Satellite Communications Systems Engineering: Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design and System Performance

Satellite Communications Systems Engineering: Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design and System Performance

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-376

  Ippolito, Louis J ^a,b  

^a ITT Advanced Engineering & Sciences   (United States)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNICATION SATELLITES; ENGINEERS; RADIO WAVES; SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS; SATELLITE LINKS; STUDENTS; WAVE PROPAGATION;

ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS; COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE; FREQUENCY OF OPERATION; MITIGATION TECHNIQUES; MODELLING AND PREDICTIONS; PRACTICING ENGINEERS; SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS; SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM;

SATELLITES;

EID: 84948669773     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470754443     Document Type: Book

References (125)

1. A.C. Clarke, 'Extraterrestrial Relays,'Wireless World, Vol. 51, pp. 305 308, October 1945.
2. M.I. Davis and G.N. Krassner, 'SCORE First Communications Satellite,' Journal of American Rocket Society, Vol. 4, May 1959.
3. L. Jaffe, 'Project Echo Results,' Astronautics, Vol. 6, No. 5, May 1961.
4. E. Imboldi and D. Hershberg, 'Courier Satellite Communications System,'Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 8, 1961.
5. Special Issue on ProjectWest Ford, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 52, No. 5, May 1964.
6. K.W. Gatland, Telecommunications Satellites, Prentice Hall, New York, 1964.
7. D.H. Martin, Communications Satellites 1958-1988, The Aerospace Corporation, December 31, 1986.
8. L. Jaffe, 'TheNASACommunications Satellite Program Results and Status,'Proceedings of the 15th International Astronautical Congress, Vol. 2: Satellite Systems, 1965.
9. J. Alper and J.N. Pelton, eds., 'The INTELSATGlobal System, Progress in Astronautics andAeronautics,'Vol. 93, AIAA, New York, 1984.
10. J. Almond, 'Commercial Communications Satellite Systems in Canada,' IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 19, No. 1, January 1981.
11. W.N. Redisch and R.L. Hall, 'ATS 6 Spacecraft Design/Performance,' EASCON'74 Conference Record, October 1974.
12. Special Issue onATS 6, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronics Systems,Vol. 11, No. 6, November 1975.
13. D.L.Wright and J.W.B. Day, 'The Communications Technology Satellite and the Associated Ground Terminals for Experiments,'AIAA Conference on Communications Satellites for Health/Education Applications, July 1975.
14. L.J. Ippolito, 'Characterization of the CTS 12 and 14 GHz Communications Links Preliminary Measurements and Evaluation,' International Conference on Communications: ICC'76, June 1976.
15. International Telecommunications Union, www.itu.int.
16. D. Roddy, Satellite Communications, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001.
17. T. Pratt, C.W. Bostian and J.E. Allnutt, Satellite Communications, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2003.
18. J.J. Spilker, Digital Communications By Satellite, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1977.
19. T. Pratt, C.W. Bostian and J.E. Allnutt, Satellite Communications, Second Edition, John Wiley & Son, Inc., New York, 2003.
20. L.J. Ippolito, Jr., Radiowave Propagation in Satellite Communications, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1986.
21. W.L. Pritchard and J.A. Sciulli, Satellite Communication Systems Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986.
22. ITU-R Rec. P.841-4, 'Conversion of annual statistics to worst-month statistics,' Geneva, 2005.
23. L.J. Ippolito, Radiowave Propagation In Satellite Communications, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1986.
24. IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Radio Wave Propagation, IEEE Std. 211 1977, New York, August 19, 1977.
25. ITU-R Recommendation P.531-8, 'Ionospheric propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of satellite services and systems,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, March 2005.
26. W.L. Flock, Propagation Effects on Satellite Systems at Frequencies Below 10 GHz, A Handbook for Satellite Systems Design, NASA Reference Publication 1108(02),Washington, DC, 1987.
27. G. Mie, 'Optics of turbid media,' Ann. Physik, Vol. 25, No 3, pp. 377-445, 1908.
28. J.W. Ryde and D. Ryde, 'Attenuation of centimetre and millimetre waves by rain, hail, fogs, and clouds,' Rep. No. 8670, Research Laboratories of the General Electric Co.,Wembley, England, 1945.
29. K.L.S. Gunn and T.W.R. East, 'The microwave properties of precipitation particles,' Quarterly J. Royal Meteor. Soc., Vol. 80, pp. 522-545, 1954.
30. R.L. Olsen, D.V. Rogers, and D.B. Hodge, 'The aRb relation in the calculation of rain attenuation,' IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-26, No. 2, pp. 318-329, March 1978.
31. S.D. Slobin, 'Microwave noise temperature and attenuation of clouds: Statistics of these effects at various sites in the United States, Alaska, and Hawaii,' Radio Science, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 1443-1454, Nov-Dec. 1982.
32. ITU-R Recommendation P.840-3, 'Attenuation due to clouds and fog,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Oct 1999.
33. T.S. Chu 'Rain-induced cross-polarization at centimeter and millimeter wavelengths,' The Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 53, No.8, pp. 1557-1579, October 1974.
34. H.W. Arnold, D.C. Cox, H.H. Hoffman and P.P. Leck, 'Characteristics of rain and ice depolarization for a 19 and 28 GHz propagation path from a comstar satellite,' IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP 28, No. 1, pp. 22-28, Jan. 1980.
35. W.L. Nowland, R.L. Olsen and I.P. Shkarofsky, 'Theoretical relationship between rain depolarization and attenuation,' Electronics Letters, Vol. 13, No. 22, pp. 676-678, October 27, 1977.
36. J.E. Allnutt, Satellite-to-Ground Radiowave Propagation, Peter Peregrinus, London, 1989.
37. W.J. Vogel, 'CTS attenuation and cross polarization measurements at 11.7 GHz,' Final Report, University of Texas, Report No. 22 576 1, June 1980.
38. D.C. Cox and H.W. Arnold, 'Results from the 19 and 28GHZ COMSTAR Satellite Propagation Experiments at Crawford Hill,' Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 70, No. 5, May 1982.
39. ITU-R Recommendation P.453-7, 'The radio refractive index: its formula and refractivity data,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Oct 1999.
40. V.E. Tatarski, 'The effects of the turbulent atmosphere on wave propagation,' Springfield,VA: National Technical Information Service, 1971.
41. D.J.M. Devasirvathm and D.B. Hodge, 'Amplitude scintillation of earth-space propagation paths at 2 and 30 GHz,' Ohio State University, Tech. Report 4299-4, March 1977.
42. J.M. Titus and H.W. Arnold, 'Low elevation angle propagation effects on COMSTAR satellite signals,' Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 61, No. 7, pp. 1567-1572, Sept 1982.
43. J.W. Waters, 'Absorption and emissions by atmospheric gases,' Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 12B, Radio Telescopes, Ed. M.L. Meeks, Academic Press, New York, 1976.
44. K.N.Wulfsberg, 'Apparent sky temperatures at millimeter wave frequencies,' Phys. Science Res., Paper No. 38, Air Force Cambridge Res. Lab., No. 64 590, 1964.
45. ITU-R Recommendation P.372-8, 'Radio Noise,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, April 2003.
46. E.K. Smith, 'Centimeter and millimeter wave attenuation and brightness temperature due to atmospheric oxygen and water vapor,' Radio Science, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 1455-1464, Nov-Dec., 1982.
47. L.J. Ippolito, Jr., 'Effects of precipitation on 15.3 and 31.65 GHz earth space transmissions with the ATS V satellite,' Proceedings. of the IEEE, Vol. 59, pp. 189-205, Feb., 1971.
48. J.I. Strickland, 'The measurement of slant path attenuation using radar, radiometers and a satellite beacon,' J. Res. Atmos., Vol. 8, pp. 347-358, 1974.
49. D.C. Hogg and T.S Chu, 'The role of rain in satellite communications,' Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 63, No. 9, pp. 1308-1331, Sept. 1975.
50. L.J. Ippolito, Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design, Fifth Edition, NASA Reference Publication 1082(5), June 1999.
51. J.D. Kraus, Radio Astronomy, Second Edition, Cygnus-Quasar Books. 1986.
52. J.W.M. Baars, 'The measurement of large antennas with cosmic radio sources,' IEEE Trans. Antennas & Propagat., Vol. AP21, No. 4, pp. 461-474.
53. K.G. Johannsen and A. Koury, 'The moon as a source for G/T measurements,' IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES10, No. 5, pp. 718-727.
54. D.F. Wait, W.C. Daywitt, M. Kanda and C.K.S. Miller, 'A study of the measurement of G/T using Casseopeia A,' National Bureau of Standards, Report. No. NBSIR 74 382, 1974.
55. H.J. Liebe, G.A. Hufford and M.G. Cotton, 'Propagation modeling of moist air and suspended water/ice particles at frequencies below 1000 GHz,' AGARD 52nd Specialists' Meeting of the Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Panel, Palma De Mallorca, Spain, May 1993, pp. 17-21.
56. ITU-R Recommendation P.676-6, 'Attenuation by atmospheric gases,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, March 2005.
57. L.J. Ippolito, Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design, Fifth Edition, NASA Reference Publication 1082(5), June 1999.
58. ITU-R Recommendation P.835-4, 'Reference standard atmosphere for gaseous attenuation,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, March 2005.
59. H.J. Liebe, 'An updated model for millimeter wave propagation in moist air,' Radio Science, Vol. 20, pp. 1069-1089, May 1985.
60. H.J. Liebe, 'MPM - An atmospheric millimeter-wave propagation podel,' Int. J. Infrared and MillimeterWaves, Vol. 10, pp. 631-650, July 1989.
61. ITU-R Recommendation P.453-8, 'The radio refractive index: its formula and refractivity data,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, February 2001.
62. ITU-R Recommendation P.834-3, 'Effects of tropospheric refraction on radiowave propagation,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, October 1999.
63. S.D. Slobin, 'Microwave Noise Temperature and Attenuation of Clouds: Statistics of These Effects at Various Sites in the United States, Alaska, and Hawaii,' Radio Science, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 1443-1454, 1982.
64. ITU-R Recommendation P.840-3, 'Attenuation due to clouds and fog,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, October 1999.
65. L.J. Ippolito, Jr., Radiowave Propagation in Satellite Communications, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1986.
66. A. Dissanayake, J. Allnutt and F. Haidara, 'A prediction model that combines rain attenuation and other propagation impairments along earth-satellite paths,' IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, Vol. 45, No. 10, pp. 1546-1558, 1997.
67. G. Feldhake, 'A comparison of 11 rain attenuation models with two years of ACTS data from seven sites,' Proc. 9th ACTS Propagation StudiesWorkshop, Reston, VA, pp. 257-266, 1996.
68. A. Paraboni, A, 'Testing of rain attenuation prediction methods against the measured data contained in the ITU-R data bank,' ITU-R Study Group 3 Document, SR2-95/6, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995.
69. ITU-R Rec. P.618-8, 'Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of earth-space telecommunication systems,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, April 2003.
70. ITU-R Rec. P.837-4, 'Characteristics of precipitation for propagation modeling,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, April 2003.
71. ITU-R Rec. P.838-3, 'Specific attenuation model for rain use in prediction methods,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, March 2005.
72. ITU-R Rec. P.839-3, 'Rain height model for prediction methods,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, February 2001.
73. ITU-R Rec. P.678-1, 'Characterization of the natural variability of propagation phenomena,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, March 1992.
74. R.K. Crane, 'Prediction of attenuation by rain,' IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. COM-28, No. 9, pp. 1717-1733, Sept. 1980.
75. R.K. Crane, 'A two-component rain model for the prediction of attenuation statistics,' Radio Science, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 1371-1387, Nov-Dec 1982.
76. R.K. Crane, Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Through Rain, JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996.
77. A. Tsolakis and W.L. Stutzman, 'Calculation of ice depolarization on satellite radio paths,' Radio Science, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 1287-1293, 1983.
78. W.L. Stutzman and G.A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., New York, p. 48, 1998.
79. H.R. Pruppacher and J.D. Klett, Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, D. Reidel, Hingham, MA, 1980.
80. C. Yeh, R. Woo, A. Ishimaru and J. Armstrong, 'Scattering by single ice needles and plates at 30 GHz,' Radio Science, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 1503-1510, 1982.
81. C.W. Bostian, and J.E. Allnutt, 'Ice-crystal depolarization on satellite-earth microwave radio paths,' Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng., Vol. 126, pp. 951-960, 1979.
82. J.W. Shephard, A.R. Holt and B.G. Evans, 'The effects of shape on electromagnetic scattering by ice crystals,' IEE Conf. Publ., Vol. 195, No. 2, pp. 96-100, 1981.
83. Y. Karasawa, M.Yamada and J.E. Allnutt, 'A new prediction method for tropospheric scintillation on earth-space paths,' IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation, Vol. AP-36, No. 11, pp. 1608-1614, 1988.
84. Y. Karasawa" K. Yasukawa and Y. Matsuichi, 'Tropospheric scintillation in the 14/11-GHz bands on earth-space paths with low elevation angles,' IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation, Vol. AP-36, No. 4, pp. 563-569, 1988.
85. M.M.J.L. van de Kamp, 'Asymmetric signal level distribution due to tropospheric scintillation,' Electronics Letters, Vol. 34, No. 11, pp. 1145-1146, 1998.
86. M.M.J.L. van de Kamp, J.K. Tervonen, E.T. Salonen and J.P.V.P. Baptista, 'Improved models for long-term prediction of tropospheric scintillation on slant paths,' IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation, Vol. AP-47, No. 2, pp. 249-260, 1999.
87. L.J. Ippolito, Jr., Radiowave Propagation in Satellite Communications, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1986.
88. T. Maseng and P.M. Bakken, 'A stochastic dynamic model of rain attenuation,' IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. COM 29, No. 5, May 1981.
89. W.M. Holmes Jr. and G.A. Beck, 'The ACTS flight system: cost effective advanced communications technology,' AIAA 10th Communications Satellite Systems Conference, AIAA CP842, Orlando, FL, pp. 196-201, Mar. 19-22, 1984.
90. D.B. Hodge, 'The characteristics of millimeter wavelength satellite to ground space diversity links,' IEE Conference Publication No. 98, Propagation of RadioWaves at Frequencies above 10 GHz, 10-13 April 1973, London, pp. 28-32.
91. D.V. Rogers and Hodge, G., 'Diversity measurements of 11.6 GHz rain attenuation at Etam and Lenox, West Virginia,' COMSAT Technical Review, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 243-254, Spring 1979.
92. G.C. Towner et al., 'Initial results from the VPI&SU SIRIO diversity experiment,' Radio Science, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 1498-1494, 1982.
93. D.D. Tang and D. Davidson, 'Diversity reception of COMSTAR satellite 19/29 GHz beacons with the Tampa Triad, 1978-1981,' Radio Science, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp 1477-1488, 1982.
94. D.B. Hodge, 'An empirical relationship for path diversity gain,' IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 250-251, 1976.
95. D.B. Hodge, 'An improved model for diversity gain on earth space propagation paths,' Radio Science, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 1393-1399, 1982.
96. ITU-R Rec. P.618-8, 'Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of earth-space telecommunication systems,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, April 2003.
97. T.Watanabe et al., 'Site diversity and up-path power control experiments for TDMA satellite link in 14/11 GHz bands,' Sixth International Conference on Digital Satellite Communications, Phoenix, AZ, IEEE Cat. No. 83CH1848-1, pp. IX-21 to 28, Sept. 19-23 1983.
98. G. Ortgies, 'Ka band wave propagation activities at DeutscheTelecom,'CEPITIV Meeting Proceedings, Florence, Italy, 23 Sept. 1996.
99. E. Matricciani, 'Orbital diversity in resource-shared satellite communication systems above 10 GHz,' IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Comm., Vol. SAC-5, No. 4, pp. 714-723.
100. S.H. Lin, H.L. Bergman and M.V. Pursley, 'Rain attenuation on earth space paths - Summary of 10 year experiments and studies,' Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 183-228, Feb. 1980.
101. L.J. Ippolito, Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems Design, Fifth Edition, NASA Reference Publication 1082(5), June 1999.
102. R.S. Engelbrecht, 'The effect of rain on satellite communication above 10 GHz,' RCA Review, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 191-229, June 1979.
103. B. Mazur, S. Crozier, R. Lyons and R. Matyas, 'Adaptive forward error correction techniques in TDMA,' Sixth International Conference on Digital Satellite Communications, Phoenix, AZ, IEEE Cat. No. 83CH1848 1, pp. XII8-15, Sept. 19-23, 1983.
104. W.T.Webb and R. Steele, 'Variable rate QAM for mobile radio,' IEEE Trans. Commun., Vol. 43, pp. 2223-2230, July 1995.
105. A.J. Goldsmith and S-G Chua, 'Adaptive coded modulation for fading channels,'IEEE Trans. Commun., Vol. 46, No. 5, May 1998.
106. W.M. Evans, N.G. Davies and W.H. Hawersaat, 'The communications technology satellite (CTS) program,' in Communications Satellite Systems: An Overview of the Technology, R.G. Gould and Y.F. Lum, Editors, IEEE Press, New York, 1976, pp. 13-18.
107. B. Sklar, Digital Communications - Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1988.
108. J. Ippolito, Jr., Radiowave Propagation in Satellite Communications, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1986.
109. D. Roddy, Satellite Communications, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill TELCOM Engineering, New York, 1989.
110. Pratt, C.W. Bostian and J.E. Allnutt, Satellite Communications, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2003.
111. T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1996.
112. S.R. Saunders and A. Aragon-Zavala, Antennas and Propagation forWireless Communications Systems, Second Edition, JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004.
113. M. Schwartz, Mobile Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2005.
114. W.J. Vogel and J. Goldhirsh, 'Mobile satellite system propagation measurements at L-band using MARECS-B2,' IEEE Trans. Antennas & Propagation, Vol AP-38, No. 2, pp. 259-264, Feb. 1990.
115. Y. Hase, J.Vogel and J. Goldhirsh, 'Fade-durations derived from land-mobile-satellite measurements in Australia,' IEEE Trans. Communications, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 664-668, May 1991.
116. W.J. Vogel, J. Goldhirsh and Y. Hase, 'Land-mobile satellite fade measurements in Australia,' AIAA J. of Spacecraft and Rockets, July-August 1991.
117. J. Goldhirsh and W.J. Vogel, 'Propagation effects for land mobile satellite Systems: Overview of experimental and modeling results,' NASA Reference Publication 1274,Washington, DC, February 1992.
118. ITU-R Recommendation P.681-6, 'Propagation data required for the design of earth-space land mobile telecommunication systems,' International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, April 2003.
119. M. Schwartz, W.R. Bennett and S. Stein, Communications Systems and Techniques, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966; reprinted IEEE Press, 1966.
120. W.J. Vogel and J. Goldhirsh, 'Fade measurements at L-band and UHF in mountainous terrain for land mobile satellite systems,' IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-36, No. 1, pp. 104-113, June 1988.
121. J. Goldhirsh andW.J. Vogel, 'Mobile satellite system fade statistics for shadowing and multipath from roadside trees atUHFand L-Band,'IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation,Vol.AP-37, No. 4, pp. 489-498,April 1989.
122. A. Jahn, H. Bischl and G.Heiss, 'Channel characterization for spread-spectrum satellite communications,' Proceedings on IEEE Fourth International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, pp. 1221-1226, 1996.
123. M.A.N. Parks, B.G. Evans, G. Butt and S. Buonomo, 'Simultaneous wideband propagation measurements for mobile satellite communications systems at L- and S-Bands,'Proceedings of 16th International Communications Systems Conference,Washington, DC, pp. 929-936, 1996.
124. M.A.N. Parks, S.R. Saunders and B.G. Evans, 'Wideband characterization and modeling of the mobile satellite propagation channel at L and S bands,' Proceedings of International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Edinburgh, pp. 2.39-2.43, 1997.
125. T. Pratt, C.W. Bostian and J.E. Allnutt, Satellite Communications, Second Edition, John Wiley & Son, Inc., New York, 2003.