Ideological Mutation and Millennial Belief in the American Neo-Nazi Movement

Studies in Conflict and Terrorism

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 89-106

  Whitsel, Brad ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84947545798     PISSN: 1057610X     EISSN: 15210731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10576100117722     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 308.
2. Dick Reavis, The Ashes of Waco: An Investigation (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1998), pp. 236-257.
3. Rodney Perkins and Forrest Jackson, Cosmic Suicide: The Tragedy and Transcendence of Heaven’s Gate (Dallas, TX: Pentaradial Press, 1997).
4. Jean Rosenfeld, “The Importance of the Analysis of Religion in Avoiding Violent Outcomes: The Justus Freemen Crisis, Nova Religio, 1(1) (Fall 1997), 72-95.
5. John George and Laird Wilcox, American Extremists (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1996), p. 323.
6. William Brustein, The Logic of Evil: The Social Origins of the Nazi Party, 1925-1933 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 60.
7. Walter Lacqueur, Fascism: Past, Present, Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 23-25.
8. Stephen Scheinberg, “Right-Wing Extremism in the United States,” in Aurel Braun and Stephen Scheinberg, eds., The Extreme Right: Freedom and Security at Risk (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), pp. 60-61.
9. Michael Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), pp. 94-96.
10. Mark Hamm, “Terrorism, Hate Crime, and Antigovernment Violence: A Review of the Research,” in Harvey Kushner, ed., The Future of Terrorism: Violence in the New Millennium (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998), pp. 83-85.
11. William H. Shmaltz, Hate: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1999), pp. 210-211.
12. Frederick Simonelli, “The American Nazi Party, 1958-1967,” The Historian 57(3) (Spring 1995), 553-555.
13. Jeffrey Kaplan,”Right Wing Violence in North America,” Terrorism and Political Violence 7(1) (Spring 1995), 57.
14. Michael Barkun, Disaster and the Millennium (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974), p. 4.
15. Daniel Wojcik, The End of the World As We Know It: Faith, Fatalism, and Apocalypse in America (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp. 24-26.
16. Catherine Wessinger, “Millennialism With and Without the Mayhem,” in Thomas Robbins and Susan Palmer, eds., Millennium, Messiahs, and Mayhem: Contemporary Apocalyptic Movements (New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 50.
17. Damian Thompson, The End of Time: Faith and Fear in the Shadow of the New Millennium (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1996), pp. 128-131.
18. Roger Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (New York: Routledge, 1993), pp. 187-188.
19. Brad Whitsel, “The Turner Diaries and Cosmotheism: William Pierce’s Theology of Revolution,” Nova Religio 1(2) (Spring 1998), 189.
20. Jeffrey Kaplan, Radical Religion in America (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997), p. 34.
21. Raphael Ezekiel, The Racist Mind (New York: Viking Penguin, 1990), pp. 122-142.
22. Michael Barkun, Religion and The Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), pp. 216-217, 268-270.
23. Jeffrey Kaplan and Leonard Weinberg, The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998), p. 128.
24. Richard Noll, The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Jung (New York: Random House, 1997), p.116.
25. Ben Klassen, The White Man’s Bible (Milwaukee, WI: The Milwaukee Church of the Creator, 1981), p. 335.
26. William Pierce, “Why We Fight,” Attack!, No. 14, 1972 (reprinted in) The Best of Attack! and National Vanguard Tabloid (Hillsboro, WV: National Vanguard Books, 1992), p. 16.
27. William Pierce, Cosmotheism: Wave of the Future (Hillsboro, WV: National Vanguard Books, 1977). This is a recorded speech given by Pierce to a gathering of National Alliance members.
28. William Pierce, Human Dignity: A Racial Ethic (Hillsboro, WV: National Vanguard Books, 1978). Speech given by Pierce at Arlington, Virginia to a small group of National Alliance members.
29. William Pierce, “What We Believe,” National Vanguard, No.117, Mar.-Apr. 1997, p.
30. Daniel Pipes, Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From (New York: The Free Press, 1997), pp. 8-9.
31. Andrew Macdonald (pseudonym of William Pierce), The Turner Diaries (Hillsboro, WV: National Vanguard Books, 1978), p. 210.
32. Michael Barkun, “Understanding Millennialism,” Terrorism and Political Violence 7(3) (Fall 1995), p. 8.
33. James Rhodes, The Hitler Movement: A Modern Millenarian Revolution (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institute, 1980), pp. 29-30.
34. Jost Hermand, Old Dreams of a New Reich: Volkish Utopias and National Socialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), pp. 193-195.
35. Joscelyn Goodwin, Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival (Kempton, Illinois: Adventures Unlimited Press, 1996), pp. 190-192.
36. Nicholas Goodricke-Clarke, The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology (New York: New York University Press, 1992), pp. 20-26.
37. Dusty Sklar, The Nazis and the Occult (New York: Dorset Press, 1977), p. 79.
38. William Pierce’s novel, The Turner Diaries, must be considered as a separate example of neo-Nazi writing since his religiously inspired philosophy (Cosmotheism) distinguishes the author from those in the secular millennialist neo-Nazi camp.
39. Walter Kaffon-Minkel, Subterranean Worlds (Port Townsend, Washington: Loompanics, 1990), pp. 233-236.
40. Randolph Calverhall, Serpent’s Walk (Hillsboro, WV: National Vanguard Books, 1991), p. 75.
41. James Aho, The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism (Seattle: Washington University Press, 1990), pp. 136-184.
42. William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (New York: Free Press, 1959);
43. Seymour Martin Lipset and Earl Rabb, The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in America, 17901970 (New York: Harper and Row, 1970);
44. Arthur M. Schlessinger, The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949).
45. Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Messianism in Medieval and Reformation Europe and Its Bearings on Modern Totalitarian Movements (New York: Harper and Row, 1961).
46. Michael Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right, pp. 247-249;
47. Jeffrey Kaplan, Radical Religion in America, p. 173.
48. Martha Crenshaw, “Questions to Be Answered, Research to Be Done, Knowledge to Be Applied,” in Walter Reich, ed., Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center, 1998), p. 259.
49. Colin Campbell, “The Cult, the Cultic Milieu, and Secularization,” A Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain (London: SCM Press, 1972), pp. 120-123.
50. Stanley Payne, Fascism: Comparison and Definition (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980), pp. 88-104.
51. William Brustein, The Logic of Evil, pp. 57-62.
52. Charles Strozier, “The New Violence,” The Journal of Psychohistory 23(2) (Fall 1995), p. 198.
53. Walter Laqueur, “Postmodern Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs 75(5) (Sept./Oct 1996), 32.
54. Walter Laqueur, Fin de Siecle and Other Essays on Europe and America (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997), pp. 10-13.
55. Stephen O’Leary, “Seeds of the Apocalypse Are All Around Us,” Los Angeles Times, 22 April 1997.
56. David Neiwert, In God’s Country: The Patriot Movement and the Pacific Northwest (Pullman, WA: Washington State University Press, 1999), pp. 115-123.
57. Jerrold Post, “Notes on a Psychodynamic Theory of Terroist Behavior,” Terrorism: An International Journal, 7(3) (Fall 1984), 242-243.
58. Ehud Sprinzak, “The Great Superterrorism Scare,” Foreign Policy 112(3) (Fall 1998)