메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 39-61

Risk Factors and PTSD: A Historian's Perspective

(1)  Shephard, Ben a  

a NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acute symptoms; Adversity stress model; Event and risk; PTSD literature; Second reaction

Indexed keywords


EID: 84948732371     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470713570.ch3     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (30)

References (92)
  • 2
    • 77953261372 scopus 로고
    • The psychopathy of the barbed wire
    • Armstrong-Jones, R. (1917). The psychopathy of the barbed wire. Nature, 100, 1-3.
    • (1917) Nature , vol.100 , pp. 1-3
    • Armstrong-Jones, R.1
  • 3
    • 3142550092 scopus 로고
    • Human behaviour under stress: From combat psychiatry to social psychiatry
    • Artiss, K. L. (1963). Human behaviour under stress: From combat psychiatry to social psychiatry. Military Medicine, 128, 1011-1015.
    • (1963) Military Medicine , vol.128 , pp. 1011-1015
    • Artiss, K.L.1
  • 6
    • 15644378426 scopus 로고
    • War neuroses and allied conditions in ex-servicemen
    • Benton, G. H. (1921). War neuroses and allied conditions in ex-servicemen. Journal of the American Medical Association, 77, 360-365.
    • (1921) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.77 , pp. 360-365
    • Benton, G.H.1
  • 7
    • 16244385775 scopus 로고
    • Irrational reactions to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Viet Nam veterans
    • S. Sonnenberg et al. (eds), Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
    • Blank, A. S. (1985). Irrational reactions to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Viet Nam veterans. In S. Sonnenberg et al. (eds), The trauma of war: Stress and recovery in Viet Nam veterans. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
    • (1985) The trauma of war: Stress and recovery in Viet Nam veterans
    • Blank, A.S.1
  • 8
    • 0002116476 scopus 로고
    • The longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • J. R. T. Davidson & E. B. Foa (eds), Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
    • Blank, A. S. (1993). The longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder. In J. R. T. Davidson & E. B. Foa (eds), Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM IV and beyond. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
    • (1993) Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM IV and beyond
    • Blank, A.S.1
  • 9
    • 0023179170 scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress disorder: The stressor criterion
    • Breslau, N., & Davis, G. C. (1987). Posttraumatic stress disorder: The stressor criterion. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 255-264.
    • (1987) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.175 , pp. 255-264
    • Breslau, N.1    Davis, G.C.2
  • 12
    • 0009038885 scopus 로고
    • Army alpha, army brass, and the search for army intelligence
    • Carson, J. (1993). Army alpha, army brass, and the search for army intelligence. Isis, 84, 278-309.
    • (1993) Isis , vol.84 , pp. 278-309
    • Carson, J.1
  • 13
    • 0017202193 scopus 로고
    • The effects of combat on the normal personality: War neurosis in Vietnam returnees
    • Cavenar, J. O., & Nash, J. L. (1976). The effects of combat on the normal personality: War neurosis in Vietnam returnees. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 17, 647-653.
    • (1976) Comprehensive Psychiatry , vol.17 , pp. 647-653
    • Cavenar, J.O.1    Nash, J.L.2
  • 14
    • 0345942908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The ordeal of adjustment": Australian psychiatric casualties in the Second World War
    • Condé, A.-M. (1997). "The ordeal of adjustment": Australian psychiatric casualties in the Second World War. War and Society, 15, 61-74.
    • (1997) War and Society , vol.15 , pp. 61-74
    • Condé, A.-M.1
  • 16
    • 11144313247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invisible wounds: The American Legion, shell-shocked veterans and American society, 1919-1924
    • M. S. Micale & P. Lerner (eds), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Cox, C. (2001). Invisible wounds: The American Legion, shell-shocked veterans and American society, 1919-1924. In M. S. Micale & P. Lerner (eds), Traumatic pasts: History, psychiatry and trauma in the modern age, 1870-1930. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2001) Traumatic pasts: History, psychiatry and trauma in the modern age, 1870-1930
    • Cox, C.1
  • 17
    • 84863802446 scopus 로고
    • North-West Europe. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office
    • Crew, F. A. E. (1962). The Army Medical Services: Campaigns, Vol. IV, North-West Europe. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
    • (1962) The Army Medical Services: Campaigns , vol.4
    • Crew, F.A.E.1
  • 18
    • 84977302279 scopus 로고
    • The problem of the neurasthenic pensioner
    • Culpin, M. (1921). The problem of the neurasthenic pensioner. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 10, 316-328.
    • (1921) British Journal of Medical Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 316-328
    • Culpin, M.1
  • 22
    • 0023243609 scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress disorder and the perennial stress-diathesis controversy
    • Escobar, J. I. (1987). Posttraumatic stress disorder and the perennial stress-diathesis controversy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 265-266.
    • (1987) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.175 , pp. 265-266
    • Escobar, J.I.1
  • 23
    • 84965336001 scopus 로고
    • The war neuroses: Their nature and significance
    • Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1943). The war neuroses: Their nature and significance. British Medical Journal, i, 183-186.
    • (1943) British Medical Journal , vol.1 , pp. 183-186
    • Fairbairn, W.R.D.1
  • 27
    • 84948767268 scopus 로고
    • An attempt to predict probable combat effectiveness by brief psychiatric examination
    • Glass, A. J. (1949). An attempt to predict probable combat effectiveness by brief psychiatric examination. American Journal of Psychiatry, 106, 81-90.
    • (1949) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.106 , pp. 81-90
    • Glass, A.J.1
  • 28
    • 84948803141 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General
    • Glass, A. J. (ed.) (1966). Neuropsychiatry in World War II, Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General.
    • (1966) Neuropsychiatry in World War II , vol.1
    • Glass, A.J.1
  • 33
    • 84965249027 scopus 로고
    • War neurosis: A year in a neuropathic hospital
    • Hadfield, J. A. (1942). War neurosis: A year in a neuropathic hospital. British Medical Journal, i, 281-285, 320-323.
    • (1942) British Medical Journal , vol.1
    • Hadfield, J.A.1
  • 35
    • 0021266654 scopus 로고
    • Combat adaptations of Vietnam veterans without posttraumatic stress disorders
    • Hendin, H., & Haas, A. P. (1984). Combat adaptations of Vietnam veterans without posttraumatic stress disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 956-960.
    • (1984) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.141 , pp. 956-960
    • Hendin, H.1    Haas, A.P.2
  • 36
    • 0021017384 scopus 로고
    • The influence of precombat personality on posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Hendin, H., Haas, A. P., Singer, P., Gold F., & Trigos, G. G. (1983). The influence of precombat personality on posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 24, 530-534.
    • (1983) Comprehensive Psychiatry , vol.24 , pp. 530-534
    • Hendin, H.1    Haas, A.P.2    Singer, P.3    Gold, F.4    Trigos, G.G.5
  • 37
    • 76949138989 scopus 로고
    • Military performance of a group of marginal neuropsychiatric cases
    • Hunt, W. A., Wittson, C. L., & Hunt, E. B. (1952). Military performance of a group of marginal neuropsychiatric cases. American Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 168-171.
    • (1952) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.109 , pp. 168-171
    • Hunt, W.A.1    Wittson, C.L.2    Hunt, E.B.3
  • 38
    • 70350426812 scopus 로고
    • directed by John Huston, US War Department
    • Huston, J. (1946). Let There Be Light, directed by John Huston, US War Department.
    • (1946) Let There Be Light
    • Huston, J.1
  • 39
    • 84948803142 scopus 로고
    • Corps Exhaustion Centre, Department of Film
    • Imperial War Museum (1944). Corps Exhaustion Centre, Department of Film.
    • (1944)
  • 41
    • 0038028609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for vulnerability to psychological disorders in the military: An historical survey
    • Jones, E., Hyams, K. C., & Wessely, S. (2003). Screening for vulnerability to psychological disorders in the military: An historical survey. Journal of Medical Screening, 10, 40-46.
    • (2003) Journal of Medical Screening , vol.10 , pp. 40-46
    • Jones, E.1    Hyams, K.C.2    Wessely, S.3
  • 42
    • 0035117364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric battle casualties: An intra- and interwar comparison
    • Jones, E., & Wessely, S. (2001). Psychiatric battle casualties: An intra- and interwar comparison. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 242-247.
    • (2001) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.178 , pp. 242-247
    • Jones, E.1    Wessely, S.2
  • 43
    • 20644465566 scopus 로고
    • Disorders of frustration and loneliness
    • F. D. Jones, L. R. Sparacino, V. L. Wilcox, J. M. Rothberg, & J. W. Stokes (eds), Falls Church, VA: Office of the Surgeon General
    • Jones, F. D. (1995). Disorders of frustration and loneliness. In F. D. Jones, L. R. Sparacino, V. L. Wilcox, J. M. Rothberg, & J. W. Stokes (eds), Textbook of military medicine: War psychiatry. Falls Church, VA: Office of the Surgeon General.
    • (1995) Textbook of military medicine: War psychiatry
    • Jones, F.D.1
  • 44
    • 84993660677 scopus 로고
    • Medical and psychiatric treatment policy and practice in Vietnam
    • Jones, F. D., & Johnson, A. W. (1975). Medical and psychiatric treatment policy and practice in Vietnam. Journal of Social Issues, 31, 49-65.
    • (1975) Journal of Social Issues , vol.31 , pp. 49-65
    • Jones, F.D.1    Johnson, A.W.2
  • 46
    • 0002049317 scopus 로고
    • Testing the Army's intelligence: Psychology and the military in World War I
    • Kevles, D. (1968). Testing the Army's intelligence: Psychology and the military in World War I. Journal of American History, 55, 565-581.
    • (1968) Journal of American History , vol.55 , pp. 565-581
    • Kevles, D.1
  • 47
    • 84873761412 scopus 로고
    • A study of unstable personalities after combat
    • Klein, J. J. (1951). A study of unstable personalities after combat. Journal of Nervous and Medical Disorder, 113, 437-448.
    • (1951) Journal of Nervous and Medical Disorder , vol.113 , pp. 437-448
    • Klein, J.J.1
  • 49
    • 0035191927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A call to action: Overcoming anxiety through active coping
    • Ledoux, J. E., & Gorman, J. M. (2001). A call to action: Overcoming anxiety through active coping. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1953-1955.
    • (2001) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.158 , pp. 1953-1955
    • Ledoux, J.E.1    Gorman, J.M.2
  • 50
    • 0028947669 scopus 로고
    • A 50-year prospective study of the psychological sequelae of World War II combat
    • Lee, K. A., Vaillant, G. E., Torrey, W. C., & Elder, G. H. (1995). A 50-year prospective study of the psychological sequelae of World War II combat. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 516-522.
    • (1995) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 516-522
    • Lee, K.A.1    Vaillant, G.E.2    Torrey, W.C.3    Elder, G.H.4
  • 51
    • 0023212308 scopus 로고
    • Commentary: The stressor criterion and posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Lindy, J., Green, B. L., & Grace, M. C. (1987). Commentary: The stressor criterion and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 269-272.
    • (1987) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.175 , pp. 269-272
    • Lindy, J.1    Green, B.L.2    Grace, M.C.3
  • 53
    • 0002298981 scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder
    • M. E. Wolf & A. D. Mosnaim (eds), Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
    • McFarlane, A. C. (1990). Vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder. In M. E. Wolf & A. D. Mosnaim (eds), Posttraumatic stress disorder: Etiology, phenomenology, and treatment (pp. 2-21). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
    • (1990) Posttraumatic stress disorder: Etiology, phenomenology, and treatment , pp. 2-21
    • McFarlane, A.C.1
  • 54
    • 0029019357 scopus 로고
    • Association of intelligence with severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans
    • McNally, R. J., & Shin, L. M. (1995). Association of intelligence with severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 936-938.
    • (1995) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 936-938
    • McNally, R.J.1    Shin, L.M.2
  • 58
    • 0346574073 scopus 로고
    • The neuropathic inheritance
    • Mott, F. W. (1913). The neuropathic inheritance. Journal of Mental Science, 59, 222-261.
    • (1913) Journal of Mental Science , vol.59 , pp. 222-261
    • Mott, F.W.1
  • 61
    • 0345327519 scopus 로고
    • Military psychiatric casualties: Experience with 12,000 cases
    • Palmer, H. (1945). Military psychiatric casualties: Experience with 12,000 cases. Lancet, ii, 454-457, 492-494.
    • (1945) Lancet , vol.2
    • Palmer, H.1
  • 63
    • 76549204716 scopus 로고
    • The normal battle reaction: Its relation to the pathologic battle reaction
    • Ranson, S. W. (1949). The normal battle reaction: Its relation to the pathologic battle reaction. Bulletin of the US Army Medical Department, 9, Supplement, 3-11.
    • (1949) Bulletin of the US Army Medical Department , vol.9 , pp. 3-11
    • Ranson, S.W.1
  • 64
    • 33746865209 scopus 로고
    • Robert M. Yerkes and the mental testing movement
    • M. Sokal (ed.), Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
    • Reed, J. (1987). Robert M. Yerkes and the mental testing movement. In M. Sokal (ed.), Psychological testing and American society, 1890-1930. Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
    • (1987) Psychological testing and American society, 1890-1930
    • Reed, J.1
  • 65
    • 0015880085 scopus 로고
    • The changing patterns of psychiatric problems in Vietnam
    • Renner, J. A. (1973). The changing patterns of psychiatric problems in Vietnam. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 14, 169-180.
    • (1973) Comprehensive Psychiatry , vol.14 , pp. 169-180
    • Renner, J.A.1
  • 67
    • 0017509851 scopus 로고
    • World War I intelligence testing and the development of psychology
    • Samelson, F. (1977). World War I intelligence testing and the development of psychology. Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences, 13, 272-282.
    • (1977) Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences , vol.13 , pp. 272-282
    • Samelson, F.1
  • 69
    • 0030798058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discussion: Treatment of prolonged posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Shalev, A. (1997). Discussion: Treatment of prolonged posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 415-423.
    • (1997) Journal of Traumatic Stress , vol.10 , pp. 415-423
    • Shalev, A.1
  • 70
    • 0038368597 scopus 로고
    • Fate of 395 mild psychoneurotic cases salvaged from training period and taken into combat
    • Sharp, W. L. (1950). Fate of 395 mild psychoneurotic cases salvaged from training period and taken into combat. American Journal of Psychiatry, 106, 801-807.
    • (1950) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.106 , pp. 801-807
    • Sharp, W.L.1
  • 71
    • 0043035515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The early treatment of Mental Disorders": R. G. Rows and Maghull, 1914-1918
    • H. Freeman & G. E. Berrios (eds), The aftermath. London: Gaskell
    • Shephard, B. (1996). "The early treatment of Mental Disorders": R. G. Rows and Maghull, 1914-1918. In H. Freeman & G. E. Berrios (eds), 150 years of British psychiatry, Vol. II: The aftermath. London: Gaskell.
    • (1996) 150 years of British psychiatry , vol.2
    • Shephard, B.1
  • 72
    • 0033288396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Pitiless Psychology": The role of prevention in British military psychiatry in the Second World War
    • Shephard, B. (1999a). "Pitiless Psychology": The role of prevention in British military psychiatry in the Second World War. History of Psychiatry, 10, 491-524.
    • (1999) History of Psychiatry , vol.10 , pp. 491-524
    • Shephard, B.1
  • 73
    • 39449139214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shell-shock
    • H. Freeman (ed.), London: Mosby-Wolfe
    • Shephard, B. (1999b). Shell-shock. In H. Freeman (ed.), A century of psychiatry (pp. 33-40). London: Mosby-Wolfe.
    • (1999) A century of psychiatry , pp. 33-40
    • Shephard, B.1
  • 75
    • 79952050489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise of the trauma culture
    • J. E. Hovens & G. J. Van der Ploeg (eds), Rotterdam: Delta Psychiatrisch Ziekenhuis
    • Shephard, B. (2002). The rise of the trauma culture. In J. E. Hovens & G. J. Van der Ploeg (eds), De historie van de psychiatrie als basis voor de toekomst. Rotterdam: Delta Psychiatrisch Ziekenhuis.
    • (2002) De historie van de psychiatrie als basis voor de toekomst
    • Shephard, B.1
  • 76
    • 0006255435 scopus 로고
    • The neurotic constitution: A statistical study of two thousand neurotic soldiers
    • Slater, E. (1943). The neurotic constitution: A statistical study of two thousand neurotic soldiers. Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 6, 1-16.
    • (1943) Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry , vol.6 , pp. 1-16
    • Slater, E.1
  • 78
    • 84948803144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications
    • Spragg, G. (2003). When good men do nothing. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications.
    • (2003) When good men do nothing
    • Spragg, G.1
  • 79
    • 18144392167 scopus 로고
    • Effects of combat stress on hospital ship psychiatric evacuees
    • P. G. Bourne (ed.), New York: Academic Press
    • Strange, R. E. (1969). Effects of combat stress on hospital ship psychiatric evacuees. In P. G. Bourne (ed.), Psychology and physiology of stress (pp. 75-83). New York: Academic Press.
    • (1969) Psychology and physiology of stress , pp. 75-83
    • Strange, R.E.1
  • 81
    • 84948803145 scopus 로고
    • The patient and his attitude toward his neurosis
    • Thom, T. (1923). The patient and his attitude toward his neurosis. Mental Hygiene, 8, 234-247.
    • (1923) Mental Hygiene , vol.8 , pp. 234-247
    • Thom, T.1
  • 82
    • 0023264343 scopus 로고
    • Commentary: Posttraumatic stress disorder: The stressor criterion
    • Ursano, R. J. (1987). Commentary: Posttraumatic stress disorder: The stressor criterion. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 273-275.
    • (1987) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.175 , pp. 273-275
    • Ursano, R.J.1
  • 86
    • 0000313517 scopus 로고
    • The pre-disposing factors of war psycho-neurosis
    • Wolfsohn, J. (1918). The pre-disposing factors of war psycho-neurosis. The Lancet, i, 177-180.
    • (1918) The Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 177-180
    • Wolfsohn, J.1
  • 87
  • 88
    • 0037050366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Yehuda, R. (2002). Post-traumatic stress disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 108-114.
    • (2002) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.346 , pp. 108-114
    • Yehuda, R.1
  • 89
    • 0028856568 scopus 로고
    • Conflict between current knowledge about posttraumatic stress disorder and its original conceptual basis
    • Yehuda, R., & McFarlane, A. C. (1995). Conflict between current knowledge about posttraumatic stress disorder and its original conceptual basis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1705-1713.
    • (1995) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 1705-1713
    • Yehuda, R.1    McFarlane, A.C.2
  • 91
    • 0035554285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Our traumatic neurosis and its brain
    • Young, A. (2001). Our traumatic neurosis and its brain. Science in Context, 14, 661-683.
    • (2001) Science in Context , vol.14 , pp. 661-683
    • Young, A.1
  • 92
    • 84948803147 scopus 로고
    • Youth in Crisis
    • newsreel
    • "Youth in Crisis" (1943). March of Time newsreel.
    • (1943) March of Time


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.