Revolt in a Liberal Mirror," in Peasant Resistance in India, 1858-1914, ed. David Hardiman (Delhi, 1992), pp. 1-60.
157. See Sir Henry Cotton, New India or India in Transition, rev. ed. (London, 1909), pp. 62-63.
158. Ex-Civilian, Life in the Mofussil, vol. 1, p. 51.
159. Quoted in Hunt and Harrison, District Officer, p. 12.
160. A. C. Newcombe, Village, Town and Jungle Life in India (London, 1910), p. 166.
161. see Thomas Metcalf, The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857-1870 (Princeton, N.J., 1964)
162. also see his Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge, 1997).
163. see Edwin Hirschmann, "White Mutiny": The Ilbert Bill Crisis in India and the Genesis of the Indian National Congress (Delhi, 1980)
164. see Mrinalini Sinha, " 'Chathams, Pitts and Gladstone's in Petticoats': The Politics of Gender and Race in the Ilbert Bill Controversy, 1883-84," in Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance, ed. Margaret Strobel and Nupur Chaudhuri (Bloomington, Ind., 1991), pp. 98-116.
165. Cited in Bengalee (18 August 1883), p. 385.
166. see Rudyard Kipling, Something of Myself for My Friends Known and Unknown (New York, 1937), p. 57.
167. see Englishman (13 April 1883)
168. Bengalee (3 November 1883), p. 495
169. and Pioneer (7 March 1883), p. 4.
170. J. C. MacGregor, the Calcutta correspondent of The Times; J. H. A. Branson, a leading Calcutta barrister
171. see Committee Proceedings of the Bengal Club, 1869-1888, BCA, pp. 347-49.
172. see Raymond K. Renford, The Non-Official British in India to 1920 (Delhi, 1987).
173. Englishman (8 March 1883), p. 2.
174. See Renford, Non-Official British in India, p. 335.
175. Pioneer (28 April 1883), p. 1.
176. Committee Proceedings of the Bengal Club, 1906-1919, BCA, p. 245.
177. Cited in Allen, Plain Tales, p. 104.
178. Home, Work and Sport in the Old ICS, pp. 101-2.
179. Allen J. Greenberger, "Englishwomen in India," British History Illustrated 4 (1978): 46.
180. see Aijaz Ahmed, In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures (London, 1992)
181. Sumit Sarkar, Writing Social History (Delhi, 1998).
182. See Ranabina Ray Choudhury, ed., Calcutta: A Hundred Years Ago (Bombay, 1988), p. 46.
183. See also Statesman (23 March 1883), p. 3
184. and the report in the Illustrated London News (25 August 1887)
185. Kusoom Vadgama, India in Britain: The Indian Contribution to the British Way of Life (London, 1984), p. 52.
186. Benay Krishan Dev's The Early History and Growth of Calcutta (1905; reprint, Calcutta, 1977), p. 175
187. Statesman (24 March 1882), p. 3.
188. See Choudhury, Calcutta, pp. 132-33
189. Hindoo Patriot (16 June 1883), p. 280
190. and Hindoo Patriot (18 August 1890), pp. 390-91.
191. see Bengal Club Annual Accounts Book, 1860-1890, BCA, pp. 77.
192. Wilfred Scawen Blunt, India under Ripon (London, 1909), p. 115.
193. Quoted in Choudhury, Calcutta, p. 46.
194. Pioneer (28 April 1883), p. 1.
195. see Englishman (3 April 1883), p. 3.
196. see Englishman (6 April 1883), p. 2.
197. See M. K. Gandhi, An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth, trans. Mahadev Desai (Boston, 1957), p. 229
198. Brajendranath De, "Reminiscences of an Indian Member of the ICS," Calcutta Review 32, no. 2 (August 1954): 95.
199. Ananda Bazar Patrika (9 April 1993), p. 167
200. Report on Native Papers Bengal Presidency (January-December 1883), no. 16.
201. See J. D. Shukla, Indianisation of All-India Services and Its Impact on Administration (New Delhi, 1982).
202. also see David Potter, India's Political Administrators, 1919-1983 (Oxford, 1986).
203. see Cotton, New India, pp. 50-51
204. and Sir Walter Roper Lawrence, The India We Served (London, 1928), p. 16
205. Hunt and Harrison, District Officer, p. 127.
206. Cited in Hunt and Harrison, District Officer, pp. 127-28.
207. Dharam Vira, Memoirs of a Civil Servant (London, 1975), p. 16-17.
208. Cited in M. K. Sinha, In My Father's Footsteps: A Policeman's Odyssey, 1908-1980 (Delhi, 1981), p. 24.
209. See various individual memoirs, for example: K. P. S. Menon, Many Worlds: An Autobiography (London, 1965), esp. pp. 89-147
210. S. K. Chettur, The Steel Frame and I: Life in the ICS (London, 1962)
211. E. N. Mangat Rai, Commitment My Style: Career in the Indian Civil Service (Delhi, 1973)
212. [A. Nehra], Letters of an Indian Judge to an English Gentlewoman (London, 1934)
213. Nari Rustomjee, Enchanted Frontiers (Bombay, 1971)
214. and Badr-ud-din Tyabji, Memoirs of an Egoist, vol. 1, 1907-1956 (New Delhi, 1988).
215. See also the recollections of Indian ICS officers in K. L. Punjabi, The Civil Servant in India (Bombay, 1965)
216. Hunt and Harrison, District Officer.
217. See Hunt and Harrison, District Officer, pp. 126-27, 29.
218. Cited in Zareer Masani, Indian Tales of the Raj (London, 1987), p. 53.
219. Cited in Rajat Ray, Urban Roots, pp. 231-32.
220. The incident involving Willingdon is mentioned in Humphrey Trevelyan, The India We Left: Charles Trevelyan, 1826-1865, Humphrey Trevelyan, 1929-1947 (London, 1972), pp. 112-13.
221. Masani, Indian Tales, pp. 51-52.
222. see the recollections of the son of the Nawab of Palanpur in Charles Allen and Sharada Diwedi, Lives of the Indian Princes (London, 1984), p. 158.
223. See Calcutta Club: Memorandum and Articles of Association 1922, National Library, Calcutta, pp. 48, 51.
224. Quoted in Masani, Indian Tales, p. 52.
225. see also Kincaid, British Social Life, pp. 276-77.
226. see Bill Schwarz, "An Englishman Abroad ⋯ and at Home: The Case of Paul Scott," New Formations, no. 17 (Summer 1992), pp. 95-105.
227. Cited in N. B. Bonnerjee, Under Two Masters (Calcutta, 1970), pp. 117-18.
228. Quoted in Masani, Indian Tales, p. 16
229. see Padmini [Sathianadhan] Sengupta, The Portrait of an Indian Woman (Calcutta, 1956).
230. See Dhanvanthi Rama Rau, An Inheritance: The Memoirs of Dhanvanthi Rama Rau (London, 1977), pp. 99-100, 119.
231. See Letter From Sorabji to Elena [Alice Bruce] Richmond, dated 24 February 1926, in "Cornelia Sorabji Papers: Correspondence and Private Papers," January-April 1926, India Office Library and Records, London, folder no. 40.
232. Renford, Non-Official British, pp. 309-11.
233. Kalpana Dutt, Chittagong Armoury Raider's Reminiscences (1945; reprint, New Delhi, 1979), pp. 40-44.
234. see Geraldine H. Forbes, "Goddesses or Rebels: The Women Revolutionaries of Bengal," in Women, Politics and Literature in Bengal, ed. Clinton B. Seeley (East Lansing, Mich. 1981), pp. 3-17.
235. Mrinalini Sen, Knocking at the Door: Lectures and Other Writings (Calcutta, 1954), p. 150.
236. see Padmini [Sathianadhan] Sengupta, The Portrait of an Indian Woman (Calcutta, 1956), pp. 114-16
237. Padmini Sengupta, Sarojini Naidu (Bombay, 1966), p. 158
238. and Hansa Mehta, Indian Woman (Delhi, 1981), p. 188.
239. Varindra Tarzie Vittachi, The Brown Sahib (London, 1962), p. 10
240. see also his The Brown Sahib Revisited (New Delhi, 1987).
241. Clare Midgley, "New Imperial Histories," Journal of British Studies 35 (1996): 547-53.