Lipid signals in plant-pathogen interactions

Annual Plant Reviews, Molecular Aspects of Plant Disease Resistance

Volumn 34, Issue , 2009, Pages 292-333

  Shah, Jyoti ^a   Chaturvedi, Ratnesh ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Fatty acid; Lipase; Lipid signaling; Lipid transfer protein; Oxylipin; Plant defense; Systemic acquired resistance

Indexed keywords

EID: 84947752317     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444301441.ch10     Document Type: Chapter

References (239)

1. Adie, B.A.T., Pérez-Pérez, J., Pérez-Pérez, M.M., Godoy, M., Sánchez-Serrano, J.-J., Schmelz, E.A., et al. (2007). ABA is an essential signal for plant resistance to pathogens affecting JA biosynthesis and the activation of defenses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19, 1665-1681.
2. Alexander, C. and Rietschel, E.T. (2001). Bacterial lipopolysaccharides and innate immunity. J. Endotoxin Res. 7, 167-202.
3. Alfano, J.R. and Collmer, A. (2004). Type III secretion system effector proteins: double agents in bacterial disease and plant defense. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 42, 385-414.
4. Alméras, E., Stolz, S., Vollenweider, S., Reymond, P., Mène-Saffrané, L. and Farmer, E.E. (2003). Reactive electrophile species activate defense gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 34, 205-216.
5. Anderson, J.P., Badruzsaufari, E., Schenk, P.M., Manners, J.M., Desmond, O.J., Ehlert, C., et al. (2004). Antagonistic interaction between abscisic acid and jasmonateethylene signaling pathwaysmodulates defense gene expression and disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16, 3460-3479.
6. Andersson, M.X., Hamberg, M., Kortchenko, O., Brunnström, A., McPhail, K.L., Gerwick, W.H., et al. (2006a). Oxylipin profiling of the hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Formation of a novel oxo-phytodienoic acid-containing galactolipid arabidopside E. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 31528-31537.
7. Andersson, M.X., Kortchenko, O., Dangl, J.L., Mackey, D. and Ellestgöm, M. (2006b). Phospholipase-dependent signaling during the AvrRpm1- and AvrRpt2-induced disease resistance responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 47, 947-959.
8. Austin, M.J., Muskett, P., Kahn, K., Feys, B.J., Jones, J.D.G. and Parker, J.E. (2002). Regulatory role of SGT1 in early R gene-mediated plant defenses. Science 295, 2077-2080.
9. Axtell, M.J. and Staskawicz, B.J. (2003). Initiation of RPS2-specified disease resistance in Arabidopsis is coupled to the AvrRpt2-directed elimination of RIN4. Cell 112, 269-277.
10. Azevedo, C., Sadanandom, A., Kitagawa, K., Freialdenhoven, A., Shirasu, K. and Schulze-Lefert, P. (2002). The RAR1 interactor SGT1, an essential component of R gene-triggered disease resistance. Science 295, 2073-2076.
11. Baillieul, F., de Ruffray, P. and Kauffmann, S. (2003). Molecular cloning and biological activity of α-, β-, and γ-megaspermin, three elicitins secreted by Phytophthora megasperma H20. Plant Physiol. 131, 155-166.
12. Bakan, B., Hamberg,M., Perrocheau, L., Maume, D., Rogniaux, H., Tranquet, O., et al. (2006). Specific adduction of plant lipid transfer protein by an allene oxide generated by 9-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 38981-38988.
13. Bargmann, B.O.R., Laxalt, A.M., ter Riet, B., Schouten, E., van Leeuwen, W., Dekker, H.L., et al. (2006). LePLDb1 activation and localization in suspension-cultured tomato cells treated with xylanase. Plant J. 45, 358-368.
14. Berridge, M.J. (2005). Unlocking the secrets of cell signaling. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 67, 1-21.
15. Berrocal-Lobo, M., Molina, A. and Solano, R. (2002). Constitutive expression of ETHYLENE-RESPONSE-FACTOR1 in Arabidopsis confers resistance to several necrotrophic fungi. Plant J. 29, 23-32.
16. Bessire, M., Chassot, C., Jacquat, A.-C., Humphry, M., Borel, S., Petétot, J.M.-C., et al. (2007). A permeable cuticle in Arabidopsis leads to a strong resistance to Botrytis cinerea. EMBO J. 26, 2158-2168.
17. Bhat, R.A., Miklis, M., Schmelzer, E., Schulze-Lefert, P. and Panstruga, R. (2005). Recruitment and interaction dynamics of plant penetration resistance components in a plasma membrane microdomain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 3135-3140.
18. Blée, E. (2002). Impact of phyto-oxylipins in plant defense. Trends Plant Sci. 7, 315-321.
19. Blein, J.P., Coutos-Thevenot, P., Marion, D. and Ponchet, M. (2002). From elicitins to lipid transfer proteins: a new insight in cell signalling involved in plant defence mechanisms. Trends Plant Sci. 7, 293-396.
20. Boisson, B.,Giglione, C. and Meinnel, T. (2003).Unexpected protein families including cell defense components feature in the N-myristoylome of a higher eukaryote. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 43418-43429.
21. Bostock, R. (2005). Signal crosstalk and induced resistance: straddling the line between cost and benefit. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 43, 545-580.
22. Brandwagt, B.F., Mesbah, L.A., Takken, F.L.W., Laurent, P.L., Kneppers, T.J.A., Hille, J., et al. (2000). A longevity assurance gene homolog of tomato mediates resistance to Alternaria alteranata f. sp. lycopersici toxins and fumonisin B1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 4961-4966.
23. Brodersen, P., Petersen, M., Pike, H.M., Olszak, B., Skov, S., Ødum, N., et al. (2002). Knockout of Arabidopsis ACCELERATED-CELL-DEATH11 encoding a sphingosine transfer protein causes activation of programmed cell death and defense. Genes Dev. 16, 490-502.
24. Brodhagen, M. and Keller, N.P. (2006). Signalling pathways connecting mycotoxin production and sporulation. Mol. Plant Pathol. 7, 285-301.
25. Broekaert, W.F., Delauré, S.L., De Bolle, M.F.C. and Cammue, B.P.A. (2006). The role of ethylene in host-pathogen interactions. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 44, 393-416.
26. Buhot, N.,Douliez, J.-P., Jacquemard, A., Marion, D., Tran,V., Maume, B.F., et al. (2001). A lipid transfer protein binds to a receptor involved in the control of plant defence responses. FEBS Lett. 509, 27-30.
27. Burow, G.B., Gardner, H.W. and Keller, N.P. (2000). A peanut seed lipoxygenase responsive to Aspergillus colonization. Plant Mol. Biol. 42, 689-701.
28. Burow, G.B., Nesbitt, T.C., Dunlap, J. and Keller, N.P. (1997). Seed lipoxygenase products modulate Aspergillus mycotoxin biosynthesis. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 10, 380-387.
29. Buseman, C.M., Tamura, P., Sparks, A.A., Baughman, E.J., Maatta, S., Zhao, J., et al. (2006).Wounding stimulates the accumulation of glycerolipids containing oxophytodienoic acid and dinor-oxophytodienoic acid in Arabidopsis leaves. Plant Physiol. 142, 28-39.
30. Cacas, J.L., Vailleau, F., Devoine, C., Ennar, N., Agnel, J.P., Tronchet, M., et al. (2005). The combined action of 9-lipoxygenase and galactolipase is sufficient to bring about programmed cell death during tobacco hypersensitive response. Plant Cell Environ. 28, 1367-1378.
31. Cahoon, E.B., Schnurr, J.A., Huffman, E.A. and Minto, R.E. (2003). Fungal responsive fatty acid acetlyenases occur widely in evolutionarily distant plant species. Plant J. 34, 671-683.
32. Cameron, R.K., Dixon, R.A. and Lamb, C.J. (1994). Biologically induced systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 5, 715-725.
33. Carvalho, A.O. and Gomes, V.M. (2007). Role of plant lipid transfer proteins in plant cell physiology - a concise review. Peptides 28, 1144-1153.
34. Chandra-Shekara, A.C., Venugopal, S.C., Barman, S.R., Kachroo, A. and Kachroo, P. (2007). Plastidyl fatty acid levels regulate resistance gene-dependent defense signaling in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 7277-7282.
35. Chassot, C. and Métraux, J.-P. (2005). The cuticle as source of signals for plant defense. Plant Biosystems 139, 28-31.
36. Chassot, C., Nawrath, C. and Métraux, J.-P. (2007). Cuticular defects lead to full immunity to a major plant pathogen. Plant J. 49, 972-980.
37. Chaturvedi, R., Krothapalli, K., Makandar, R., Nandi, A., Sparks, A., Roth, M., et al. (2008). Plastid ω-3 desaturase-dependent accumulation of a systemic acquired resistance inducing activity in petiole exudates of Arabidopsis thaliana is independent of jasmonic acid. Plant J. 54, 106-117.
38. Chaturvedi, R. and Shah, J. (2007). Salicylic acid in plant disease resistance. In Salicylic Acid - A Plant Hormone, S. Hayat and A. Ahmad, eds (Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands), pp. 335-370.
39. Cheng, C.-S., Samuel, D., Liu, Y.-J., Shyu, J.-C., Lai, S.-M., Lin, K.-F., et al. (2004). Binding mechanism of nonspecific lipid transfer proteins and their role in plant defense. Biochemistry 13, 13628-13636.
40. Chinchilla, D., Bauer, Z., Regenass, M., Boller, T. and Felix, G. (2006). The Arabidopsis receptor kinase FLS2 binds flg22 and determines the specificity of flagellin perception. Plant Cell 18, 465-476.
41. Chini, A., Fonseca, S., Fernández, G., Adie, B., Chico, J.M., Lorenzo, O., et al. (2007). The JAZ family of repressors is the missing link in jasmonate signaling. Nature 448, 666-671.
42. Coaker, G., Falick, B. and Staskawicz, B. (2005). Activation of a phytopathogenic bacterial effector protein by a eukaryotic cyclophilin. Science 308, 548-550.
43. Colas, V., Conrod, S., Venard, P., Keller, H., Ricci, P. and Panabières, F. (2001). Elicitin genes expressed in vitro by certain tobacco isolates of Phytophthora parasitica are down regulated during compatible interactions. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 14, 326-335.
44. Coppinger, P., Repetti, P.P., Day, B., Dahlbeck, D., Mehlert, A. and Staskawicz, B.J. (2004). Overexpression of the plasma membrane-localized NDR1 protein results in enhanced bacterial disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 40, 225-237.
45. Cordelier, S., de Ruffray, P., Fritig, B. and Kauffmann, S. (2003). Biological and molecular comparison between localized and systemic acquired resistance induced in tobacco by a Phytophthora megasperma glycoprotein elicitin. Plant Mol. Biol. 51, 109-118.
46. Croft, K.P.C., Jüttner, F. and Slusarenko, A.J. (1993). Volatile products of the lipoxygenase pathway evolved from Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) leaves inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Plant Physiol. 101, 13-24.
47. Cui, J., Bahrami, A.K., Pringle, E.G., Hernandez-Guzman, G., Bender, C.L., Pierce, N.E., et al. (2005). Pseudomonas syringae manipulates systemic plant defenses against pathogens and herbivores. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 1791-1796.
48. Cunnac, S., Wilson, A., Nuwer, J., Kirik, A., Baranage, G. and Mudgett, M.B. (2007). A conserved carboxylesterase is a SUPPRESSOR OF AVRBST-ELICITED RESISTANCE in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19, 688-705.
49. Deepak, S.A., Niranjan, R.S., Umemura, K., Kono, T. and Shekar Shetty, H. (2003). Cerebroside as an elicitor of induced resistance against the downymildew pathogen in pearl millet. Ann. Appl. Biol. 143, 169-173.
50. de Jong, C.F., Laxalt, A.M., Bargmann, B.O.R., de Wit, P.J.G.M., Joosten, M.H.A.J. and Munnik, T. (2004). Phosphatidic acid accumulation is an early response in the Cf-4/Avr4 interaction. Plant J. 39, 1-12.
51. de León, I.P., Sanz, A., Hamberg, M. and Castresana, C. (2002). Involvement of the Arabidopsis α-DOX1 fatty acid dioxygenase in protection against oxidative stress and cell death. Plant J. 29, 61-72.
52. de Torres Zabela, M., Fernandez-Delmond, I., Niittyla, T., Sanchez, P. and Grant, M. (2002). Differential expression of genes encoding Arabidopsis phospholipases after challenge with virulent or avirulent Pseudomonas isolates. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 15, 808-816.
53. de Vries, J.S., Andriotis, V.M.E., Wu, A.-J. and Rathjen, J.P. (2006). Tomato Pto encodes a functional N-myristoylation motif that is required for signal transduction in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant J. 45, 31-45.
54. Desaki, Y., Miya, A., Venkatesh, B., Tsuyumu, S., Yamane, H., Kaku, H., et al. (2006). Bacterial lipopolysaccharides induce defense responses associated with programmed cell death in rice cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 47, 1530-1540.
55. Devoto, A. and Turner, J.G. (2005). Jasmonate-regulated Arabidopsis stress signalling network. Physiol. Plant. 123, 161-172.
56. Dhondt, S., Geoffroy, P., Stelmach, B.A. and Legrand, M. (2000). Soluble phospholipase A2 activity is induced before oxylipin accumulation in tobacco mosaic virusinfected tobacco leaves and is contributed by patatin-like enzymes. Plant J. 23, 431-440.
57. Dhondt, S., Gouzerh, G.,Muller, A., Legrand, M. and Heitz, T. (2002). Spatio-temporal expression of patatin-like lipid acyl hydrolases and accumulation of jasmonates in elicitor-treated tobacco leaves are not affected by endogenous levels of salicylic acid. Plant J. 32, 749-762.
58. Dickman, M.B., Ha, Y.S., Yang, Z., Adams, B. and Huang, C. (2003). A protein kinase fromColletotrichum trifolii is induced by plant cutin and is required for appressorium formation. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 16, 411-421.
59. Diz, M.S.S., Carvalho, A.O., Rodrigues. R., Neves-Ferreira, A.G.C., Da Cunha, M., Alves, E.W., et al. (2006). Antimicrobial peptides from chilli pepper seeds causes yeast plasma membrane permeabilization and inhibits the acidification of the medium by yeast cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1760, 1323-1332.
60. Drissner, D., Kunze, G., Callewaert, N., Gehrig, P., Tamasloukht, M., Boller, T., et al. (2007). Lyso-phosphatidylcholine is a signal in the arbuscular mycrorrhizal symbiosis. Science 318, 265-268.
61. Duckely, M., Oomen, C., Axthelm, F., Van Gelder, P., Waksman, G. and Engel, A. (2005). The VirE1VirE2 complex of Agrobacterium tumefaciens interacts with singlestranded DNA and forms channels. Mol. Microbiol. 58, 1130-1142.
62. Durrant, W.E. and Dong, X. (2004). Systemic acquired resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 42, 185-209.
63. Fammartino, A., Cardinale, F., Göbel, C., Mene-Saffrane, L., Fournier, J., Feussner, I., et al. (2007). Characterization of a divinyl ether biosynthetic pathway specifically associated with pathogenesis with pathogenesis in tobacco. Plant Physiol. 143, 378-388.
64. Farmer, E.E.,Alméras, E. and Krishnamurthy,V. (2003). Jasmonates and related oxylipins in plant response to pathogenesis and herbivory. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 6, 372-378.
65. Feussner, I. and Wasternack, C. (2002). The lipoxygenase pathway. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 53, 275-297.
66. Fujita, M., Fujita, Y., Noutoshi, Y., Takahashi, F., Narusaka, Y., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., et al. (2006). Crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses: a current view from the points of convergence in the stress signaling networks. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 9, 436-442.
67. Gao, X., Shim,W.-B., Göbel, C., Kunze, S., Feussner, I., Meeley, R., et al. (2007). Disruption of a maize 9-lipoxygenase results in increased resistance to fungal pathogens and reduced levels of contamination withmycotoxin fumonisin.Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 20, 922-933.
68. Gerber, I.B. and Dubery, I.A. (2004). Protein phosphorylation in Nicotiana tabaccum cells in response to perception of lipopolysaccharides from Burkholderia cepacia. Phytochemistry 65, 2957-2966.
69. Gerber, I.B., Laukens, K., Witters, E. and Dubery, I.A. (2006). Lipopolysaccharideresponsive phosphoproteins in Nicotiana tabaccum cells. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 44, 369-379.
70. Gilbert, R.D., Johnson, A.N. and Dean, R.A. (1996). Chemical signals responsible for appressorium formation in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 48, 335-346.
71. Glazebrook, J. (2005). Contrasting mechanisms of defense against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 43, 205-227.
72. Göbel, C., Feussner, I., Schmidt, A., Scheel, D., Sanchez-Serrano, J., Hamberg, M., et al. (2001). Oxylipin profiling reveals the preferential stimulation of the 9-lipoxygenase pathway in elicitor-treated potato cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 6267-6273.
73. Greenberg, J.T., Silverman, F.P. and Liang, H. (2000). Uncoupling salicylic aciddependent cell death and defense-related responses from disease resistance in the Arabidopsis mutant acd5. Genetics 156, 341-350.
74. Gross, A., Kapp, D., Nielsern, T. and Niehaus, K. (2005). Endocytosis of Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris lipopolysaccharides in non-host plant cells of Nicotiana tabacum. New Phytologist 165, 215-226.
75. Hamberg, M. (1999). An epoxy alcohol synthase pathway in higher plants: biosynthesis of antifungal trihydroxy oxylipins in leaves of potato. Lipids 34, 1131-1142.
76. Hamberg, M., Sanz, A. and Castresana, C. (1999). α-Oxidation of fatty acids in higher plants: identification of a pathogen-inducible oxygenase (PIOX) as an adioxygenase and biosynthesis of 2-hydroperoxylinolenic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 24503-24513.
77. Hamberg, M., Sanz, A., Rodriguez,M.J., Calvo, A.P. and Castresana, C. (2003). Activation of the fatty acid a-dioxygenase pathway during bacterial infection of tobacco leaves. Formation of oxylipins protecting against cell death. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 51796-51805.
78. Hansen, H.S., Moesgaard, B., Hansen, H.H. and Petersen, G. (2000). NAcylethanolamines and precursor phospholipids - relation to cell injury. Chem. Phys. Lipids 108, 135-150.
79. Haubrick, L.L., Torsethaugen, G. and Assmann, S.M. (2006). Effect of brassinolide, alone and in conert with abscisic acid, on control of stomatal aperture and potassium currents of Vicia faba guard cell protoplasts. Physiol. Plant. 128, 134-143.
80. Hisamatsu, Y., Goto,N., Hasegawa, K. and Shigemori,H. (2003).ArabidopsidesAand B, two new oxylipins from Arabidopsis thaliana. Tetrahedron Lett. 44, 5553-5556.
81. Hisamatsu, Y., Goto, N., Hasegawa, K. and Shigemori, H. (2006). Senescencepromoting effect of arabidopside A. Z. Naturforsch. 61, 363-366.
82. Hisamatsu, Y., Goto, N., Sekiguchi, M., Hasegawa, K. and Shigemori, H. (2005). Oxylipins arabidopsidesC andDfromArabidospis thaliana. J.Nat. Prod. 68, 600-603.
83. Howe, G.A. and Schilmiller, A.L. (2002). Oxylipin metabolism in response to stress. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5, 230-236.
84. Hua, J., Grisafi, P., Cheng, S.H. and Fink, G.R. (2001). Plant growth homeostasis is controlled by the Arabidopsis BON1 and BAP1 genes. Genes Dev. 15, 2263-2272.
85. Husebye, H., Halaas, O., Stenmark, H., Tunheim, G., Sandanger, A., Bogen, B., et al. (2006). Endocytic pathways regulate Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and link innate and adaptive immunity. EMBO J. 25, 683-692.
86. Ishiguro, S., Kawai-Oda, A., Ueda, J., Nishida, I. and Okada, K. (2001). The DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE gene encodes a novel phospholipase A1 catalyzing the initial step of jasmonic acid biosynthesis, which synchronizes pollen maturation, anther dehiscence, and flower opening in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 13, 2191-2209.
87. Im, Y.J., Perera, I.Y., Brglez, I., Davis, A.J., Stevenson-Paulik, J., Phillippy, B.Q., et al. (2007). Increasing plasmamembrane phosphatidylinositol(4,5)biphosphate biosynthesis increases phosphoinositide metabolism in Nicotiana tabaccum. Plant Cell 19, 1603-1616.
88. Jalloul, A., Montillet, J.L., Assigbetsé, K., Agnel, J.P., Delannoy, E., Triantaphylidès, C., et al. (2002). Lipid peroxidation in cotton: Xanthomonas interactions and the role of lipoxygenases during the hypersenstitive reaction. Plant J. 32, 1-12.
89. Jung, H.W., Kim, K.D. and Hwang, B.K. (2003). Tree pathogen-inducible genes encoding lipid transfer protein from pepper are differentially activated by pathogen, abiotic and environmental stresses. Plant Cell Environ. 221, 361-373.
90. Jung, H.W., Kim, K.D. and Hwang, B.K. (2005). Identification of pathogen-responsive regions in the promoter of a pepper lipid transfer protein gene (CALTPI) and the enhanced resistance of the CALTPI transgenic Arabidopsis against pathogen and environmental stresses. Planta 221, 361-373.
91. Kachroo, A., Lapchyk, L., Fukushige, H., Hildebrand, D., Klessig, D. and Kachroo P. (2003a). Plastidyl fatty acid signaling modulates salicylic acid-and jasmonic acidmediated defense pathways in the Arabidopsis ssi2 mutant. Plant Cell 15, 2952-2965.
92. Kachroo, P., Kachroo, A., Lapchyk, L., Hildebrand, D. and Klessig, D.F. (2003b). Restoration of defective cross talk in ssi2 mutants: role of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and fatty acids in SSI2-mediated signaling. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 16, 1022-1029.
93. Kachroo, P., Shanklin, J., Shah, J., Whittle E.J. and Klessig, D.F. (2001). A fatty acid desaturase modulates the activation of defense signaling pathways in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 9448-9453.
94. Kaku,H., Nishizawa,Y., Ishii-Minami,N., Akimoto-Tomiyama,C., Dohmae,N., Takio, K., et al. (2007). Plant cells recognize chitin fragments for defense signaling through a plasma membrane receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 11086-11091.
95. Kamoun, S. (2006). A catalogue of the effector secretome of plant pathogenic oomycetes. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 44, 41-60.
96. Kasparovsky, T., Blein, J.-P. and Mikes, V. (2004). Ergosterol elicits oxidative burst in tobacco cells via phospholipase A2 and protein kinase C signal pathway. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42, 429-435.
97. Keller, H., Pamboukdjian, N., Ponchet, M., Poupet, A., Delon, R., Verrier, J.-L., et al. (1999). Pathogen-induced elicitin production in transgenic tobacco generates a hypersensitive response and nonspecific disease resistance. Plant Cell 11, 223-235.
98. Kiessling, K. (1986). Biochemical mechanism of action of mycotoxins. Pure Appl. Chem. 58, 327-338.
99. Kilaru, A., Blancaflor, E.B., Venables, B.J., Tripathy, S., Mysore, K.S., and Chapman, K.D. (2007). TheN-acylethanolamine-mediated regulatory pathway in plants. Chem. Biodivers. 4, 1933-1955.
100. Kim, H.S., Desveaux, D., Singer, A.U., Patel, P., Sondek, J. and Dangl, J.L. (2005). The Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrRpt2 cleaves its C-terminally acylated target, RIN4, fromArabidopsis membranes to block RPM1 activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 6496-6501.
101. Koga, J., Yamauchi, T., Shimura, M., Ogawa, N., Oshima, K., Umemura, K., et al. (1998). Cerebrosides A and C, sphingolipid elicitors of hypersensitive cell death and phytoalexin accumulation in rice plants. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 31985-31991.
102. Krinke, O., Ruelland, E., Valentová, O., Vergnolle, C., Renou, J.-P., Taconnat, L., et al. (2007). Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activation is an early response to salicylic acid in Arabidopsis suspension cells. Plant Physiol. 144, 1347-1359.
103. Krishna, P. (2003). Brassinosteroid-mediated stress responses. J. Plant Growth Regul. 22, 289-297.
104. La Camera, S., Geoffroy, P., Samaha, H., Ndiaye, A., Rahim, G., Legrand, M., et al. (2005). A pathogen-inducible patatin-like lipid acyl hydrolase facilitates fungal and bacterial host colonization in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 44, 810-825.
105. La Camera, S., Gouzerh, G., Dondt, S., Hoffmann, L., Fritig, B., Legrand, M., et al. (2004). Metabolic reprogramming in plant innate immunity: the contributions of phenylpropanoid and oxylipin pathways. Immunol. Rev. 198, 267-284.
106. Lascombe, M.-B., Buhot, N., Bakan, B., Marion, D., Blein, J.-P., Lamb, C.J., et al. (2006). Crystallization of DIR1, a LTP2-like resistance signalling protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F. Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. 62, 702-704.
107. Laurie-Berry, N., Joardar, V., Street, I.H. and Kunkel, B.N. (2006). The Arabidopsis thaliana JASMONATE INSENSITIVE1 gene is required for suppression of salicylic acid-dependent defenses during infection by Pseudomonas syringae. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 19, 789-800.
108. Laxalt, A. andMunnik, T. (2002). Phospholipid signaling in plant defense. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5, 332-338.
109. Laxalt, A., Ter Riet, B., Verdonk, J.C., Parigi, L., Tameling, W.I.L., Vossen, J., et al. (2001). Characterization of five tomato phospholipase D cDNAs: rapid and specific expression of LePLDβ1 on elicitation with xylanase. Plant J. 26, 237-247.
110. Leeman, M., Vanpelt, J.A., Denouden, F.M., Heinsbroek, M., Bakker, P.A.H.M. and Schippers, B. (1995). Induction of systemic resistance against Fusarium wilts of radish by lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Phytopathology 85, 1021-1027.
111. Li,C., Liu, G., Xu, C., Lee, G.I., Bauer, P., Ling,H.-Q., et al. (2003). The tomato Suppressor of prosystemin-mediated response2 gene encodes a fatty acid desaturase required for the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and the production of a systemic wound signal for defense gene expression. Plant Cell 15, 1646-1661.
112. Li, J., Brader, G. and Palva, E.T. (2004). The WRKY70 transcription factor: a node of convergence for jasmonate-mediated and salicylate-mediated signals in plant defense. Plant Cell 16, 319-331.
113. Liang, H., Yao, N., Song, J.T., Luo, S., Lu, H. and Greenberg, J.T. (2003). Ceramides modulate programmed cell death in plants. Genes Dev. 17, 2636-2641.
114. Lieberherr, D., Thao, N.P., Nakashima, A., Umemura, K., Kawasaki, T. and Shimamoto, K. (2005). A sphingolipid elicitor-inducible mitogen-activated protein kinase is regulated by the small GTPase OsRac1 and heterotrimeric G-protein in rice. Plant Physiol. 138, 1644-1652.
115. Loh, Y.T., Zhou, J. and Martin, G.B. (1998). The myristoylation motif of Pto is not required for disease resistance. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 11, 572-576.
116. Lorenzo, O., Chico, J.M., Sanchez-Serrano, J.J. and Solano, R. (2004). Jasmonateinsensitive1 encodes a MYC transcription factor essential to discriminate between different jasmonate regulated defence responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16, 1938-1950.
117. Lorenzo, O., Piqueras, R., Sanchez-Serrano, J.J. and Solano, R. (2003). ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 integrates signals fromethylene and jasmonate pathways in plant defense. Plant Cell 15, 165-178.
118. Lorenzo, O. and Solano, R. (2005).Molecular players regulating the jasmonate signaling network. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 8, 532-540.
119. Lynch, D.V. and Dunn, T.M. (2003). An introduction to plant sphingolipids and a review of recent advances in understanding their metabolism and function. New Phytol. 161, 677-702.
120. Mackey, D., Holt, B.F.,Wiig, A. and Dangl, J.L. (2002). RIN4 interacts with Pseudomonas syringae type III effector molecules and is required for RPM1-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis. Cell 108, 743-754.
121. Maldonado, A.M., Doerner, P., Dixon, R.A., Lamb, C.J. and Cameron, R.K. (2002). A putative lipid transfer protein involved in systemic resistance signalling in Arabidopsis. Nature 419, 399-403.
122. Marion, D., Bakan, B. and Elmorjani, K. (2007). Plant lipid binding proteins: properties and applications. Biotechnol. Adv. 25, 195-197.
123. Matsui, K. (2006). Green leaf volatiles: hydroperoxide lyase pathway of oxylipin metabolism. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 9, 274-280.
124. Maurer-Stroh, S. and Eisenhaber, F. (2004). Myristoylation of viral and bacterial proteins. Trends Microbiol. 12, 178-185.
125. Melotto,M., Underwood,W., Koczan, J., Nomura,K. and He, S.Y. (2006). Plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion. Cell 126, 969-980.
126. Mengiste, T., Chen, X., Salmeron, J. and Dietrich, R. (2003). The Botrytis susceptible1 gene encodes an R2R3MYB transcription factor protein that is required for biotic and abiotic stress responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 15, 2551-2565.
127. Mishina, T.E. and Zeier, J. (2007). Pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition rather than development of tissue necrosis contributes to bacterial induction of systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 50, 500-513.
128. Montillet, J.-L., Cacas, J.-L., Garnier, L., Montané, M.-H., Douki, T., Bessoule, J.-T., et al. (2004). The upstream oxylipin profile of Arabidopsis thaliana: a tool to scan for oxidative stresses. Plant J. 40, 439-451.
129. Mosblech, A.,König, S., Stenzel, I., Grezeganek, P., Feussner, I. and Heilmann, I. (2008). Phosphoinositide and inositolpolyphosphate signalling in defense responses of Arabidopsis thaliana challenged by mechanical wounding. Mole. Plant 1, 249-261.
130. Mueller, M.J., Mene-Saffrané, L., Grun, C., Karg, K. and Farmer, E.E. (2006). Oxylipin analysis methods. Plant J. 45, 472-489.
131. Munnik, T. (2001). Phosphatidic acid: an emerging plant lipid second messenger. Trends Plant Sci. 6, 227-233.
132. Nakashita, H., Yasuda, M., Nitta, T., Asami, T., Fujioka, S., Arai, Y., et al. (2003). Brassinosteroid functions in a broad range of disease resistance in tobacco and rice. Plant J. 33, 887-898.
133. Nandi, A., Krothapalli, K., Buseman, C., Li, M., Welti, R., Enyedi, A., et al. (2003). The Arabidopsis thaliana sfd mutants affect plastidic lipid composition and suppress dwarfing, cell death and the enhanced disease resistance phenotypes resulting from the deficiency of a fatty acid desaturase. Plant Cell 15, 2383-2398.
134. Nandi, A., Moeder, W., Kachroo, P., Klessig, D.F. and Shah, J. (2005). The Arabidopsis ssi2-conferred susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea is dependent on EDS5 and PAD4. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 18, 363-370.
135. Narusaka, Y., Narusaka,M., Seki, M., Fujita, M., Ishida, J.,Nakashima,M., et al. (2003). Expression profiles of Arabidopsis phospholipase A IIA gene in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant Cell Physiol. 44, 1246-1252.
136. Navarro, L., Dunoyer, P., Jay, F., Arnold, B., Dharmasiri, N., Estelle,M., et al. (2006). A plant miRNA contributes to antibacterial resistance by repressing auxin signaling. Science 312, 436-439.
137. Nawrath, C. (2006). Unraveling the complex network of cuticular structure and function. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 9, 281-287.
138. Newman, M.A., Daniels, M.J. and Dow, J.M. (1997). The activity of lipid A and core components of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the prevention of the hypersensitive response in pepper. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 10, 926-928.
139. Newman, M.A., Dow, J.M., Molinaro, A. and Parrilli, M. (2007). Priming, induction and modulation of plant defence responses by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. J. Endotoxin Res. 13, 69-84.
140. Newman, M.A., von Roepenack, E., Daniels, M.J. and Maxwell Dow, J. (2000). Lipopolysaccharides and plant responses to phytopathogenic bacteria. Mol. Plant Pathol. 1, 25-32.
141. Newman, M.A., von Roepenack-Lahaye, E., Parr, A., Daniels, M.J. and Dow, M.J. (2002). Prior exposure to lipopolysaccharide potentiates expression of plant defenses in response to bacteria. Plant J. 29, 487-495.
142. Nickstadt, A., Thomma, B.P.H.J., Feussner, I., Kangasjarvi, J., Zeier, J., Loeffler, C., et al. (2004). The jasmonate-insensitive mutant jin1 shows increased resistance to biotrophic as well as necrotrophic pathogens. Mol. Plant Pathol. 5, 425-434.
143. Nimchzuk, Z.,Marois, E., Kjemtrup, S., Leister, R.T., Katagiri, F. and Dangl, J.L. (2000). Eukaryotic fatty acylation drives plasma membrane targeting and enhances function of several type III effector proteins from Pseudomonas syringae. Cell 101, 353-363.
144. Nürnberger, T., Brunner, F., Kemmerling, B. and Piater, L. (2004). Innate immunity in plants and animals: striking similarities and obvious differences. Immunol. Rev. 198, 249-266.
145. Oh, I.S., Park, A.R., Bae, M.S., Kwon, S.J., Kim, Y.S., Lee, J.E., et al. (2005). Secretome analysis reveals an Arabidopsis lipase involved in defense against Alternaria brassicicola. Plant Cell 17, 2832-2847.
146. Osman, H., Mikes, V., Milat, M.L., Ponchet, M., Marion, D., Prangé, T., et al. (2001a). Fatty acids bind to the fungal elicitor cryptogein and compete with sterols. FEBS Lett. 489, 55-58.
147. Osman, H., Vauthrin, S., Mikes, V.,Milat, M.L., Panabières, F., Marais, A., et al. (2001b). Mediation of elicitin activity on tobacco is assumed by elicitin-sterol complexes. Mol. Biol. Cell, 12, 2825-2834.
148. Ongena, M., Duby, F., Rossignol, F., Fauconnier, M.L., Dommes, J. and Thonart, P. (2004). Stimulation of the lipoxygenase pathway is associated with systemic resistance induced in bean by a nonpathogenic Pseudomonas strain. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 17, 1009-1018.
149. Ortega, X. and Perez, L.M. (2001). Participation of the phosphoinositide metabolism in the hypersensitive response of citrus limon against Alternaria alternata. Biol. Res. 34, 43-50.
150. Panabières, F., Ponchet, M., Allasia, V., Cardin, L. and Ricci, P. (1997). Characterization of border species among Pythiaceae: several Pythium isolates produce elicitins, typical proteins from Phytophthora sp. Mycol. Res. 101, 1459-1468.
151. Park, J., Gu, Y., Lee, Y., Yang, Z.B. and Lee, Y. (2004). Phosphatidic acid induces leaf cell death in Arabidopsis by activating the Rho-related smallGprotein GTPase-mediated pathway of reactive oxygen species generation. Plant Physiol. 134, 129-136.
152. Petersen, M., Brodersen, P., Naested, H., Andreasson, E., Lindhart, U., Johansen, B., et al. (2000). Arabidopsis map kinase 4 negatively regulates systemic acquired resistance. Cell 103, 1111-1120.
153. Piater, L.A., Nürnberger, T. and Dubery, I.A. (2004). Identification of lipopolysaccharide responsive erk-like MAP kinase in tobacco leaf tissue. Mol. Plant Pathol. 5, 331-338.
154. Picard, K., Ponchet, M., Blein, J.P., Rey, P., Tirilly, Y. and Benhamou, N. (2000). Oligandrin: a proteinaceous molecule produced by the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum induces resistance to Phytophthora parasitica infection in tomato plants. Plant Physiol. 124, 379-395.
155. Pike, L.D. (2003). Lipid rafts: bringing order to chaos. J. Lipid Res. 44, 655-667.
156. Podila, G.K., Rogers, L.M. and Kolattukudy, P.E. (1993). Chemical signals from avocado surfacewax trigger germination and appressorium formation in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Plant Physiol. 103, 267-272.
157. Prost, I., Dhondt, S., Rothe, G., Vicente, J., Rodriguez, M.J., Kift, N., et al. (2005). Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of plant oxylipins supports their involvement in defense against pathogens. Plant Physiol. 139, 1902-1913.
158. Raacke, I.C., Mueller, M.J. and Berger, S. (2006). Defects in allene oxide synthase and 12-oxa-phytodienoic acid reductase alter the resistance of Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea. J. Phytopathol. 154, 740-744.
159. Rancé, I., Fournier, J. and Esquerre-Tugaye,M.T. (1998). The incompatible interaction between Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae race 0 and tobacco is suppressed in transgenic plants expressing antisense lipoxygenase sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 6554-6559.
160. Regente, M.C. and de la Canal, L. (2000). Purification, characterization and antifungal properties of a lipid-transfer protein from sunflower (Helianthus annus) seeds. Physiol. Planta. 110, 158-163.
161. Rojo, E., Solano, R. and Sanchez-Serrano, J.J. (2003). Interactions between signaling compounds involved in plant defense. J. Plant Growth Regul. 22, 82-98.
162. Ron, M. and Avni, A. (2004). The receptor for the fungal elicitor ethylene-inducing xylanase is a member of a resistance-like gene family in tomato. Plant Cell 16, 1604-1615.
163. Rooney, H.C.E., van Klooster, J.W., van der Hoorn, R.A.L., Joosten, M.A.H.J., Jones, J.D.G. and deWit, P.J.G.M. (2005). Cladosporium Avr2 inhibits tomato Rcr3 protease required for Cf-2-dependent disease resistance. Science 308, 1783-1786.
164. Rustérucci, C., Montillet, J.L., Agnel, J.P., Battesi, C., Alonso, B., Knoll, A., et al. (1999). Involvement of lipoxygenase-dependent production of fatty acid hydroperoxides in the development of the hypersensitive cell death induced by cryptogein on tobacco leaves. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 36446-36455.
165. Sang, Y., Cui, D. and Wang, X. (2001). Phospholipase D and phosphatidic acidmediated generation of superoxide in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 126, 1449-1458.
166. Sangster, T.A. and Queitsch, C. (2005). The HSP90 chaperone complex, an emerging force in plant development and phenotypic plasticity. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 8, 86-92.
167. Sanz, A., Moeno, J.I. and Castresana, C. (1998). PIOX, a new pathogen-induced oxygenase with homology to animal cyclooxygenase. Plant Cell 10, 1523-1537.
168. Sattler, S.E., Mene-Saffrané, L., Farmer, E.E., Krischke, M., Mueller, M.J. and DellaPenna, D. (2006). Nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation reprograms gene expression and activates defense markers in Arabidopsis tocopherol-deficient mutants. Plant Cell 18, 3706-3720.
169. Scheidle, H., Gross, A. and Niehaus, K. (2005). The lipid A substructure of the Sinorhizobium meliloti lipopolysaccharides is sufficient to suppress the oxidative burst in host plants. New Phytol. 165, 559-565.
170. Scherer, G.F.E., Paul, R.U., Holk, A. and Martinec, J. (2002). Down-regulation by elicitors of phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C and up-regulation of phospholipase A in plant cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 293, 766-770.
171. Schmelz, E.A., Engelberth, J., Alborn, H.T., O'Donnell, P., Sammons,M., Toshima, H., et al. (2003). Simultaneous analysis of phytohormones, phytotoxins, and volatile organic compounds in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 10552-10557.
172. Schmelz, E.A., Engelberth, J., Tumlinson, J.H., Block, A. and Alborn, T. (2004). The use of vapor phase extraction in metabolic profiling of phytohormones and other metabolites. Plant J. 39, 790-808.
173. Seilaniantz, R.A., Navarro, L., Bari, R. and Jones, J.D.G. (2007). Pathological hormone imbalances. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 10, 372-379.
174. Sekine, K.T., Nandi, A., Ishihara, T., Hase, S., Ikegami, M., Shah, J., et al. (2004). Enhanced resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus in the Arabidopsis thaliana ssi2 mutant is mediated via an SA-independent mechanism. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 17, 623-632.
175. Shah, J. (2005). Lipids, lipases and lipid modifying enzymes in plant disease resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 43, 229-260.
176. Shah, J., Kachroo, P.K., Nandi, A. and Klessig, D.F. (2001). A recessive mutation in the Arabidopsis SSI2 gene confers SA- and NPR1-independent expression of PR genes and resistance against bacterial and oomycete pathogens. Plant J. 25, 563-574.
177. Shan, L., Thara, V.K., Martin, G.B., Zhou, J.M. and Tang, X. (2000). The Pseudomonas AvrPto protein is differentially recognized by tomato and tobacco and is localized to the plant plasma membrane. Plant Cell 12, 2323-2338.
178. Shao, F., Merritt, P.M., Bao,Z., Innes, R.W. and Dixon, J.E. (2002).AYersinia effector and a Pseudomonas avirulence protein define a family of cysteine proteases functioning in bacterial pathogenesis. Cell 109, 575-588.
179. Shirasu, K. and Schulze-Lefert, P. (2003). Complex formation, promiscuity and multifunctionality: protein interactions in disease resistance pathways. Trends Plant Sci. 8, 252-258.
180. Skamnioti, P. andGurr, S.J. (2007). Magnaporthe grisea cutinase mediates appressorium differentiation and host penetration and is required for full virulence. Plant Cell 19, 2674-2689.
181. Spassieva, S.D., Markham, J.E. and Hille, J. (2002). The plant disease resistance gene Asc-1 prevents disruption of sphingolipid metabolism during AAL-toxin-induced programmed cell death. Plant J. 32, 561-572.
182. Staswick, P.E., Su, W. and Howell, S.H. (1992). Methyl jasmonate inhibition of root growth and induction of a leaf protein are decreased in an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 6837-6840.
183. Stelmach, B.A., Müller, A., Hennig, P., Gebhardt, S., Schubert-Zsilavecz, M. and Weiler, E.W. (2001). A novel class of oxylipins, sn1-O-(12-oxophytodienoyl)-sn2-O-(hexadecatrienoyl)-monogalactosyl diglyceride, from Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 12832-12838.
184. Stevenson, J.M., Perera, I.Y., Heilmann, I., Persson, S. and Boss, W.F. (2000). Inositol signaling and plant growth. Trends Plant Sci. 5, 252-258.
185. Suharsono, U., Fujisawa, Y., Kawasaki, T., Iwasaki, Y., Satoh, H. and Shimamoto, K. (2002). The heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit acts upstream of the small GTPase Rac indisease resistance of rice. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci U.S.A. 99, 13307-13312.
186. Takahashi, F., Yoshida, R., Ichimura, K., Mizoguchi, T., Seo, S., Yonezawa, M., et al. (2007). The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade MKK3-MPK6 is an important part of the jasmonate signal transduction pathway in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19, 805-818.
187. Tang, D., Ade, J., Frye, C.A. and Innes, R.W. (2005). Regulation of plant defense response in Arabidopsis by EDR2, a PH and START domain-containing protein. Plant J. 44, 245-257.
188. Teaster, N.D., Motes, C.M., Tang, Y., Wiant, W.C., Cotter, M.Q., Wang, Y.-S., et al. (2007). N-Acylethanolamine metabolism interacts with abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Plant Cell 19, 2454-2469.
189. Testerink, C., Dekker, H.L., Lim, Z.-Y., Johns, K.K., Holmes, A.B., de Koser, C.G., et al. (2004). Isolation and identification of phosphatidic acid targets from plants. Plant J. 39, 527-536.
190. Thara,V.K., Seilaniantz, A.R., Deng,Y., Dong,Y.,Yang,Y.,Tang, X., et al. (2004). Tobacco genes induced by the bacterial effector protein AvrPto.Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 17, 1139-1145.
191. Thines, B., Katsir, L., Melotto, M., Niu, Y., Mandaokar, A., Liu, G., et al. (2007). JAZ repressor proteins are targets of the SCFCOI1 complex during jasmonate signaling. Nature 448, 661-665.
192. Thoma, I., Loeffler, C., Sinha, A.K., Gupta, M., Krischke, M., Steffan, B., et al. (2003). Cyclopentenone isoprostanes induced by reactive oxygen species trigger defense gene activation and phytoalexin accumulation in plants. Plant J. 34, 363-375.
193. Tiryaki, I. and Staswick, P.E. (2002). An Arabidopsis mutant defective in jasmonate response is allelic to the auxin-signaling mutant axr1. Plant Physiol. 130, 887-894.
194. Ton, J., Jakab,G., Toquin,V., Flors,V., Iavicoli, A., Maeder,M.N., et al. (2005).Dissecting the β-aminobutyric acid-induced priming phenomenon in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 17, 987-999.
195. Torregrosa, C., Cluzet, S., Fournier, J., Huguet, T., Gamas, P., Prosperi, J.M., et al. (2004). Cytological, genetic, and molecular analysis to characterize compatible and incompatible interactions between Medicago truncatula and Colletotrichum trifolii. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 17, 909-920.
196. Tripathy, S., Venables, B.J. and Chapman, K.D. (1999). N-Acylethanolamines in signal transduction of elicitor perception. Attenuation of alkalinization response and activation of defense gene expression. Plant Physiol. 121, 1299-1308.
197. Truman, W., Bennett, M.H., Kubigsteltig, I., Turnbull, C. and Grant, M. (2007). Arabidopsis systemic immunity uses conserved defense signaling pathways and is mediated by jasmonates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 1075-1080.
198. Tsitsigiannis, D.I. and Keller, N.P. (2007). Oxylipins as developmental and host-fungal communication signals. Trends Microbiol. 15, 109-118.
199. Tsitsigiannis, D.I., Kunze, S.,Willis, D.K., Feussner, I. and Keller, N.P. (2005). Aspergillus infection inhibits the expression of peanut 13S-HPODE-forming seed lipoxygenases. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 18, 1081-1089.
200. Tsuba, M., Katagiri, C., Takeuchi, Y., Takada, Y. and Yamaoka, N. (2002). Chemical factors of the leaf surface involved in the morphogenesis of Blumeria graminis. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 60, 51-57.
201. Turner, J.G. and Novacky, A. (1974). The quantitative reaction between plant and bacterial cells involved in the hypersensitive reaction. Phytopathology 64, 885-890.
202. Umemura, K., Ogawa, N., Koga, J., Iwata, M. and Usami, H. (2002). Elicitor activity of cerebroside, a sphingolipid elicitor, in cell suspension cultures of rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 778-784.
203. Umemura, K., Ogawa, N., Yamaguchi, T., Iwata, M., Shimura, M. and Koga, J. (2000). Cerebroside elicitors found in diverse phytopathogens activate defense responses in rice plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 41, 483-676.
204. Umemura, K., Tanino, S., Nagatsuka, T., Koga, J., Iwata, M., Nagashima, K., et al. (2004). Cerebroside elicitor confers resistance to Fusarium disease in various plant species. Phytopathology 94, 813-818.
205. Van Der Luit, A.H., Piatti, T., Van Doom, A., Musgrave, A., Felix, G., Boller, T., et al. (2000). Elicitation of suspension-cultured tomato cells triggers the formation of phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol pyrophosphate. Plant Physiol. 123, 1507-1515.
206. Vasconsuelo, A. and Boland, R. (2007).Molecular aspects of the early stages of elicitation of secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Science 172, 861-875.
207. Vasconsuelo, A.A., Morelli, S., Picotto, G. Giuletti, A.M. and Boland, R. (2005). Intracellular calcium mobilization: a key step for chitosan-induced anthraquinone production in Rubia tinctorum L. Plant Sci. 169, 712-720.
208. Viehweger, K., Dordschbal, B. and Roos, W. (2002). Elicitor-activated phospholipase A2 generates lysophosphatidylcholines that mobilize the vacuolar H+ pool for pH signaling via the activation of Na+-dependent proton fluxes. Plant Cell 14, 1509-1525.
209. Vijayan, P., Shockey, J., Levesque, C.A., Cook, R.J. and Browse, J. (1998). A role for jasmonate in pathogen defence of Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 7209-7214.
210. Vogel, J.P., Raab, T.K., Schiff, C. and Somerville, S.C. (2002). PMR6, apectate lyaselike gene required for powdery mildew susceptibility in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 14, 2095-2106.
211. Voigt, C.A., Schafer, W. and Salomon, S. (2005). A secreted lipase of Fusarium graminearum is a virulence factor required for infection of cereals. Plant J. 42, 364-375.
212. Wallis, J.G. and Browse, J. (2002). Mutants of Arabidopsis reveal many roles for membrane lipids. Prog. Lipid Res. 41, 254-278.
213. Wang, X. (2001). Plant phospholipases. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 52, 211-231.
214. Wang, X. (2004). Lipid signaling. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 7, 329-336.
215. Wang, X., Devaiah, S.P., Zhang, W. and Welti, R. (2006). Signaling functions of phosphatidic acid. Prog. Lipid Res. 45, 250-278.
216. Wasternack, C. (2007). Jasmonates: an update on biosynthesis, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. Annal. Bot. 100, 681-697.
217. Weber, H. (2002). Fatty acid-derived signals in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 7, 217-224.
218. Weber, H., Chételat, A., Calderlari, D. and Farmer, E.E. (1999). Divinyl ether fatty acid synthesis in late blight-diseased potato leaves. Plant Cell 11, 485-494.
219. Weichert, H., Stenzel, I., Berndt, E., Wasternack, C. and Feussner, I. (1999). Metabolic profiling of oxylipins upon salicylate treatment in barley leaves - preferential induction of the reductase pathway by salicylate. FEBS Lett. 464, 133-137.
220. Welti, R. andWang, X. (2004). Lipid species profiling: a high-throughput approach to identify lipid compositional changes and determine the function of genes involved in lipid metabolism and signaling. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 7, 337-344.
221. Welti, R., Wang, X. and Williams, D. (2003). Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry scan modes for plant chloroplast lipids. Anal. Biochem. 314, 149-152.
222. Woloshuk, C.P. and Kolattukudy, P. (1986). Mechanism by which contact with plant cuticle triggers cutinase gene expression in the spores of Fusarium solani f. sp. Pisi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 1704-1708.
223. Worrall, D., Ng, C.K.Y. and Hetherington, A.M. (2003). Sphingolipids, new players in plant signaling. Trends Plant Sci. 8, 317-320.
224. Xiao, F., Goodwin, S.M., Xiao, Y., Sun, Z., Baker, D., Tang, X., et al. (2004). Arabidopsis CYP86A2 represses Pseudomonas syringae type III genes and is required for cuticle development. EMBO J. 23, 2903-2913.
225. Xu, L., Liu, F., Lechner, E., Genschik, P., Crosby,W.L.,Ma, H., et al. (2002). The SCFCOI ubiquitin-ligase complexes are required for jasmonate response in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 14, 1919-1935.
226. Yaeno, T., Matsuda, O. and Iba, K. (2004). Role of chloroplast trienoic fatty acids in plant disease defense responses. Plant J. 40, 931-941.
227. Yang, H., Li, Y. and Hua, J. (2006). The C2 domain protein BAP1 negatively regulates defense responses in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 48, 238-248.
228. Yang,W., Devaiah, S.P., Pan, X., Isaac, G.,Welti, R. andWang, X. (2007). AtPLAI is an acylhydrolase involved in basal jasmonic acid production and Arabidopsis resistance to Botrytis cinerea. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 18116-18128.
229. Yamaguchi, T., Minami, E. and Shibuya, N. (2003). Activation of phospholipases by N-acetlychitooligosaccharide elicitor in suspension-cultured rice cells mediates reactive oxygen generation. Physiol. Plant 118, 361-370.
230. Yamaguchi, T.,Minami, E., Ueki, J. and Shibuya,N. (2005). Elicitor-induced activation of phospholipases plays an important role for the induction of defense responses in suspension-cultured rice cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 46, 579-587.
231. Yoshioka, H., Sugie, K., Park, H.J., Maeda, H., Tsuda, N., Kawakita, K., et al. (2001). Induction of plant gp91 phox homolog by fungal cell wall, arachidonic acid, and salicylic acid in potato. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 14, 725-736.
232. Young, S.A., Wang, X. and Leach, J.E. (1996). Changes in the plasma membrane distribution of rice phospholipase D during resistant interactions with Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. Plant Cell 8, 1079-1090.
233. Zanetti, A., Beauvais, F., Huet, J.C. and Pernollet, J.C. (1992). Movement of elicitins, necrosis-inducing proteins secreted by Phytophthora sp. in tobacco. Planta 187, 163-170.
234. Zeidler, D., Zähringer, U., Gerber, I., Dubery, I., Hartung, T., Bors, W., et al. (2004). Innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana: lipopolysaccharides activate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and induce defense genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 15811-15816.
235. Zeringue, H.J., Brown, R.L., Neucere, J.N. and Cleveland, T.E. (1996). Relationships between C6-C12 alkanal and alkenal volatile contents and resistance of maize genotypes to Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44, 403-407.
236. Zhang,W.,Wang, C.,Qin,C.,Wood, T., Olafsdotir,G.,Welti, R., et al. (2003). The oletaestimulated phospholipase D, PLDδ, and phosphatidic acid decrease H2O2-induced cell death in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 15, 2285-2295.
237. Zhao, J., Guo, Y., Kosaihira, A. and Sakai, K. (2004). Rapid accumulation and metabolism of polyphosphoinositol and its possible role in phytoalexin biosynthesis in yeast elicitor-treated Cupressus lusitanica cell cultures, Planta 219, 121-131.
238. Zheng, Z., Qamar, S.A., Chen, Z. and Menigste, T. (2006). Arabidopsis WRKY33 transcription factor is required for resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Plant J. 48, 592-605.
239. Zipfel, C., Kunze, G., Chinchilla, D., Caniard, A., Jones, J.D., Boller, T., et al. (2006). Perception of the bacterial PAMP EF-Tu by the receptor EFR restricts Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Cell 125, 749-760.