Erratum: Population-Based Study of Incidence, Risk Factors, Outcome, and Prognosis of Ischemic Peripheral Arterial Events (Circulation (2015) 132 (1805-1815) DOI: 110.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016424);Population-Based Study of Incidence, Risk Factors, Outcome, and Prognosis of Ischemic Peripheral Arterial Events: Implications for Prevention

Circulation

Volumn 132, Issue 19, 2015, Pages 1805-1815

  Howard, Dominic P J ^a,b   Banerjee, Amitava ^a,c   Fairhead, Jack F ^a   Hands, Linda ^b   Silver, Louise E ^a   Rothwell, Peter M ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b OXFORD UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^d JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

epidemiology; patient outcome assessment; peripheral vascular diseases; risk factors

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

AGED; ARTICLE; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHADS2 SCORE; CRITICAL LIMB ISCHEMIA; DIABETES MELLITUS; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMOKING; VERY ELDERLY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEALTH SURVEY; ISCHEMIA; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE; PROCEDURES; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED KINGDOM;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; ISCHEMIA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84947494152     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000345     Document Type: Erratum

References (50)

1. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nasseri K, Norman P, O'Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA 3rd, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, De León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2095-2128. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0.
2. Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Ackerman I, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Ali MK, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Bahalim AN, Barker-Collo S, Barrero LH, Bartels DH, Basáñez MG, Baxter A, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bernabé E, Bhalla K, Bhandari B, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Black JA, Blencowe H, Blore JD, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Bonaventure A, Boufous S, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, Braithwaite T, Brayne C, Bridgett L, Brooker S, Brooks P, Brugha TS, Bryan-Hancock C, Bucello C, Buchbinder R, Buckle G, Budke CM, Burch M, Burney P, Burstein R, Calabria B, Campbell B, Canter CE, Carabin H, Carapetis J, Carmona L, Cella C, Charlson F, Chen H, Cheng AT, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahiya M, Dahodwala N, Damsere-Derry J, Danaei G, Davis A, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Dellavalle R, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Derrett S, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dherani M, Diaz-Torne C, Dolk H, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Edmond K, Elbaz A, Ali SE, Erskine H, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ewoigbokhan SE, Farzadfar F, Feigin V, Felson DT, Ferrari A, Ferri CP, Fèvre EM, Finucane MM, Flaxman S, Flood L, Foreman K, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabbe BJ, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Ganatra HA, Garcia B, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gmel G, Gonzalez-Medina D, Gosselin R, Grainger R, Grant B, Groeger J, Guillemin F, Gunnell D, Gupta R, Haagsma J, Hagan H, Halasa YA, Hall W, Haring D, Haro JM, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Higashi H, Hill C, Hoen B, Hoffman H, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Huang JJ, Ibeanusi SE, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jarvis D, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Jonas JB, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Kawakami N, Keren A, Khoo JP, King CH, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Laden F, Lalloo R, Laslett LL, Lathlean T, Leasher JL, Lee YY, Leigh J, Levinson D, Lim SS, Limb E, Lin JK, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Liu W, Loane M, Ohno SL, Lyons R, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Malekzadeh R, Mallinger L, Manivannan S, Marcenes W, March L, Margolis DJ, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGill N, McGrath J, Medina-Mora ME, Meltzer M, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Meyer AC, Miglioli V, Miller M, Miller TR, Mitchell PB, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Moffitt TE, Mokdad AA, Monasta L, Montico M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moran A, Morawska L, Mori R, Murdoch ME, Mwaniki MK, Naidoo K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nelson PK, Nelson RG, Nevitt MC, Newton CR, Nolte S, Norman P, Norman R, O'Donnell M, O'Hanlon S, Olives C, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Page A, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Patten SB, Pearce N, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Phillips D, Phillips MR, Pierce K, Pion S, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pope CA 3rd, Popova S, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Prince M, Pullan RL, Ramaiah KD, Ranganathan D, Razavi H, Regan M, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Richardson K, Rivara FP, Roberts T, Robinson C, De Leòn FR, Ronfani L, Room R, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Saha S, Sampson U, Sanchez-Riera L, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Scott JG, Segui-Gomez M, Shahraz S, Shepard DS, Shin H, Shivakoti R, Singh D, Singh GM, Singh JA, Singleton J, Sleet DA, Sliwa K, Smith E, Smith JL, Stapelberg NJ, Steer A, Steiner T, Stolk WA, Stovner LJ, Sudfeld C, Syed S, Tamburlini G, Tavakkoli M, Taylor HR, Taylor JA, Taylor WJ, Thomas B, Thomson WM, Thurston GD, Tleyjeh IM, Tonelli M, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Tsilimbaris MK, Ubeda C, Undurraga EA, van der Werf MJ, van Os J, Vavilala MS, Venketasubramanian N, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weatherall DJ, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Weisskopf MG, Weissman MM, White RA, Whiteford H, Wiebe N, Wiersma ST, Wilkinson JD, Williams HC, Williams SR, Witt E, Wolfe F, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Zaidi AK, Zheng ZJ, Zonies D, Lopez AD, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2197-2223. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4.
3. Wang H, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Lofgren KT, Rajaratnam JK, Marcus JR, Levin-Rector A, Levitz CE, Lopez AD, Murray CJ. Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2071-2094. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61719-X.
4. Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, Regensteiner JG, Creager MA, Olin JW, Krook SH, Hunninghake DB, Comerota AJ, Walsh ME, McDermott MM, Hiatt WR. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA. 2001;286:1317-1324.
5. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG; TASC II Working Group. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007;45(suppl S):S5-S67. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2006.12.037.
6. Tomson J, Lip GY. Peripheral arterial disease: a high risk-but neglected-disease population. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005;5:15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2261-5-15.
7. Jaff MR. Why patients know more about cars than peripheral artery disease. Circulation. 2014;130:1778-1779. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012872.
8. Widmer LK, da Silva A. Historical perspectives and the Basel study. In: Fowkes FGR, ed. Epidemiology of Peripheral Vascular Disease. London, UK: Springer-Verlag; 1991:69-83.
9. Leng GC, Lee AJ, Fowkes FG, Whiteman M, Dunbar J, Housley E, Ruckley CV. Incidence, natural history and cardiovascular events in symptomatic and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25:1172-1181.
10. Bainton D, Sweetnam P, Baker I, Elwood P. Peripheral vascular disease: consequence for survival and association with risk factors in the Speedwell prospective heart disease study. Br Heart J. 1994;72:128-132.
11. Bowlin SJ, Medalie JH, Flocke SA, Zyzanski SJ, Goldbourt U. Epidemiology of intermittent claudication in middle-aged men. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;140:418-430.
12. Murabito JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF. Intermittent claudication: a risk profile from the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997;96:44-49.
13. Hughson WG, Mann JI, Garrod A. Intermittent claudication: prevalence and risk factors. Br Med J. 1978;1:1379-1381.
14. De Backer G, Kornitzer M, Sobolski J, Denolin H. Intermittent claudication: epidemiology and natural history. Acta Cardiol. 1979;34:115-124.
15. Reunanen A, Takkunen H, Aromaa A. Prevalence of intermittent claudication and its effect on mortality. Acta Med Scand. 1982;211:249-256.
16. Fowkes FG, Housley E, Cawood EH, Macintyre CC, Ruckley CV, Prescott RJ. Edinburgh Artery Study: prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol. 1991;20:384-392.
17. Stoffers HE, Rinkens PE, Kester AD, Kaiser V, Knottnerus JA. The prevalence of asymptomatic and unrecognized peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25:282-290.
18. Smith WCS, Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Intermittent claudication in Scotland. In: Fowkes FGR, ed. Epidemiology of Peripheral Vascular Disease. London, UK: Springer-Verlag; 1991:117-123.
19. Novo S, Avellone G, Di Garbo V, Abrignani MG, Liquori M, Panno AV, Strano A. Prevalence of risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a clinical and epidemiological evaluation. Int Angiol. 1992;11:218-229.
20. Catalano M. Epidemiology of critical limb ischaemia: north Italian data. Eur J Med. 1993;2:11-14.
21. Faglia E, Clerici G, Clerissi J, Gabrielli L, Losa S, Mantero M, Caminiti M, Curci V, Lupattelli T, Morabito A. Early and five-year amputation and survival rate of diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia: data of a cohort study of 564 patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32:484-490. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.03.006.
22. Dormandy JA, Murray GD. Reprinted article "The fate of the claudicant: a prospective study of 1969 claudicants." Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;42(suppl 1):S4-S6. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.06.014.
23. Feiring AJ, Krahn M, Nelson L, Wesolowski A, Eastwood D, Szabo A. Preventing leg amputations in critical limb ischemia with below-theknee drug-eluting stents: the PaRADISE (PReventing Amputations using Drug eluting StEnts) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1580-1589. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.072.
24. Bosiers M, Scheinert D, Peeters P, Torsello G, Zeller T, Deloose K, Schmidt A, Tessarek J, Vinck E, Schwartz LB. Randomized comparison of everolimus-eluting versus bare-metal stents in patients with critical limb ischemia and infrapopliteal arterial occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55:390-398. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.07.099.
25. Melillo E, Nuti M, Bongiorni L, Golgini E, Balbarini A. Major and minor amputation rates and lower critical limb ischemia: the epidemiological data of western Tuscany [in Italian]. Ital Heart J Suppl. 2004;5:794-805.
26. Eskelinen E, Lepäntalo M, Hietala EM, Sell H, Kauppila L, Mäenpää I, Pitkänen J, Salminen-Peltola P, Leutola S, Eskelinen A, Kivioja A, Tukiainen E, Lukinmaa A, Brasken P, Railo M. Lower limb amputations in Southern Finland in 2000 and trends up to 2001. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;27:193-200. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2003.10.011.
27. Luther M, Kantonen I, Lepäntalo M, Salenius J; FINNVASC Study Group. Arterial intervention and reduction in amputation for chronic critical leg ischaemia. Br J Surg. 2000;87:454-458. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01354.x.
28. Critical limb ischaemia: management and outcome: report of a national survey: the Vascular Surgical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1995;10:108-113.
29. Bradbury AW, Adam DJ, Bell J, Forbes JF, Fowkes FG, Gillespie I, Raab G, Ruckley CV. Multicentre randomised controlled trial of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of a bypass-surgery-first versus a balloon-angioplastyfirst revascularisation strategy for severe limb ischaemia due to infrainguinal disease: the Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial. Health Technol Assess. 2010;14:1-210, iii. doi: 10.3310/hta14140.
30. Cull DL, Langan EM, Gray BH, Johnson B, Taylor SM. Open versus endovascular intervention for critical limb ischemia: a population-based study. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210:555-561. doi: 10.1016/j. jamcollsurg.2009.12.019.
31. Earnshaw JJ, Whitman B, Foy C. National Audit of Thrombolysis for Acute Leg Ischemia (NATALI): clinical factors associated with early outcome. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39:1018-1025. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.01.019.
32. Eliason JL, Wainess RM, Proctor MC, Dimick JB, Cowan JA Jr, Upchurch GR Jr, Stanley JC, Henke PK. A national and single institutional experience in the contemporary treatment of acute lower extremity ischemia. Ann Surg. 2003;238:382-389. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000086663.49670.d1.
33. Ouriel K, Veith FJ, Sasahara AA. A comparison of recombinant urokinase with vascular surgery as initial treatment for acute arterial occlusion of the legs: Thrombolysis or Peripheral Arterial Surgery (TOPAS) Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1105-1111. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199804163381603.
34. Results of a prospective randomized trial evaluating surgery versus thrombolysis for ischemia of the lower extremity: the STILE trial. Ann Surg. 1994;220:251-266.
35. Acosta S, Ogren M, Sternby NH, Bergqvist D, Björck M. Incidence of acute thrombo-embolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery: a population-based study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;27:145-150. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2003.11.003.
36. Acosta S, Ogren M, Sternby NH, Bergqvist D, Björck M. Fatal nonocclusive mesenteric ischaemia: population-based incidence and risk factors. J Intern Med. 2006;259:305-313. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01613.x.
37. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383-1389.
38. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:2005-2016.
39. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on peripheral vascular and other major vascular outcomes in 20,536 people with peripheral arterial disease and other high-risk conditions. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:645-654.
40. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of the randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke among high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71-86.
41. Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Guyton RA, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK. Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (compilation of 2005 and 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;127:1425-1443. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828b82aa.
42. Board JBS. Joint British Societies' consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3). Heart. 2014;100(suppl 2):ii1-ii67.
43. Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, Albus C, Benlian P, Boysen G, Cifkova R, Deaton C, Ebrahim S, Fisher M, Germano G, Hobbs R, Hoes A, Karadeniz S, Mezzani A, Prescott E, Ryden L, Scherer M, Syvänne M, Scholte op Reimer WJ, Vrints C, Wood D, Zamorano JL, Zannad F; European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR); ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012): the Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1635-1701. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092.
44. You JJ, Singer DE, Howard PA, Lane DA, Eckman MH, Fang MC, Hylek EM, Schulman S, Go AS, Hughes M, Spencer FA, Manning WJ, Halperin JL, Lip GY; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(suppl):e531S-e575S. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2304.
45. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Silver LE, Fairhead JF, Giles MF, Lovelock CE, Redgrave JN, Bull LM, Welch SJ, Cuthbertson FC, Binney LE, Gutnikov SA, Anslow P, Banning AP, Mant D, Mehta Z; Oxford Vascular Study. Population-based study of event-rate, incidence, case fatality, and mortality for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet. 2005;366:1773-1783. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67702-1.
46. Office for National Statistics. 2001 and 2011 Census area statistics. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/index.html. Accessed January 2, 2015.
47. UK Department for Communities and Local Government. English indices of deprivation 2000 and 2010. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/english-indices-of-deprivation-2010. Accessed January 2, 2015.
48. Farrell B, Godwin J, Richards S, Warlow C. The United Kingdom Transient Ischaemic Attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54:1044-1054.
49. Rutherford RB, Baker JD, Ernst C, Johnston KW, Porter JM, Ahn S, Jones DN. Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version. J Vasc Surg. 1997;26:517-538.
50. Second European consensus document on chronic critical leg ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1992; 6:1-28.