Treatment of SAD and Panic Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Handbook of Interventions that Work with Children and Adolescents: Prevention and Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 145-169

  Mattis, Sara G ^a   Pincus, Donna B ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Children; Non panic anxiety disorders.; Panic disorder; Separation anxiety

Indexed keywords

EID: 84948777674     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470753385.ch7     Document Type: Chapter

References (117)

1. Achenbach, T.M., & Edelbrock, C.S. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University Associates in Psychiatry.
2. Albano, A.M., Chorpita, B.F., & Barlow, D.H. (1996). Childhood anxiety disorders, In E.J. Mash & R.A. Barkley (Eds), Child psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press.
3. Alessi, N.E., & Magen, J. (1988). Panic disorder in psychiatrically hospitalized children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1450-1452.
4. Alessi, N.E., Robbins, D.R., & Dilsaver, S.C. (1987). Panic and depressive disorders among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 20, 275-283.
5. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd edn).Washington, DC:Author.
6. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn).Washington, DC:Author.
7. Ballenger, J.C., Carek, D.J., Steele, J.J., & Cornish-McTighe, D. (1989). Three cases of panic disorder with agoraphobia in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 922-924.
8. Barlow, D.H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
9. Barlow, D.H., Craske, M.G., Cerny, J.A., & Klosko, J.S. (1989). Behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 261-282.
10. Barrett, P.M., Dadds, M.R., & Rapee, R.M. (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety:A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64 (2), 333-342.
11. Beck, A.T., & Emery, G. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.
12. Beidel, D.C. (1988). Psychophysiological assessment of anxious emotional states in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 80-82.
13. Bell-Dolan, D. (1995). Separation anxiety disorder. In R.T. Ammerman & M. Hersen (Eds), Handbook of child behavior therapy in the psychiatric setting (pp. 217-298). New York:John Wiley & Sons.
14. Bernstein, G.A., & Borchardt, C.M. (1991). Anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence:A critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30 (4), 519-532.
15. Bernstein, G.A., Borchardt, C.M., & Perwien, A.R. (1996). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1110-1119.
16. Biederman, J. (1987). Clonazepam in the treatment of prepubertal children with panic-like symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48, 38-41.
17. Bornstein, P.H., & Knapp, M. (1981). Self-control desensitization with a multi-phobic boy:A multiple baseline design. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 12 (3), 281-285.
18. Bowlby, J. (1970). Disruption of affectional bonds and its effects on behavior. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 2 (2), 75-86.
19. Bowlby, J. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds: II. Some principles of psychotherapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 421-431.
20. Butcher, P. (1983). The treatment of childhood-rooted separation anxiety in an adult. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 14 (1), 61-65.
21. Capps, L., Sigman, M., Sena, R., & Henker, B. (1996). Fear, anxiety and perceived control in children of agoraphobic parents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37 (4), 445-452.
22. Chambers, W.J., Puig-Antich, J., & Hirsch, M. (1985). The assessment of affective disorders in children and adolescents by semistructured interview: Test-retest reliability of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Present Episode Version. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42 (7), 696-702.
23. Choate, M.L., Mattis, S.G., Pincus, D.B., & Borrow, J.A. (November, 2000). Physiological measures of treatment response in adolescents with panic disorder. Poster presented at the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy Annual Convention in New Orleans, LA.
24. Clark, D.M., Salkovskis, P.M., & Chalkley, A.J. (1985). Respiratory control as a treatment for panic attacks. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 16, 23-30.
25. Clum, G.A. (1989). Psychological interventions vs. drugs in the treatment of panic. Behavior Therapy, 20, 429-457.
26. Costello, E.J., & Angold, A. (1995). Epidemiology. In J. March (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 109-124). New York: Guilford Press.
27. Costello, A.J., Edelbrock, C.S., & Kalas, R. (1984). Development and Testing of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) in a Clinical Population: Final Report. Rockville, MD: Center for Epidemiological Studies, NIMH.
28. Conners, C.K. (1969). A teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 884-888.
29. Dadds, M.R., Heard, P.M., & Rapee, R.M. (1992). The role of family intervention in the treatment of child anxiety disorders: Some preliminary findings. Behaviour Change, 9 (3), 171-177.
30. Doris, J., McIntyre, A., Kelsey, C., & Lehman, E. (1971). Separation anxiety in nursery school children. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 6 (Pt 1), 145-146.
31. Eisen, A.R., & Kearney, C.A. (1995). Practitioner's guide to treating fear and anxiety in children and adolescents: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
32. Eisen, A.R., Engler, L.B., & Geyer, B. (1998). Parent training for separation anxiety disorder. In J.M. Briesmeister & C.E. Schaefer (Eds), Handbook of parent training: Parents as co-therapists for children's behavior problems (2nd edn; pp. 205-224). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
33. Eyberg, S.M., & Matarazzo, R.G. (1980). Training parents as therapists: A comparison between individual parent-child interaction training and parent group didactic training. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 36 (2), 492-499.
34. Faravelli, C., Webb, T., Ambonetti, A., Fonnesu, F., & Sessarego, A. (1985). Prevalence of traumatic early life events in 31 agoraphobic patients with panic attacks. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 1493-1494.
35. Foote, R., Eyberg, S.M., & Schumann, E. (1998). Parent-child interaction approaches to the treatment of child behavior disorders. In T.H. Ollendick & R.J. Prinz (Eds), Advances in clinical child psychology (vol. 20). New York: Plenum Press.
36. Francis, G., Last, C.G., & Strauss, C.C. (1987). Expression of separation anxiety disorder:The roles of age and gender. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 18 (2), 82-89.
37. Garland, E.J., & Smith, D.H. (1991). Simultaneous prepubertal onset of panic disorder, night terrors, and somnambulism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 553-555.
38. Garvey, W.P., & Hengrenes, J.R. (1966). Desensitization techniques in the treatment of school phobia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 36 (1), 147-152.
39. Ginsburg, G.S., Silverman, W.K., & Kurtines, W.K. (1995). Family involvement in treating children with phobic and anxiety disorders: A look ahead. Clinical Psychology Review, 15 (5), 457-473.
40. Granell de Aldaz, E., Vivas, E., Gelfand, D.M., & Feldman, L. (1987). Estimating the prevalence of school refusal and school-related fears:A Venezuelan sample. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172 (12), 722-729.
41. Hayward, C., Killen, J.D., & Taylor, C.B. (1989). Panic attacks in young adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1061-1062.
42. Herskowitz, J. (1986). Neurologic presentations of panic disorder in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 28, 617-623.
43. Hirshfeld, D.R., Rosenbaum, J.F., Smoller, J.W., Fredman, S.J., & Bulzacchelli, M.T. (1998). Early antecedents of panic disorder. In J.F. Rosenbaum & M.W. Pollack (Eds), Panic disorder and its treatment (pp. 93-151). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
44. Hodges, K. (1987). Assessing children with a clinical research interview: The Child Assessment Schedule. In R.J. Prinz (Ed.), Advances in behavioral assessment of children and families (vol. 3). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
45. Hoffman, E.C., & Mattis, S.G. (2000). A developmental adaptation of panic control treatment for panic disorder in adolescence. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 7, 253-261.
46. Hudson, J.L., & Rapee, R.M. (2000). The origins of social phobia. Behaviour Modification, 24 (1), 102-129.
47. Kagan, J., Reznick, J.S., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 58 (6), 1459-1473.
48. Kagan, J., Reznick, J.S., & Snidman, N. (1988). Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science, 240, 167-171.
49. Kagan, J., Reznick, J.S., Clarke, C., Snidman, N., & Garcia-Coll, C. (1984). Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Development, 55 (6), 2212-2225.
50. Kane, M.T., & Kendall, P.C. (1989). Anxiety disorders in children: A multiple-baseline evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral treatment. Behavior Therapy, 20 (4), 499-508.
51. Kearney, C.S., & Silverman, W.K. (1992). Let's not push the "panic" button: A critical analysis of panic and panic disorder in adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 293-305.
52. Kearney, C.A., & Silverman, W.K. (1993). Measuring the function of school refusal behavior:The School Assessment Scale. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22 (1), 85-96.
53. Kearney, C.A., Albano, A.M., Eisen, A.R., Allan, W.D., & Barlow, D.H. (1997). The phenomenology of panic disorder in youngsters: An empirical study of a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 49-62.
54. Kendall, P.C. (Ed.) (1991). Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures. New York: Guilford Press.
55. Kendall, P.C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62 (1), 100-110.
56. Kendall, P.C., Chansky, T.E., Freidman, M., Kim, R., Kortlander, E., Sessa, F.M., & Siqueland, L. (1991). Treating anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. In P.C. Kendall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (pp. 131-164). New York:Guilford Press.
57. Kendall, P.C., Flannery-Schroeder, E., Panichelli-Mindel, S.M., & Southam-Gerow, M. (1997). Therapy for youths with anxiety disorders: A second randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65 (3), 366-380.
58. Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., Kessler, R.C., Heath, A.C., & Eaves, L.J. (1993). Panic disorder in women: A population-based twin study. Psychological Medicine, 23, 397-406.
59. King, N.J., Gullone, E., Tonge, B.J., & Ollendick, T.H. (1993). Self-reports of panic attacks and manifest anxiety in adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 111-116.
60. King, N.J., Ollendick, T.H., Mattis, S.G., Yang, B., & Tonge, B. (1996). Nonclinical panic attacks in adolescents: Prevalence, symptomatology, and associated features. Behaviour Change, 13, 171-183.
61. Knox, L.S., Albano, A.M., & Barlow, D.H. (1996). Parental involvement in the treatment of childhood compulsive disorder: A multiple-baseline examination incorporating parents. Behavior Therapy, 27 (1), 93-114.
62. Kovacs, M., & Beck, A.T. (1977). An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. In J.G. Schulterbrandt & A. Raskin (Eds), Depression in childhood:Diagnosis, treatment, and conceptual models (pp. 1-25). New York: Raven Press.
63. Lang, P.J., & Lazovik, A.D. (1963). Experimental desensitization of a phobia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 519-525.
64. Last, C.G. (1989). Anxiety disorders of childhood or adolescence. In C.G. Last & M. Hersen (Eds), Handbook of child psychiatric diagnosis (pp. 156-169). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
65. Last, C.G. (1991). Somatic complaints in anxiety disordered children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 5 (2), 125-138.
66. Last, C.G., & Strauss, C.C. (1989). Panic disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 3, 87-95.
67. Last, C.G., & Strauss, C.C. (1990). School refusal in anxiety-disordered children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29 (1), 31-35.
68. Last, C.G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A.E., Finkelstein, R., & Strauss, C.C. (1987). Comparison of DSM-III separation anxiety and overanxious disorders: Demographic characteristics and patterns of comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26 (4), 527-531.
69. Last, C.G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A.E., Orvaschel, H., & Perrin, S. (1991). Anxiety disorders in children and their families. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48 (10), 928-934.
70. Lease, C.A., & Strauss, C.C. (1993). Separation anxiety disorder. In R.T. Ammerman & M. Hersen (Eds), Handbook of behavior therapy with children and adults: A developmental and longitudinal perspective (vol. 171; pp. 93-107). Needham Heights, MA:Allyn & Bacon.
71. Lewinsohn, P.M., Hops, H., Roberts, R.E., Seeley, J.R., & Andrews, J.A. (1993). Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 133-144.
72. Macaulay, J.L., & Kleinknecht, R.A. (1989). Panic and panic attacks in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 3, 221-241.
73. March, J.S., Parker, J.D.A., Sullivan, K., & Stallings, P. (1997). The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor Structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554-565.
74. Marks, I.M. (1987). The development of normal fear: A review. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 28 (5), 667-697.
75. Matthews, K.A., Manuck, S.B., & Saab, P.G. (1986). Cardiovascular responses of adolescents during a naturally occurring stressor and their behavioral and psychophysiological predictors. Psychophysiology, 23 (2), 198-209.
76. Mattis, S.G., & Kiel, E. (March, 2002). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder in adolescence and the role of comorbid depression. In D.B. Pincus (Chair), Recent advances in the cognitive behavioral assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Symposium presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, MA.
77. Mattis, S.G., & Ollendick, T.H. (1997). Panic in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis. In T.H. Ollendick & R.J. Prinz (Eds), Advances in clinical child psychology (vol. 19; pp. 27-74). New York: Plenum Press.
78. Mattis, S.G., Hoffman, E.C., Cohen, E.M., Pincus, D.B., Choate, M.L., & Micco, J.A. (March, 2001). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder in adolescence. In C.L. Masia & E.A. Storch (Chairs), Treatment of childhood anxiety: Innovative interventions and future directions. Symposium presented at the meeting of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, Atlanta, GA.
79. Miller, P.M. (1972). The use of visual imagery and muscle relaxation in the countercondition of a phobic child: A case study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 154 (6), 457-460.
80. Miller, L.C., Barrett, C.L., Hampe, E., & Noble, H. (1971). Revised anxiety scales for the Louisville Behavior Check List. Psychological Reports, 29 (2), 503-511.
81. Montenegro, H. (1968). Severe separation anxiety in two preschool children: Successfully treated by reciprocal inhibition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 9 (2), 93-103.
82. Moreau, D., & Follett, C. (1993). Panic disorder in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 2, 581-602.
83. Moreau, D.L., Weissman, M., & Warner, V. (1989). Panic disorder in children at high risk for depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1059-1060.
84. Neisworth, J.T., Madle, R.A., & Goeke, K.E. (1975). "Errorless" elimination of separation anxiety: A case study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6 (1), 79-82.
85. Nelles, W.B., & Barlow, D.H. (1988). Do children panic? Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 359-372.
86. Ollendick, T.H. (1983). Reliability and validity of the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-R). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 685-692.
87. Ollendick, T.H. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia in adolescents: A multiple baseline design analysis. Behavior Therapy, 26, 517-531.
88. Ollendick, T.H., & Cerny, J.A. (1981). Clinical behavior therapy with children. New York:Plenum.
89. Ollendick, T.H., & King, N.J. (1990). School phobia and separation anxiety. In H. Leitenberg (Ed.), Handbook of social anxiety (pp. 179-214). New York: Plenum Publishing Corp.
90. Ollendick, T.H., & King, N.J. (1998). Empirically supported treatments for children with phobic and anxiety disorders: Current status. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27 (2), 156-167.
91. Ollendick, T.H., Birmaher, B., & Mattis, S.G. (in press). Panic disorder. In T.L. Morris & J.S. March (Eds), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2nd edn). New York: Guilford.
92. Ollendick, T.H., Mattis, S.G., & King, N.J. (1994). Panic in children and adolescents: A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 113-134.
93. Ollendick, T.H., Hagopian, L.P., & Huntzinger, R.M. (1991). Cognitive behavioral therapy with nighttime fearful children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 22 (2), 113-121.
94. Öst, L.G., Westling, B.E., & Hellström, K. (1993). Applied relaxation, exposure in vivo and cognitive methods in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 383-394.
95. Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L.B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52 (1), 1-10.
96. Pianta, R.C. (1999). Early childhood. In W.K. Silverman & T.H. Ollendick (Eds), Developmental issues in the clinical treatment of children (pp. 88-107). Needham Heights, MA:Allyn & Bacon.
97. Pincus, D.B., & Friedman (1995). Differential effects of home monitoring and cognitive behavioral treatment for decreasing children's maladaptive nighttime fears. Master's Thesis, Binghamton University Library.
98. Pincus, P., Eyberg, S.M., & Barlow, D.H. (2003). Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder Treatment Program: Using Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for treatment of separation anxiety disorder in young children. Ongoing study, Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders at Boston University.
99. Pincus, P., Choate, M.L., Eyberg, S.M., & Barlow, D.H. (2001). Treatment of young children with separation anxiety disorder using Parent-Child Interaction Therapy. In J. Hudson and D. Pincus (co-chairs), Parents and their Role in the Etiology, Assessment, and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Children. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the 2001 World Congress of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Vancouver, Canada.
100. Renaud, J., Birmaher, B., Wassick, S.C., & Bridge, J. (1999). Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of childhood panic disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 9, 73-83.
101. Reynolds, C.R., & Richmond, B.O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271-280.
102. Silove, D., & Manicavasagar, V. (1993). Adults who feared school: Is early separation anxiety specific to the pathogenesis of panic disorder? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 88 (6), 385-390.
103. Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., O'Connell, D., & Blaszczynski, A. (1993). Reported early separation anxiety symptoms in patients with panic and generalised anxiety disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27 (3), 489-494.
104. Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., O'Connell, D., & Morris-Yates, A. (1995). Genetic factors in early separation anxiety: Implications for the genesis of adult anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 92 (1), 17-24.
105. Silverman, W.K., & Albano, A.M. (1997). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, Child and Parent Versions. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
106. Silverman, W.K., Fleisig, W., Rabian, B., & Peterson, R.A. (1991). Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 162-168.
107. Siqueland, L., Kendall, P.C., & Steinberg, L. (1996). Anxiety in children: Perceived family environments and observed family interaction. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25 (2), 225-237.
108. Spielberger, C.D. (1973). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
109. Thyer, B.A., & Sowers-Hoag, K.M. (1988). Behavior therapy for separation anxiety disorder. Behavior Modification, 12 (2), 205-233.
110. Thyer, B.A., Himle, J., & Fischer, D.J. (1993). Separation anxiety disorder. In R.T. Ammerman, M. Hersen, & C.G. Last (Eds), Handbook of prescriptive treatments for children and adolescents. (pp. 144-158). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
111. Thyer, B.A., Parrish, R.T., Curtis, G.C., Nesse, R.M., & Cameron, O.G. (1985). Ages of onset of DSM-III anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 26, 113-122.
112. Van Winter, J.T., & Stickler, G.B. (1984). Panic attack syndrome. The Journal of Pediatrics, 105, 661-665.
113. Vitiello, B., Behar, D., Wolfson, S., & McLeer, S.V. (1990). Diagnosis of panic disorder in prepubertal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 782-784.
114. Von Korff, M.R., Eaton, W.W., & Keyl, P.M. (1985). The epidemiology of panic attacks and panic disorder: Results of three community surveys. American Journal of Epidemiology, 122, 970-981.
115. Wachtel, J.R., & Strauss, C.C. (1995). Separation anxiety disorder. In A.R. Eisen & C.A. Kearney (Eds), Clinical handbook of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. (pp. 53-81). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc.
116. Warren, R., & Zgourides, G. (1988). Panic attacks in high school students: Implications for prevention and intervention. Phobia Practice and Research Journal, 1, 97-113.
117. Whitaker, A., Johnson, J., Shaffer, D., Rapoport, J., Kalikow, K., Walsh, B.T., Davies, M., Braiman, S., & Dolinsky, A. (1990). Uncommon troubles in young people: Prevalence estimates of selected psychiatric disorders in a nonreferred adolescent population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 487-496.