English prisons, penal culture, and the abatement of imprisonment, 1895-1922

Journal of British Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 285-324

  Bailey, Victor ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84949114915     PISSN: 00219371     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/386138     Document Type: Article

References (272)

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14. Sean McConville, English Local Prisons, 1860-1900: Next Only to Death (London, 1995), chaps. 4-10.
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25. Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde (New York, 1988), pp. 479-532.
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27. Morrison, "Are Our Prisons a Failure?" p. 468.
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29. McConville, English Local Prisons, pp. 559-61, 581-83.
30. W. R. Cornish and J. Hart, Crime and Law in Nineteenth Century Britain (Dublin, 1978), pp. 38-39;
31. Radzinowicz and Hood (n. 2 above), pp. 576-79;
32. McConville, English Local Prisons, chap. 15.
33. Ellmann, p. 480;
34. Wilde, The Soul of Man, pp. 193-94.
35. R. B. Haldane, An Autobiography (London, 1929), pp. 166-67;
36. Wilde, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, lines 559-70.
37. Wilde, The Soul of Man, pp. 186-87;
38. McConville, English Local Prisons (n. 5 above), pp. 598-99.
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44. Cesare Lombroso, L'Uomo delinquente (Milan, 1876).
45. L. Radzinowicz, Ideology and Crime (New York, 1966), pp. 50-56;
46. David Matza, Delinquency and Drift (1964), chap. 1;
47. Taylor et al. (n. 5 above), pp. 10-23;
48. D. Garland, "Of Crimes and Criminals: The Development of Criminology in Britain," in Maguire et al., eds. (n. 3 above), pp. 37-42.
49. Garland, Punishment and Welfare, chaps. 3-5.
50. Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory (Chicago, 1990), pp. 206-9.
51. Harding, p. 608.
52. Foucault, p. 82.
53. Martin J. Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal: Culture, Law, and Policy in England, 1830-1914 (Cambridge, 1990), chap. 6.
54. McConville, English Local Prisons, chap. 12.
55. W. D. Morrison (p. 562, n. 59);
56. Radzinowicz and Hood (n. 2 above), chaps. 1, 17;
57. and W. J. Forsythe, Penal Discipline, Reformatory Projects and the English Prison Commission, 1895-1939 (Exeter, 1990), chap. 1.
58. Jose Harris, "Political Thought and the Welfare State, 1870-1940: An Intellectual Framework for British Social Policy," Past and Present, no. 135 (May 1992): 117-39.
59. Hansard Parliamentary Debates, 4th sen, vol. 55 (March 24, 1898), col. 837.
60. Garland, Punishment and Welfare (n. 18 above), pp. 216-17.
61. McConville, English Local Prisons (n. 5 above), chap. 17.
62. The Second Reading of the Bill prompted Oscar Wilde to write to the Daily Chronicle (March 24, 1898).
63. Wilde, The Soul of Man (n. 10 above), pp. 190-96.
64. McConville, English Local Prisons, pp. 708-10, 755-56.
65. M Garland, Punishment and Welfare, p. 217.
66. W. D. Morrison, "Prison Reform: I.-Prisons and Prisoners," Fortnightly Review 63 (May 1898): 781-89.
67. Report of the Indian Jails Committee, 1919-20, Cmd. 1303, PP. 1921, vol. 10, pp. 447-50.
68. Advisory Council on the Penal System, Sentences of Imprisonment: A Review of Maximum Penalties (London, 1978), p. 64.
69. Nation (May 1, 8, 1909).
70. Public Record Office (PRO), London, Prison Commission (P.Com.) 7/308;
71. E. Ruggles-Brise memo, June 10, 1909, P.Com. 7/309.
72. PRO, P.Com. 7/309;
73. H. V. Marrot, The Life and Letters of John Galsworthy (London, 1935), pp. 250, 677;
74. E. Garnett, ed., Utters from John Galsworthy, 1900-1932 (London, 1934), p. 174.
75. Marrot, pp. 676-78.
76. J. Galsworthy, Justice (New York, 1910), pp. 81-84;
77. E. Ruggles-Brise to W. Churchill, March 21, 1910, PRO, P.Com. 7/309.
78. Havighurst (n. 8 above), p. 163.
79. Galsworthy kept up the pressure with a Penal Reform League leaflet, The Spirit of Punishment (London, 1910).
80. Marrot, p. 266; Times (July 23, 1910), p. 4, letter from Galsworthy; PRO, P.Com. 7/310.
81. Paul Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 1900-1955 (London, 1992), p. 113.
82. S. Margery Fry, "The State in Its Relation to Law-Breakers," Friends Fellowship Papers (May 1920): 67.
83. Philip Viscount Snowden, An Autobiography (London, 1934), 1:410;
84. T. C. Kennedy, "Public Opinion and the Conscientious Objector, 1915-1919," Journal of British Studies 12 (May 1973): 113.
85. David Boulton, Objection Overruled (London, 1967), p. 220.
86. J. W. Graham, Conscription and Conscience: A Historv, 1916-1919 (London, 1922), pp. 298-99.
87. Boulton, p. 223;
88. Hubert W. Peet, "Some Fruits of Silence," Friends Quarterly Examiner (April 1920): 127-30.
89. Kennedy, "Public Opinion and the Conscientious Objector, 1915-1919," p. 107.
90. R. C. Wallhead, "In Jail," Socialist Review 15 (April-June 1918): 175;
91. Martin Gilbert, Plough My Own Furrow: The Story of Lord Allen of Hurtwood as Told through His Writings and Correspondence (London, 1965), pp. 62, 66-68;
92. E. Williamson Mason, Made Free in Prison (London, 1918), pp. 134-35, 191-92;
93. T. Corder Catchpool, On Two Fronts (London, 1918), p. 171;
94. S. Hobhouse, An English Prison from Within (London, 1919), pp. 29, 33;
95. A. Fenner Brockway, "Prisons as Crime Factories" (ILP pamphlet, London, 1919), pp. 4-8.
96. N. Branson, Poplarism, 1919-1925: George Lansbury and the Councillors' Revolt (London, 1979), pp. 67-68.
97. John Rae, Conscience and Politics: The British Government and the Conscientious Objector to Military Service, 1916-1919 (London, 1970), p. 226.
98. Henry Hobhouse, I Appeal unto Caesar (London, 1917), pp. 44-70;
99. Jo Vellacott, Bertrand Russell and the Pacifists in the First World War (Brighton, 1980), pp. 210-12.
100. A. F. Brockway, Inside the Left (London, 1942), pp. 126-28.
101. Towards Tomorrow: The Autobiography of Fenner Brockway (London, 1977), p. 61.
102. S. Hobhouse and A. F. Brockway, English Prisons To-Day: Being the Report of the Prison System Enquiry Committee (London, 1922).
103. Stephen Hobhouse, Forty Years and an Epilogue: An Autobiography (London, 1951), p. 176;
104. Gordon Rose, The Struggle for Penal Reform (London, 1961), pp. 108-9;
105. PRO, Home Office (HO) 45/11543/357055/33. 5,1 PRO, HO 45/11543/357055/33.
106. Hobhouse and Brockway, p. 482;
107. E. Ruggles-Brise, English Prison System (London, 1921).
108. Brockway, Inside the Left, p. 129.
109. Hobhouse and Brockway, pp. 561-62.
110. Hansard Parliamentary Debates, 5th ser., vol. 156 (July 11, 1922), col. 1040.
111. PRO, HO 45/11543/357055/54 and 55.
112. Hobhouse, Forty Years and an Epilogue (n. 49 above), pp. 178-79.
113. Victor Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship: Reclaiming the Young Offender, 1914-1948 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 195-96.
114. Rose, The Struggle for Penal Reform (n. 49 above), p. 111;
115. PRO, P.Com. 7/475.
116. PRO, HO 45/13658/185668/21;
117. Lionel W. Fox, The English Prison and Borstal Systems (London, 1952), p. 68.
118. Fox, pp. 70-71.
119. Snowden (n. 40 above), p. 410;
120. Lord Pefhick-Lawrence, Fate Has Been Kind (London, 1942), p. 130;
121. K. Robbins, "Morgan Jones in 1916," Llafur 1 (Summer 1975): 38-43.
122. A. F. Brockway, Socialist Review (September, October, and December 1926).
123. PRO, HO 45/13658/185668/21.
124. PRO, HO 45/11543/357055/71;
125. "Editorial," Howard Journal I (1922): 4-5.
126. Radzinowicz and Hood (n. 2 above), pp. 266-67.
127. S. Petrow, Policing Morals: The Metropolitan Police and the Home Office, 1870-1914 (Oxford, 1994), p. 111.
128. Radzinowicz and Hood, p. 286.
129. N. Morris, The Habitual Criminal (Cambridge, Mass., 1951), p. 80;
130. Forsythe, Penal Discipline, Reformatory Projects and the English Prison Commission, 1895-1939 (n. 26 above), p. 243.
131. "Reformatory Projects in British Prisons, 1780-1939: Recent Writings and Lessons from the Past," in History and Sociology of Crime, ed. P. Robert and C. Emsley (Pfaffenweiler, 1991), p. 54.
132. Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship (n. 59 above), pp. 186-91, esp. p. 189.
133. Wiener, p. 188; Radzinowicz and Hood, pp. 308-13.
134. G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain, 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976);
135. M. Freeden, "Eugenics and Progressive Thought: A Study in Ideological Affinity," Historical Journal 22 (1979): 658;
136. Jose Harris, Private Lives, Public Spirit: A Social History of Britain 1870-1914 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 244-45.
137. H. G. Simmons, "Explaining Social Policy: The English Mental Deficiency Act of 1913," Journal of Social History II (1977-78): 399;
138. G. Hunt, J. Mellor, and J. Turner, "Wretched, Hatless and Miserably Clad: Women and the Inebriate Reformatories from 1900-1913," British Journal of Sociology 40 (June 1989): 246.
139. C. Harding and L. Wilkin, " 'The Dream of a Benevolent Mind': The Late Victorian Response to the Problem of Inebriety," Criminal Justice History 9 (1988): 198.
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141. Simmons, p. 393.
142. Hunt et al., p. 246; Radzinowicz and Hood (n. 2 above), pp. 311-14.
143. Garland, Punishment and Welfare (n. 18 above), pp. 227-28.
144. T. W. Laqueur, "Bodies, Details, and the Humanitarian Narrative," in The New Cultural History, ed. Lynn Hunt (Berkeley, 1989), p. 179;
145. Andrew Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700-1900 (New Haven, Conn., 1993), p. 380.
146. Martin Wiener, ed., "Special Issue: Humanitarianism or Control? A Symposium on Aspects of Nineteenth Century Social Reform in Britain and America," Rice University Studies, vol. 67 (Winter 1981).
147. T. L. Haskell, "Capitalism and the Origins of the Humanitarian Sensibility, Parts 1 & 2," American Historical Review 90 (April and June 1985): 339-61, 547-66.
148. Rose, The Struggle for Penal Reform (n. 49 above), pp. 56-57;
149. Garland, Punishment and Welfare, p. 109;
150. Wiener, p. 335. S
151. McConville, English Local Prisons (n. 5 above), p. 580.
152. Brian Harrison, Peaceable Kingdom: Stability and Change in Modern Britain (Oxford, 1982). pp. 91, 108, 150.
153. Henry S. Salt, Seventy Years among Savages (London, 1921), p. 140;
154. George Hendrick, Henry Salt: Humanitarian Reformer and Man of Letters (Urbana, 111., 1977), p. 77;
155. Forsythe, Penal Discipline, Reformatory Projects and the English Prison Commission, 1895-1939 (n. 26 above), p. 23;
156. Dan Weinbren, "Against All Cruelty: The Humanitarian League, 1891-1919," History Workshop Journal 38 (Autumn 1994): 92-95.
157. Carpenter, Prisons Police and Punishment (London, 1905), p. 120.
158. E. Carpenter, England's Ideal and Other Papers on Social Subjects (London, 1895), pp. 1-22.
159. Prisons Police and Punishment, pp. 61-77;
160. C. Tsuzuki, Edward Carpenter, 1844-1929 (Cambridge, 1980), p. 113.
161. Havelock Ellis, The Criminal (London, 1890).
162. Phyllis Grosskurth, Havelock Ellis (New York, 1980), pp. 69, 114-16;
163. R. E. McGowen, "Rethinking Crime: Changing Attitudes towards Law-Breakers in Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century England" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1979), pp. 311-14.
164. McGowen, "Rethinking Crime," pp. 301-11;
165. Radzinowicz and Hood (n. 2 above), pp. 86-88;
166. W. D. Morrison, "The Study of Crime," Mind, no. 4 (Oct. 1892): 489-517;
167. David Garland, "British Criminology before 1935," British Journal of Criminology 28 (Spring 1988): 7;
168. C. Lombroso and W. Ferrero, The Female Offender (New York, 1916).
169. Galsworthy, The Spirit of Punishment (n. 37 above);
170. Arthur St. John, Prison Regime (London, 1913).
171. Reception Houses (London, [1918]); PRO, HO 45/11543/357055/16.
172. PRO, HO 45/11543/357055/33; Stephen Hobhouse, Forty Years and an Epilogue (n. 49 above), pp. 133-34;
173. Hendrick, p. 161.
174. S. Hobhouse, "The Silence System in British Prisons," Friends' Quarterly Examiner (July 1918): 263.
175. A. Fenner Brockway, Inside the Left (n. 48 above), chap. 13.
176. Garland, Punishment and Welfare (n. 18 above), pp. 108-9, 123.
177. Melvin Richter, The Politics of Conscience: T. H. Green and His Age (London, 1964), p. 13;
178. T. H. Green and His Audience: Liberalism as a Surrogate Faith," Review of Politics 18 (October 1956): 444.
179. Jose Harris, "The Webbs, the Charity Organisation Society and the Ratan Tata Foundation: Social Policy from the Perspective of 1912," in The Goals of Social Policy, ed. M. Bulmer et al. (London, 1989), pp. 51-55, and "Political Thought and the Welfare State, 1870-1940" (n. 27 above).
180. G. Himmelfarb, Poverty and Compassion: The Moral Imagination of the Late Victorians (New York, 1991), chap. 17;
181. Adam B. Ulam, Philosophical Foundations of English Socialism (Cambridge, Mass., 1951), pp. 34-38;
182. A. Vincent and R. Plant, Philosophy, Politics and Citizenship: The Life and Thought of the British Idealists (Oxford, 1984), pp. 2, 40, 52;
183. J. Harris, Private Lives, Public Spirit (n. 74 above), pp. 248-50
184. T. H. Green, "Principles of Political Obligation," par. 7.
185. Works of Thomas Hill Green, ed. R. L. Nettleship, vol. 2 (1886; 5th impression, London, 1906).
186. J. Morrow, "Ancestors, Legacies and Traditions: British Idealism in the History of Political Thought," History of Political Thought 6 (Winter 1985): 510;
187. S. Meacham, Toynbee Hall and Social Reform, 1880-1914 (New Haven, Conn., 1987), pp. 12-14.
188. Clement Attlee, The Social Worker (London, 1920).
189. H. B. Acton, The Philosophy of Punishment (London, 1969), p. 11;
190. Paul Harris, "Moral Progress and Politics: The Theory of T. H. Green," Polity 21 (Spring 1989): 542.
191. Henry Jones, The Working Faith of the Social Reformer (London, 1910), p. 254.
192. B. Bosanquet, The Philosophical Theory of the State (London, 1910), p. 223.
193. B. Bosanquet, Some Suggestions in Ethics (London, 1918), pp. 200-202, emphasis in original.
194. Radzinowicz and Hood (n. 2 above), pp. 18-19.
195. S. Watson, "Malingerers, the 'Weakminded' Criminal and the 'Moral Imbecile': How the English Prison Medical Officer Became an Expert in Mental Deficiency, 1880-1930," in Legal Medicine in History, ed. M. Clark and C. Crawford (Cambridge, 1994): 229;
196. Hobhouse and Brockway (n. 47 above), pp. 257-85.
197. Wiener (n. 23 above), p. 234;
198. Garland, "British Criminology before 1935" (n. 89 above), p. 5.
199. Fox (n. 62 above), pp. 62-63.
200. E. Ruggles-Brise, Prison Reform: At Home and Abroad (London, 1924), p. 193.
201. Report of the Commissioners of Prisons. for 1912-1913, Cd. 7092, PP, 1914, vol. 45, pp. 22-23.
202. E. Ruggles-Brise memo, April 18, 1910, PRO, HO 45/13658/185668/6.
203. Charles Goring, The English Convict: A Statistical Study, abridged ed. (London, 1919).
204. Ruggles-Brise, English Prison System (n. 51 above), pp. 198-212.
205. Radzinowicz and Hood, pp. 21-26;
206. Wiener, p. 357;
207. Piers Beirne, Inventing Criminology: Essays on the Rise of Homo Criminalis (New York, 1993), p. 213.
208. D. A. Thomas, Constraints on Judgment: The Search for Structured Discretion in Sentencing, 1860-1910 (Cambridge, 1979), p. 27.
209. Radzinowicz and Hood, p. 268, n. 17;
210. E. Ruggles-Brise memo, July 13, 1910, PRO, HO 144/18869/196919/3.
211. Ruggles-Brise, Prison Reform, p. 195.
212. Edward Marsh to W. Churchill, August 23, 1910, in Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume (Boston, 1969), 2, pt. 2:1196.
213. E. Ruggles-Brise memo, April 9. 1910, PRO, HO 144/1085/193548/1.
214. Radzinowicz and Hood (n. 2 above), pp. 269-71.
215. Ruggles-Brise, English Prison System, p. 3.
216. Forsythe, Penal Discipline, Reformatory Projects and the English Prison Commission, 1895-1939 (n. 26 above), p. 239;
217. Garland, "British Criminology before 1935" (n. 89 above), p. 5.
218. W. H. Greenleaf, The British Political Tradition (New York, 1983), 2:139;
219. Himmelf'arb (n. 96 above), p. 261.
220. N. Dennis and A. H. Halsey, English Ethical Socialism (Oxford, 1988), pp. 1-12.
221. Julian Bell, ed., We Did Not Fight (London, 1935), p. 28;
222. T. C. Kennedy, The Hound of Conscience: A History of the No-Conscription Fellowship, 1914-1919 (Fayetteville, Ark., 1981), p. 48;
223. Vellacott (n. 47 above), p. 29.
224. Report of the Annual Conference of the l.L.P. (London, 1916), pp. 72-74.
225. Leo Tolstoy, What I Believe (Geneva, 1888).
226. S. Hobhouse's quote is in Bell, ed., p. 167.
227. Hobhouse, Forty Years and an Epilogue (n. 49 above), pp. 174-77;
228. A. G. Rose, "Some Influences on English Penal Reform, 1895-1921," Sociological Review 3 (July 1955); 34-37;
229. Martin Ceadel, Pacifism in Britain, 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1980), p. 43.
230. S. Hobhouse in Bell, ed., p. 166.
231. Gilbert (n. 44 above), p. 5.
232. J. M. Winter, Socialism and the Challenge of War (London, 1974), p. 129.
233. W. B. Gwyn, "The Labour Party and the Threat of Bureaucracy," Political Studies 19 (December 1971): 385.
234. H. E. Roberts, "Years of Struggle: The Life and Work of Robin Page Arnot," Labour History Review 59 (Autumn 1994): 58-63.
235. N. MacKenzie and J. MacKenzie, The First Fabians (London, 1977), p. 62.
236. Margaret Olivier, ed., Sydney Olivier: Letters and Selected Writings (London, 1948), chap. 3.
237. Rhodes House Library, Arthur Creech Jones Papers, MS British Empire S 332, box 1, file 2, fol. 142: letter from Hounslow barracks, January 9, 1917.
238. Minutes of Evidence to the Departmental Committee on Prisons, C. 7702-1, PP, 1895, vol. 56, question 11482, p. 459.
239. J. Pellew, "Law and Order: Expertise and the Victorian Home Office," in Government and Expertise: Specialists, Administrators and Professionals, 1860-1919, ed. R. MacLeod (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 68-69.
240. McConville, English Local Prisons (n. 5 above), pp. 625-32.
241. Report from the Departmental Committee on Prisons (n. 7 above), p. 12.
242. Victor Bailey, "Churchill as Home Secretary: Prison Reform," History Today 35 (March 1985): 11.
243. K. Nealc, "Her Majesty's Commissioners, 1878-1978" (Home Office, London, 1978, private circulation), pp. 19-20;
244. E. H. Sutherland, "The Decreasing Prison Population of England." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 24 (1933): 880-900.
245. E. Ruggles-Brise memo, October 22, 1918, PRO, HO 45/11543/357055/9.
246. Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, English Prisons under Local Government (1922; reprint, London, 1963), p. 248;
247. Ruggles-Brise, English Prison System (n. 51 above), pp. 224-25;
248. A. Rutherford, Prisons and the Process of Justice: The Reductionist Challenge (London, 1984), pp. 123, 130.
249. "Lessons from a Reductionist Era," in Robert and Emsley, eds. (n. 71 above), pp. 59-60.
250. F. H. McClintock and N. H. Avison, Crime in England and Wales (London, 1968), pp. 18-24.
251. Hansard Parliamentary Debates, 5th ser., vol. 19 (July 20, 1910), col. 1344.
252. W. S. Blunt, My Diaries (New York, 1922), pt. 2, p. 335.
253. W. Churchill minute, August 13, 1910, PRO, HO 144/18869/196919/1.
254. Cabinet paper, "Abatement of Imprisonment," in R. Churchill (n. 115 above), 2, pt. 2:1198-1203; PRO, HO 45/10613/194534.
255. Webb and Webb, p. 248.
256. Robert Badinter, La prison republicaine (1871-1914) (Paris, 1992).
257. Radzinowicz and Hood (n. 2 above), pp. 770, 773; Addison (n. 38 above), pp. 112-17;
258. Thomas (n. 113 above), pp. 40, 46-47.
259. PRO, HO 45/10589/184160/23.
260. Thomas, pp. 41-45; Addison, pp. 118-19.
261. PRO, HO 144/18869/196919/2.
262. PRO, HO 144/A60866/4; HO 45/10520/138276/57;
263. Radzinowicz and Hood, pp. 372-75;
264. Addison, pp. 123-26;
265. Searle (n. 74 above), pp. 107-8.
266. Blunt, p. 399 (entry for October 20, 1912).
267. Ted Morgan, Churchill: Young Man in a Hurry, 1874-1915 (New York, 1982), p. 289.
268. Hansard Parliamentary Debates, 5th ser., vol. 19 (July 20, 1910), col. 1354.
269. PRO, HO 45/1085/193548/1.
270. Wilde, The Soul of Man (n. 10 above), p. 193.
271. Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship (n. 59 above).
272. Webb and Webb (n. 132 above), pp. 247-48.