Timing and rate of exhumation along the Litang fault system, implication for fault reorganization in Southeast Tibet

Tectonics

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 1219-1243

  Zhang, Yuan Ze ^a   Replumaz, Anne ^b,c   Wang, Guo Can ^a   Leloup, Philippe Hervé ^d   Gautheron, Cécile ^e   Bernet, Matthias ^b   Van Der Beek, Peter ^b   Paquette, Jean Louis ^f   Wang, An ^a   Zhang, Ke Xin ^a   Chevalier, Marie Luce ^g   Li, Hai Bing ^g  

^a CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCIENCES   (China)

^b UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^c CNRS   (France)

^d UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

^e UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SUD   (France)

^f UNIVERSITÉ BLAISE PASCAL   (France)

^g INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

continental tectonics; landscape evolution; late Miocene; Litang fault; low temperature thermochronology; Tibetan Plateau

Indexed keywords

APATITE; FAULT SLIPS; FISSION REACTIONS; PHOSPHATE MINERALS; SEA LEVEL; SILICATE MINERALS; STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; TECTONICS; ZIRCON;

CONTINENTAL TECTONICS; LANDSCAPE EVOLUTIONS; LATE MIOCENE; THERMOCHRONOLOGY; TIBETAN PLATEAU;

FAULTING;

EXHUMATION; FOOTWALL; LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION; MIOCENE; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT; TECTONICS; THERMOCHRONOLOGY;

CHINA; LITANG FAULT ZONE; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU; RED RIVER FAULT ZONE; SICHUAN; XIANSHUIHE FAULT ZONE; XIAOJIANG FAULT ZONE; YUNNAN;

EID: 84948566115     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: 19449194     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2014TC003671     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Akaike, H., (1974), A new look at the statistical model identification, Automat. Contr. IEEE Trans., 19 (6), 716-723.
2. Allen, C. R., L. Zhuoli, Q. Hong, W. Xueze, Z. Huawei, and, H. Weishi, (1991), Field study of a highly active fault zone: The Xianshuihe fault of southwestern China, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 103 (9), 1178-1199.
3. Armijo, R., P. Tapponnier, and, T. Han, (1989), Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet, J. Geophys. Res., 94 (B3), 2787-2838, doi: 10.1029/JB094iB03p02787.
4. Arne, D., B. Worley, C. Wilson, S. F. Chen, D. Foster, L. Zhili, L. Shugen, and, P. H. G. M. Dirks, (1997), Differential exhumation in response to episodic thrusting along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, Tectonophysics, 280 (3-4), 239-256.
5. Barbarand, J., A. Carter, I. Wood, and, T. Hurford, (2003), Compositional and structural control of fission-track annealing in apatite, Chem. Geol., 198 (1-2), 107-137.
6. Beaumont, C., R. A. Jamieson, M. H. Nguyen, and, S. Medvedev, (2004), Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B06406, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002809.
7. Bermúdez, M. A., P. van der Beek, and, M. Bernet, (2011), Asynchronous Miocene-Pliocene exhumation of the central Venezuelan Andes, Geology, 39 (2), 139-142.
8. Brandon, M. T., M. K. Roden-Tice, and, J. I. Garver, (1998), Late Cenozoic exhumation of the Cascadia accretionary wedge in the Olympic Mountains, northwest Washington State, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 110 (8), 985-1009.
9. Braun, J., (2003), Pecube: A new finite-element code to solve the 3D heat transport equation including the effects of a time-varying, finite amplitude surface topography, Comput. Geosci., 29 (6), 787-794.
10. Braun, J., and, X. Robert, (2005), Constraints on the rate of post-orogenic erosional decay from low-temperature thermochronological data: Application to the Dabie Shan, China, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 30 (9), 1203-1225.
11. Braun, J., P. van der Beek, P. Valla, X. Robert, F. Herman, C. Glotzbach, V. Pedersen, C. Perry, T. Simon-Labric, and, C. Prigent, (2012), Quantifying rates of landscape evolution and tectonic processes by thermochronology and numerical modeling of crustal heat transport using PECUBE, Tectonophysics, 524-525, 1-28.
12. Brown, R. W., M. A. Summerfield, and, A. J. Gleadow, (1994), Apatite fission track analysis: Its potential for the estimation of denudation rates and implications for models of long-term landscape development, in Process Models and Theoretical Geomorphology, edited by, M. J. Kirby, pp. 23-53, Wiley, Chichester, U. K.
13. Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (BGMR) (1991), Regional Geology of Sichuan Province, Geological House, Beijing.
14. Carlson, W. D., R. A. Donelick, and, R. A. Ketcham, (1999), Variability of apatite fission-track annealing kinetics; I, Experimental results, Am. Mineral., 84 (9), 1213-1223.
15. Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources (CIGMR) (2004), Geological Map of Tibetan Plateau and Its Vicinity, Chengdu Map Press, Chengdu.
16. Clark, M. K., and, L. H. Royden, (2000), Topographic ooze: Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow, Geology, 28 (8), 703-706.
17. Clark, M. K., M. A. House, L. H. Royden, K. X. Whipple, B. C. Burchfiel, X. Zhang, and, W. Tang, (2005), Late Cenozoic uplift of southeastern Tibet, Geology, 33 (6), 525-528.
18. Clark, M. K., L. H. Royden, K. X. Whipple, B. C. Burchfiel, X. Zhang, and, W. Tang, (2006), Use of a regional, relict landscape to measure vertical deformation of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 111, F03002, doi: 10.1029/2005JF000294.
19. Clift, P. D., (2006), Controls on the erosion of Cenozoic Asia and the flux of clastic sediment to the ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 241 (3-4), 571-580.
20. Copley, A., (2008), Kinematics and dynamics of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, Geophys. J. Int., 174 (3), 1081-1100.
21. De Michele, M., D. Raucoules, J. De Sigoyer, M. Pubellier, and, N. Chamot-Rooke, (2010), Three-dimensional surface displacement of the 2008 May 12 Sichuan earthquake (China) derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar: Evidence for rupture on a blind thrust M. de Michele et al. 3D surface displacement of Sichuan earthquake, Geophys. J. Int., 183 (3), 1097-1103.
22. de Sigoyer, J., O. Vanderhaeghe, S. Duchêne, and, A. Billerot, (2014), Generation and emplacement of Triassic granitoids within the Songpan Ganze accretionary-orogenic wedge in a context of slab retreat accommodated by tear faulting, Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China, J. Asian Earth Sci., 88, 192-216.
23. Donelick, R. A., P. B. O'Sullivan, and, R. A. Ketcham, (2005), Apatite fission-track analysis, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 58 (1), 49-94.
24. Farley, K. A., (2000), Helium diffusion from apatite: General behavior as illustrated by Durango fluorapatite, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (B2), 2903-2914, doi: 10.1029/1999JB900348.
25. Fillon, C., C. Gautheron, and, P. van der Beek, (2013), Oligocene-Miocene burial and exhumation of the Southern Pyrenean foreland quantified by low-temperature thermochronology, J. Geol. Soc., 170 (1), 67-77.
26. Fitzgerald, P. G., R. B. Sorkhabi, T. F. Redfield, and, E. Stump, (1995), Uplift and denudation of the central Alaska Range: A case study in the use of apatite fission track thermochronology to determine absolute uplift parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 100 (B10), 20,175-20,191, doi: 10.1029/95JB02150.
27. Flowers, R. M., R. A. Ketcham, D. L. Shuster, and, K. A. Farley, (2009), Apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry using a radiation damage accumulation and annealing model, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73 (8), 2347-2365.
28. Fyhn, M. B. W., and, P. V. Phach, (2015), Late Neogene structural inversion around the northern Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam: Effects from right-lateral displacement across the Red River fault zone, Tectonics, 34, 290-312, doi: 10.1002/2014TC003674.
29. Galbraith, R. F., and, G. M. Laslett, (1993), Statistical models for mixed fission track ages, Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 21 (4), 459-470.
30. Galbraith, R. F., and, P. F. Green, (1990), Estimating the component ages in a finite mixture, Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 17 (3), 197-206.
31. Gallagher, K., R. Brown, and, C. Johnson, (1998), Fission track analysis and its applications to geological problems, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 26 (1), 519.
32. Gan, W., P. Zhang, Z.-K. Shen, Z. Niu, M. Wang, Y. Wan, D. Zhou, and, J. Cheng, (2007), Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B08416, doi: 10.1029/2005JB004120.
33. Gautheron, C., and, L. Tassan-Got, (2010), A Monte Carlo approach to diffusion applied to noble gas/helium thermochronology, Chem. Geol., 273 (3-4), 212-224.
34. Gautheron, C., L. Tassan-Got, J. Barbarand, and, M. Pagel, (2009), Effect of alpha-damage annealing on apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology, Chem. Geol., 266 (3-4), 157-170.
35. Gleadow, A. J., and, R. W. Brown, (2000), Fission-track thermochronology and the long-term denudational response to tectonics, Geomorphol. Global Tectonics, 57-75.
36. Glotzbach, C., P. A. van der Beek, and, C. Spiegel, (2011), Episodic exhumation and relief growth in the Mont Blanc massif, Western Alps from numerical modelling of thermochronology data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 304 (3-4), 417-430.
37. Godard, V., R. Pik, J. Lave, R. Cattin, B. Tibari, J. de Sigoyer, M. Pubellier, and, J. Zhu, (2009), Late Cenozoic evolution of the central Longmen Shan, eastern Tibet: Insight from (U-Th)/He thermochronometry, Tectonics, 28, TC5009, doi: 10.1029/2008TC002407.
38. Hurford, A. J., and, P. F. Green, (1982), A users' guide to fission track dating calibration, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 59 (2), 343-354.
39. Ketcham, R. A., C. Gautheron, and, L. Tassan-Got, (2011), Accounting for long alpha-particle stopping distances in (U-Th-Sm)/He geochronology: Refinement of the baseline case, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 75 (24), 7779-7791.
40. Kirby, E., P. W. Reiners, M. A. Krol, K. X. Whipple, K. V. Hodges, K. A. Farley, W. Q. Tang, and, Z. L. Chen, (2002), Late Cenozoic evolution of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Inferences from (40)Ar/(39)Ar and (U-Th)/He thermochronology, Tectonics, 21 (1), 1001, doi: 10.1029/2000TC001246.
41. Lacassin, R., H. Maluski, P. H. Leloup, P. Tapponnier, C. Hinthong, K. Siribhakdi, S. Chuaviroj, and, A. Charoenravat, (1997), Tertiary diachronic extrusion and deformation of western Indochina: Structural and 40Ar/39Ar evidence from NW Thailand, J. Geophys. Res., 102 (B5), 10,013-10,037, doi: 10.1029/96JB03831.
42. Lai, Q. Z., L. Ding, H. W. Wang, Y. H. Yue, and, F. L. Cai, (2007), Constraining the stepwise migration of the eastern Tibetan Plateau margin by apatite fission track thermochronology, Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci., 50 (2), 172-183.
43. Lee, H.-Y., et al., (2003), Miocene Jiali faulting and its implications for Tibetan tectonic evolution, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 205 (3-4), 185-194.
44. Leloup, P. H., T. M. Harrison, F. J. Ryerson, C. Wenji, L. Qi, P. Tapponnier, and, R. Lacassin, (1993), Structural, petrological and thermal evolution of a Tertiary ductile strike-slip shear zone, Diancang Shan, Yunnan, J. Geophys. Res., 98 (B4), 6715-6743, doi: 10.1029/92JB02791.
45. Leloup, P. H., R. Lacassin, P. Tapponnier, U. Schärer, D. Zhong, X. Liu, L. Zhang, S. Ji, and, P. T. Trinh, (1995), The Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone (Yunnan, China), Tertiary transform boundary of Indochina, Tectonophysics, 251 (1-4), 3-84.
46. Leloup, P. H., N. Arnaud, R. Lacassin, J. R. Kienast, T. M. Harrison, T. T. P. Trong, A. Replumaz, and, P. Tapponnier, (2001), New constraints on the structure, thermochronology, and timing of the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, SE Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 106 (B4), 6683-6732, doi: 10.1029/2000JB900322.
47. Li, H., and, Y. Zhang, (2013), Zircon U-Pb geochronology of the Konggar granitoid and migmatite: Constraints on the Oligo-Miocene tectono-thermal evolution of the Xianshuihe fault zone, East Tibet, Tectonophysics, 606, 127-139.
48. Li, S., W. D. Mooney, and, J. Fan, (2006), Crustal structure of mainland China from deep seismic sounding data, Tectonophysics, 420 (1-2), 239-252.
49. Liang, S., W. Gan, C. Shen, G. Xiao, J. Liu, W. Chen, X. Ding, and, D. Zhou, (2013), Three-dimensional velocity field of present-day crustal motion of the Tibetan Plateau derived from GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 118, 5722-5732, doi: 10.1002/2013JB010503.
50. Lin, T.-H., C.-H. Lo, S.-L. Chung, F.-J. Hsu, M.-W. Yeh, T.-Y. Lee, J.-Q. Ji, Y.-Z. Wang, and, D. Liu, (2009), 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Jiali and Gaoligong shear zones: Implications for crustal deformation around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, J. Asian Earth Sci., 34 (5), 674-685.
51. Liu-Zeng, J., P. Tapponnier, Y. Gaudemer, and, L. Ding, (2008), Quantifying landscape differences across the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for topographic relief evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 113, F04018, doi: 10.1029/2007JF000897.
52. Mancktelow, N. S., and, B. Grasemann, (1997), Time-dependent effects of heat advection and topography on cooling histories during erosion, Tectonophysics, 270 (3-4), 167-195.
53. Mériaux, A. S., J. Van der Woerd, P. Tapponnier, F. J. Ryerson, R. C. Finkel, C. Lasserre, and, X. Xu, (2012), The Pingding segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault (91E): Holocene slip-rate determination from cosmogenic radionuclide dating of offset fluvial terraces, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B09406, doi: 10.1029/2012JB009289.
54. Meyer, B., P. Tapponnier, L. Bourjot, F. Métivier, Y. Gaudemer, G. Peltzer, G. Shunmin, and, C. Zhitai, (1998), Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai, lithospheric mantle subduction, and oblique, strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet plateau, Geophys. J. Int., 135 (1), 1-47.
55. Oskin, M. E., (2012), Tectonics: Reanimating eastern Tibet, Nat. Geosci., 5 (9), 597-598.
56. Ouimet, W., K. Whipple, L. Royden, P. Reiners, K. Hodges, and, M. Pringle, (2010), Regional incision of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, Lithosphere, 2 (1), 50-63.
57. Paquette, J. L., and, M. Tiepolo, (2007), High resolution (5 μm) U-Th-Pb isotope dating of monazite with excimer laser ablation (ELA)-ICPMS, Chem. Geol., 240 (3-4), 222-237.
58. Reid, A. J., A. P. Fowler, D. Phillips, and, C. J. L. Wilson, (2005a), Thermochronology of the Yidun Arc, central eastern Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from (40)Ar/(39)Ar K-feldspar and apatite fission track data, J. Asian Earth Sci., 25 (6), 915-935.
59. Reid, A. J., C. J. L. Wilson, D. Phillips, and, S. Liu, (2005b), Mesozoic cooling across the Yidun Arc, central-eastern Tibetan Plateau: A reconnaissance Ar-40/Ar-39 study, Tectonophysics, 398 (1-2), 45-66.
60. Reiners, P. W., and, M. T. Brandon, (2006), Using thermochronology to understand orogenic erosion, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 34 (1), 419-466.
61. Replumaz, A., and, P. Tapponnier, (2003), Reconstruction of the deformed collision zone Between India and Asia by backward motion of lithospheric blocks, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (B6), 2285, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000661.
62. Replumaz, A., R. Lacassin, P. Tapponnier, and, P. Leloup, (2001), Large river offsets and Plio-Quaternary dextral slip rate on the Red River fault(Yunnan, China), J. Geophys. Res., 106 (B1), 819-836, doi: 10.1029/2000JB900135.
63. Roger, F., S. Calassou, J. Lancelot, J. Malavieille, M. Mattauer, Z. Q. Xu, Z. W. Hao, and, L. W. Hou, (1995), Miocene emplacement and deformation of the Kongga-shan granite (Xianshui-he fault zone, West Sichuan, China)-geodynamic implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 130 (1-4), 201-216.
64. Roger, F., M. Jolivet, and, J. Malavieille, (2008), Tectonic evolution of the Triassic fold belts of Tibet, Compt. Rendus Geosci., 340 (2-3), 180-189.
65. Royden, L. H., B. C. Burchfiel, R. W. King, E. Wang, Z. L. Chen, F. Shen, and, Y. P. Liu, (1997), Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet, Science, 276 (5313), 788-790.
66. Royden, L. H., B. C. Burchfiel, and, R. D. van der Hilst, (2008), The Geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, Science, 321 (5892), 1054-1058.
67. Sambridge, M., (1999a), Geophysical inversion with a neighbourhood algorithm-I. Searching a parameter space, Geophys. J. Int., 138 (2), 479.
68. Sambridge, M., (1999b), Geophysical inversion with a neighbourhood algorithm - II. Appraising the ensemble, Geophys. J. Int., 138 (3), 727.
69. Schoenbohm, L. M., K. X. Whipple, B. C. Burchfiel, and, L. Chen, (2004), Geomorphic constraints on surface uplift, exhumation, and plateau growth in the Red River region, Yunnan Province, China, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 116 (7-8), 895-909.
70. Schoenbohm, L. M., B. C. Burchfiel, C. Liangzhong, and, Y. Jiyun, (2006), Miocene to present activity along the Red River fault, China, in the context of continental extrusion, upper-crustal rotation, and lower-crustal flow, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 118 (5-6), 672-688.
71. Schwarz, G., (1978), Estimating the dimension of a model, Ann. Stat., 6 (2), 461-464.
72. Stüwe, K., L. White, and, R. Brown, (1994), The influence of eroding topography on steady-state isotherms. Application to fission track analysis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 124 (1-4), 63-74.
73. Tapponnier, P., G. Peltzer, and, R. Armijo, (1986), On the Mechanics of the Collision Between India and Asia, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 9, pp. 113-157.
74. Tapponnier, P., Z. Q. Xu, F. Roger, B. Meyer, N. Arnaud, G. Wittlinger, and, J. S. Yang, (2001), Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau, Science, 294 (5547), 1671-1677.
75. Tian, Y., B. P. Kohn, A. J. W. Gleadow, and, S. Hu, (2014), A thermochronological perspective on the morphotectonic evolution of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 119, 676-698, doi: 10.1002/2013JB010429.
76. Valla, P. G., F. Herman, P. A. van der Beek, and, J. Braun, (2010), Inversion of thermochronological age-elevation profiles to extract independent estimates of denudation and relief history-I: Theory and conceptual model, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 295 (3-4), 511-522.
77. Valli, F., et al., (2008), New U-Th/Pb constraints on timing of shearing and long-term slip-rate on the Karakorum fault, Tectonics, 27, TC5007, doi: 10.1029/2007TC002184.
78. Villaseñor, A., M. H. Ritzwoller, A. L. Levshin, M. P. Barmin, E. R. Engdahl, W. Spakman, and, J. Trampert, (2001), Shear velocity structure of central Eurasia from inversion of surface wave velocities, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 123 (2-4), 169-184.
79. Wagner, G. A., (1981), Fission-track ages and their geological interpretation, Nucl. Tracks, 5 (1-2), 15-25.
80. Wang, C.-Y., H. Lou, P. G. Silver, L. Zhu, and, L. Chang, (2010), Crustal structure variation along 30N in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 289 (3-4), 367-376.
81. Wang, E., E. Kirby, K. P. Furlong, M. van Soest, G. Xu, X. Shi, P. J. J. Kamp, and, K. V. Hodges, (2012), Two-phase growth of high topography in eastern Tibet during the Cenozoic, Nat. Geosci., 5 (9), 640-645.
82. Wang, S. F., X. M. Fang, D. W. Zheng, and, E. C. Wang, (2009), Initiation of slip along the Xianshuihe fault zone, eastern Tibet, constrained by K/Ar and fission-track ages, Int. Geol. Rev., 51 (12), 1121-1131.
83. Wang, S., J. Guiguo, X. Tiande, T. Yuntao, Z. Dewen, and, F. Xiaomin, (2012), The Jinhe-Qinghe fault-An inactive branch of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone, Eastern Tibet, Tectonophysics, 544-545, 93-102.
84. Wilson, C. J. L., and, A. P. Fowler, (2011), Denudational response to surface uplift in east Tibet: Evidence from apatite fission-track thermochronology, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 123 (9-10), 1966-1987.
85. Wilson, C. J. L., M. J. Harrowfield, and, A. J. Reid, (2006), Brittle modification of Triassic architecture in eastern Tibet: Implications for the construction of the Cenozoic plateau, J. Asian Earth Sci., 27 (3), 341-357.
86. Xu, G. Q., and, P. J. J. Kamp, (2000), Tectonics and denudation adjacent to the Xianshuihe Fault, eastern Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from fission track thermochronology, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (B8), 19,231-19,251, doi: 10.1029/2000JB900159.
87. Xu, X., X. Wen, G. Yu, R. Zheng, H. Luo, and, B. Zheng, (2005), Average slip rate, earthquake rupturing segmentation and recurrence behavior on the Litang fault zone, western Sichuan Province, China, Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci., 48 (8), 1183-1196.
88. Xu, X., X. Wen, G. Yu, G. Chen, Y. Klinger, J. Hubbard, and, J. Shaw, (2009), Coseismic reverse- and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China, Geology, 37 (6), 515-518.
89. Zhang, P.-Z., Z. Shen, M. Wang, W. Gan, R. Bürgmann, P. Molnar, Q. Wang, Z. Niu, J. Sun, and, J. Wu, (2004), Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data, Geology, 32 (9), 809-812.
90. Zhou, S., L. Xu, J. Cui, X. Zhang, and, J. Zhao, (2005), Geomorphologic evolution and environmental changes in the Shaluli Mountain region during the Quaternary, Chin. Sci. Bull., 50 (1), 52-57.