Integrated exposure for risk assessment in indoor environments based on a review of concentration data on airborne chemical pollutants in domestic environments in Europe

Indoor and Built Environment

Volumn 24, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 1110-1146

  Karakitsios, S ^a,f   Asikainen, A ^b   Garden, C ^c   Semple, S ^c,d   De Brouwere, K ^e   Galea, K S ^d   Sanchez Jimenez A ^d   Gotti, A ^a   Jantunen, M ^b   Sarigiannis, D ^a,f  

^a INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE   (Greece)

^b NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^d INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^e FLEMISH INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH VITO   (Belgium)

^f ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

Author keywords

Air pollutants; Air quality; Exposure; Home; Indoor; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

ALDEHYDE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON MONOXIDE; CIGARETTE SMOKE; FLAME RETARDANT; NICOTINE; NITROGEN DIOXIDE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; RADON; TOBACCO SMOKE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AIR MONITORING; AIR SAMPLING; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; CANCER RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COMBUSTION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EUROPEAN UNION; HEALTH HAZARD; HOME ENVIRONMENT; HOUSING; HUMAN; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84947255190     PISSN: 1420326X     EISSN: 14230070     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1420326X14534865     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Klepeis NE, Nelson WC, Ott WR, Robinson JP, Tsang AM, Switzer P, Behar JV, Hern SC, Engelmann WH,. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2001; 11: 231-252.
2. WHO. Guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants, Denmark: World Health Organisation, Office for Europe, 2010.
3. Asomaning K, Miller DP, Liu G, Wain JC, Lynch TJ, Su L, Christiani DC,. Second hand smoke, age of exposure and lung cancer risk. Lung Cancer 2008; 61: 13-20.
4. Frederiksen M, Vorkamp K, Thomsen M, Knudsen LE,. Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs-a review of levels and sources. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212: 109-134.
5. Jantunen M, Katsouyanni K, Knoppel H, Kuenzli N, Lebret E, Maroni M, Saarela K, Sram R, Zmirou D,. Final report: air pollution exposure in European cities: the EXPOLIS study, Kuopio: Kuopion Yliopiston Painatuskeskus, 1999.
6. Ott WR, Steinemann AC and Wallace L. Exposure analysis, New York: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007.
7. MTUS. MTUS: multinational time use study, http://www.timeuse.org/mtus/, 2013.
8. EXPOFACTS. Exposure factors database maintained by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, http://expofacts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/, 2013.
9. Sarigiannis DA, Karakitsios SP, Antonakopoulou MP, Gotti A,. Exposure analysis of accidental release of mercury from compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). Sci Tot Environ 2012; 435-436: 306-315.
10. US EPA. Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment, Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1986.
11. Loh MM, Levy JI, Spengler JD, Houseman EA, Bennett DH,. Ranking cancer risks of organic hazardous air pollutants in the United States. Environ Health Persp 2007; 115: 1160-1168.
12. Sarigiannis DA, Karakitsios SP, Gotti A, Liakos IL, Katsoyiannis A,. Exposure to major volatile organic compounds and carbonyls in European indoor environments and associated health risk. Environ Int 2011; 37: 743-765.
13. Sarigiannis DA and Hansen U. Considering the cumulative risk of mixtures of chemicals-a challenge for policy makers. Environ Health A Global Access Sci Source 2012; 11(Suppl 1): S18.
14. Kaletsch U, Kaatsch P, Meinert R, Schuz J, Czarwinski R, Michaelis J,. Childhood cancer and residential radon exposure-results of a population-based case-control study in Lower Saxony (Germany). Radiat Environ Biophys 1999; 38: 211-215.
15. Grainger P, Shalla SH, Preece AW, Goodfellow SA,. Home radon levels and seasonal correction factors for the Isle of Man. Phys Med Biol 2000; 45: 2247-2252.
16. The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study of exposure to domestic sources of ionising radiation: 1: radon gas. Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 1721-1726.
17. Briggs DJ, Denman AR, Gulliver J, Marley RF, Kennedy CA, Philips PS, Field K, Crockett RM,. Time activity modelling of domestic exposures to radon. J Environ Manage 2003; 67: 107-120.
18. Denman AR, Briggs DJ, Allison CC, Groves-Kirkby CJ, Phillips PS, Crockett RGM,. A detailed evaluation of the individual health benefits arising in a domestic property following radon remediation-a case-study in Northamptonshire, U.K. J Environ Radioact 2008; 99: 1175-1184.
19. Zhu HC, Charlet JM, Tondeur F,. Geological controls to the indoor radon distribution in southern Belgium. Sci Tot Environ 1998; 220: 195-214.
20. WHO. In: Braubach M, Jacobs DE and Ormandy D (eds) Environmental burden of disease associated with inadequate housing. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization, 2011. ISBN: 978 92 890 0239 4.
21. Willers SM, Brunekreef B, Oldenwening M, Smit HA, Kerkhof M, De Vries H,. Gas cooking, kitchen ventilation, and exposure to combustion products. Indoor Air 2006; 16: 65-73.
22. Henderson KA, Parry S, Matthews IP,. Real-time measurement of short-term peaks in environmental CO concentrations in the homes of the elderly in South Wales. J Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol 2006; 16: 525-530.
23. Guo L, Lewis JO, McLaughlin JP,. Emissions from Irish domestic fireplaces and their impact on indoor air quality when used as supplementary heating source. Glob Nest J 2008; 10: 209-216.
24. Gary JR, Sara KDC, Veronica MB, Derrick RC,. Exposure to air pollutants in English homes. J Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol 2004; 14 (Suppl 1): 85-94.
25. Matthews IP, Henderson KA, Gregory C, Palmer SR, Lang D,. Effects of emissions from different type of residential heating upon cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in blood platelets of residents. Biomarkers 2010; 15: 86-93.
26. Santamouris M, Argiroudis K, Georgiou M, Livada I, Doukas P, Assimakopoulos MN, Sfakianaki A, Pavlou K, Geros V, Papaglastra M,. Indoor air quality in fifty residences in Athens. Int J Vent 2007; 5: 367-380.
27. Georgoulis LB, Hänninen O, Samoli E, Katsouyanni K, Künzli N, Polanska L, Bruinen De Bruin Y, Alm S, Jantunen M,. Personal carbon monoxide exposure in five European cities and its determinants. Atmos Environ 2002; 36: 963-974.
28. Maroni M, Carrer P, Cavallo D, Jantunen M, Katsouyanni K, Kuenzli N, Sram R, Zmirou D, Della Torre M,. Air pollution exposure of adult population in Milan (Expolis Study). Proc Indoor Air 2002: 9th international conference on indoor air quality and climate, Monterey, USA, 30 June - 5 July 2002; 4: 455-460.
29. Norback D, Bjornsson E, Janson C, Widstrom J, Boman G,. Asthmatic symptoms and volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide in dwellings. Occup Environ Med 1995; 52: 388-395.
30. Hagenbjork-Gustafsson A, Forsberg B, Hestvik G, Karlsson D, Wahlberg S, Sandstrom T,. Measurements of indoor and outdoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations using a diffusive sampler. Analyst 1996; 121: 1261-1264.
31. Monn C, Brandli O, Schindler C, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Leuenberger P,. Personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in Switzerland. SAPALDIA team. Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults. Sci Tot Environ 1998; 215: 243-251.
32. Cyrys J, Heinrich J, Richter K, Wolke G, Wichmann HE,. Sources and concentrations of indoor nitrogen dioxide in Hamburg (west Germany) and Erfurt (east Germany). Sci Tot Environ 2000; 250: 51-62.
33. 2 in the EXPOLIS-study: relation to residential indoor, outdoor and workplace concentrations in Basel, Helsinki and Prague. Atmos Environ 2001; 35: 3405-3412.
34. Mosqueron L, Momas I, Le Moullec Y,. Personal exposure of Paris office workers to nitrogen dioxide and fine particles. Occup Environ Med 2002; 59: 550-555.
35. Venn AJ, Cooper M, Antoniak M, Laughlin C, Britton J, Lewis SA,. Effects of volatile organic compounds, damp, and other environmental exposures in the home on wheezing illness in children. Thorax 2003; 58: 955-960.
36. 2: correlation of repeated measurements. J Environ Monit 2004; 6: 807-812.
37. 2 in homes of Ashford, UK and Barcelona and Menorca, Spain. Indoor Air 2004; 14: 298-304.
38. Sakai K, Norbäck D, Mi Y, Shibata E, Kamijima M, Yamada T, Takeuchi Y,. A comparison of indoor air pollutants in Japan and Sweden: formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, and chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Environ Res 2004; 94: 75-85.
39. Jarvis DL, Leaderer BP, Chinn S, Burney PG,. Indoor nitrous acid and respiratory symptoms and lung function in adults. Thorax 2005; 60: 474-479.
40. 2 in Copenhagen: relationship to bedroom and outdoor concentrations covering seasonal variation. J Exp Anal Environ Epidemiol 2005; 15: 413-422.
41. Piechocki-Minguy A, Plaisance H, Schadkowski C, Sagnier I, Saison JY, Galloo JC, Guillermo R,. A case study of personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide using a new high sensitive diffusive sampler. Sci Tot Environ 2006; 366: 55-64.
42. Osman LM, Douglas JG, Garden C, Reglitz K, Lyon J, Gordon S, Ayres JG,. Indoor air quality in homes of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 465-472.
43. 2 indoor-outdoor relationships at homes, pre-schools and schools in Stockholm, Sweden. Atmos Environ 2010; 44: 4536-4544.
44. Stranger M, Potgieter-Vermaak SS, Van Grieken R,. Comparative overview of indoor air quality in Antwerp, Belgium. Environ Int 2007; 33: 789-797.
45. Hulin M, Caillaud D, Annesi-Maesano I,. Indoor air pollution and childhood asthma: variations between urban and rural areas. Indoor Air 2010; 20: 502-514.
46. Valero N, Aguilera I, Llop S, Esplugues A, de Nazelle A, Ballester F, Sunyer J,. Concentrations and determinants of outdoor, indoor and personal nitrogen dioxide in pregnant women from two Spanish birth cohorts. Environ Int 2009; 35: 1196-1201.
47. 2 in a cohort of 1-year-old children in Valencia, Spain. Indoor Air 2010; 20: 213-223.
48. 2 in six European cities (EXPOLIS study). Atmos Environ 2006; 40: 1299-1313.
49. Seifert B, Becker K, Helm D, Krause C, Schulz C, Seiwert M,. The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): reference concentrations of selected environmental pollutants in blood, urine, hair, house dust, drinking water and indoor air. J Exp Anal Environ Epidemiol 2000; 10: 552-565.
50. Clarisse B, Laurent AM, Seta N, Le Moullec Y, El Hasnaoui A, Momas I,. Indoor aldehydes: measurement of contamination levels and identification of their determinants in Paris dwellings. Environ Res 2003; 92: 245-253.
51. Gustafson P, Barregård L, Lindahl R, Sällsten G,. Formaldehyde levels in Sweden: personal exposure, indoor, and outdoor concentrations. J Exp Anal Environ Epidemiol 2005; 15: 252-260.
52. Gustafson P, Barregard L, Strandberg B, Sallsten G,. The impact of domestic wood burning on personal, indoor and outdoor levels of 1,3-butadiene, benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. J Environ Monit 2007; 9: 23-32.
53. Marchand C, Le Calvé S, Mirabel P, Glasser N, Casset A, Schneider N, de Blay F,. Concentrations and determinants of gaseous aldehydes in 162 homes in Strasbourg (France). Atmos Environ 2008; 42: 505-516.
54. Dassonville C, Demattei C, Laurent AM, Le Moullec Y, Seta N, Momas I,. Assessment and predictor determination of indoor aldehyde levels in paris newborn babies' homes. Indoor Air 2009; 19: 314-323.
55. Lovreglio P, Carrus A, Iavicoli S, Drago I, Persechino B, Soleo L,. Indoor formaldehyde and acetaldehyde levels in the province of Bari, South Italy, and estimated health risk. J Environ Monit 2009; 11: 955-961.
56. Casset A, Marchand C, Purohit A, Le Calve S, Uring-Lambert B, Donnay C, Meyer P, De Blay F,. Inhaled formaldehyde exposure: effect on bronchial response to mite allergen in sensitized asthma patients. Allergy 2006; 61: 1344-1350.
57. Fuselli S, Zanetti C,. Formaldehyde in air of indoor and outdoor environments of urban area, relationships man's exposure. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2006; 42: 365-368.
58. Fromme H, Lahrz T, Piloty M, Gebhardt H, Oddoy A, Rüden H,. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inside and outside of apartments in an urban area. Sci Tot Environ 2004; 326: 143-149.
59. Mandalakis M, Atsarou V, Stephanou EG,. Airborne PBDEs in specialized occupational settings, houses and outdoor urban areas in Greece. Environ Pollut 2008; 155: 375-382.
60. Marklund A, Andersson B, Haglund P,. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in air from various indoor environments. J Environ Monit 2005; 7: 814-819.
61. Harrad S, Hazrati S, Ibarra C,. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, United Kingdom: implications for human exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40: 4633-4638.
62. Abdallah MA, Harrad S, Covaci A,. Hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol-A in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, U.K: implications for human exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42: 6855-6861.
63. Fromme H, Korner W, Shahin N, Wanner A, Albrecht M, Boehmer S, Parlar H, Mayer R, Liebl B, Bolte G,. Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany. Environ Int 2009; 35: 1125-1135.
64. Phillips K, Bentley MC, Howard DA, Alvan G,. Assessment of air quality in Stockholm by personal monitoring of nonsmokers for respirable suspended particles and environmental tobacco smoke. Scand J Work Environ Health 1996; 22: 1-24.
65. Brunekreef B, Leaderer BP, van Strien R, Oldenwening M, Smit HA, Koopman L, Kerkhof M,. Using nicotine measurements and parental reports to assess indoor air: the PIAMA birth cohort study. Prevention and Incidence of asthma and mite allergy. Epidemiology 2000; 11: 350-352.
66. Gehring U, Leaderer BP, Heinrich J, Oldenwening M, Giovannangelo MECA, Nordling E, Merkel G, Hoek G, Bellander T, Brunekreef B,. Comparison of parental reports of smoking and residential air nicotine concentrations in children. Occup Environ Med 2006; 63: 766-772.
67. Emenius G, Egmar AC, Wickman M,. Mechanical ventilation protects one-storey single-dwelling houses against increased air humidity, domestic mite allergens and indoor pollutants in a cold climatic region. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28: 1389-1396.
68. Schneider P, Lörinci G, Gebefügi IL, Heinrich J, Kettrup A, Wichmann HE,. Vertical and horizontal variability of volatile organic compounds in homes in Eastern Germany. J Exp Anal Environ Epidemiol 1999; 9: 282-292.
69. Kim YM, Harrad S, Harrison RM,. Concentrations and sources of VOCs in urban domestic and public microenvironments. Environ Sci Technol 2001; 35: 997-1004.
70. Palmiotto G, Pieraccini G, Moneti G, Dolara P,. Determination of the levels of aromatic amines in indoor and outdoor air in Italy. Chemosphere 2001; 43: 355-361.
71. Kouniali A, Cicolella A, Gonzalez-Flesca N, Dujardin R, Gehanno JF, Bois FY,. Environmental benzene exposure assessment for parent-child pairs in Rouen, France. Sci Tot Environ 2003; 308: 73-82.
72. 2: correlation of repeated measurements. J Environ Monit 2004; 6: 807-812.
73. Alexopoulos EC, Chatzis C, Linos A,. An analysis of factors that influence personal exposure to toluene and xylene in residents of Athens, Greece. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: 50-50.
74. Gokhale S, Kohajda T, Schlink U,. Source apportionment of human personal exposure to volatile organic compounds in homes, offices and outdoors by chemical mass balance and genetic algorithm receptor models. Sci Tot Environ 2008; 407: 122-138.
75. Edwards RD, Jurvelin J, Saarela K, Jantunen M,. VOC concentrations measured in personal samples and residential indoor, outdoor and workplace microenvironments in EXPOLIS-Helsinki, Finland. Atmos Environ 2001; 35: 4531-4543.
76. Ullrich D, Gleue C, Krause C, Lusansky C, Nagel R and Schultz C. German Environmental Survey of children and teenagers 2000 GerESIV: a representative population study including indoor pollutants. In: Indoor Air 2002: 9th international conference on indoor air quality and climate, Monterey, USA, 30 June-5 July 2002; 1: 209 - 214.
77. Hanninen OO, Alm S, Kaarakainen E, Jantunen M,. The EXPOLIS databases, B13/2002, Kuopio: KTL, Publications of the National Public Health Institute, 2002.
78. Jarnstrom H, Saarela K, Kalliokoski P, Pasanen A-L,. Reference values for indoor air pollutant concentrations in new, residential buildings in Finland. Atmos Environ 2006; 40: 7178-7191.
79. Schlink U, Rehwagen M, Damm M, Richter M, Borte M, Herbarth O,. Seasonal cycle of indoor-VOCs: comparison of apartments and cities. Atmos Environ 2004; 38: 1181-1190.
80. Eberlein-König B, Przybilla B, Kühnl P, Golling G, Gebefügi I, Ring J,. Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) and others: allergological, environmental and psychological investigations in individuals with indoor air related complaints. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2002; 205: 213-220.
81. Kingham S, Briggs D, Elliott P, Fischer P, Erik L,. Spatial variations in the concentrations of traffic-related pollutants in indoor and outdoor air in Huddersfield, England. Atmos Environ 2000; 34: 905-916.
82. Fischer PH, Hoek G, Van Reeuwijk H, Briggs DJ, Lebret E, Van Wijnen JH, Kingham S, Elliott PE,. Traffic-related differences in outdoor and indoor concentrations of particles and volatile organic compounds in Amsterdam. Atmos Environ 2000; 34: 3713-3722.
83. Brown V, Coward SKD, Crump DR, Llewellyn JW, Mann HS and Raw JS. Indoor air quality in English homes-VOCs. In: Indoor Air 2002: 9th international conference on indoor air quality and climate, Monterey, USA, 30 June-5 July 2002.
84. Schneider P, Gebefügi I, Richter K, Wölke G, Schnelle J, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J,. Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in German cities. Sci Tot Environ 2001; 267: 41-51.
85. Tumbiolo S, Gal JF, Maria PC, Zerbinati O,. Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in air by solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004; 380: 824-830.
86. Tumbiolo S, Gal JF, Maria PC, Zerbinati O,. SPME sampling of BTEX before GC/MS analysis: examples of outdoor and indoor air quality measurements in public and private sites. Annal Chim 2005; 95: 757-766.
87. Delgado-Saborit JM, Aquilina NJ, Meddings C, Baker S, Harrison RM,. Relationship of personal exposure to volatile organic compounds to home, work and fixed site outdoor concentrations. Sci Tot Environ 2011; 409: 478-488.
88. Elke K, Jermann E, Begerow J, Dunemann L,. Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in indoor air at environmental levels using diffusive samplers in combination with headspace solid-phase microextraction and high-resolution gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 1998; 826: 191-200.
89. Esplugues A, Ballester F, Estarlich M, Llop S, Fuentes-Leonarte V, Mantilla E, Iñiguez C,. Indoor and outdoor air concentrations of BTEX and determinants in a cohort of one-year old children in Valencia, Spain. Sci Tot Environ 2010; 409: 63-69.
90. Field RA, Ballesta PP, Baeza Caracena A, Nikolova I, Connolly R, Cao N, Gerboles M, Buzica D, Amantini L, Lagler F, Borowiak A, Marelli L, De Santi G and De Saeger E. Population Exposure to Air Pollutants in Europe (PEOPLE), methodological strategy and basic results. Italy: Ispra, European Commission, EUR 21810 EN, 2005.
91. Fondelli MC, Bavazzano P, Grechi D, Gorini G, Miligi L, Marchese G, Cenni I, Scala D, Chellini E, Costantini AS,. Benzene exposure in a sample of population residing in a district of Florence, Italy. Sci Tot Environ 2008; 392: 41-49.
92. Ilgen E, Karfich N, Levsen K, Angerer J, Schneider P, Heinrich J, Wichmann HE, Dunemann L, Begerow J,. Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment: part I. Indoor versus outdoor sources, the influence of traffic. Atmos Environ 2001; 35: 1235-1252.
93. Saraga DE, Maggos T, Helmis CG, Michopoulos J, Bartzis JG, Vasilakos C,. PM1 and PM2.5 ionic composition and VOCs measurements in two typical apartments in Athens, Greece: investigation of smoking contribution to indoor air concentrations. Environ Monit Assess 2010; 167: 321-331.
94. Schlink U, Thiem A, Kohajda T, Richter M, Strebel K,. Quantile regression of indoor air concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Sci Tot Environ 2010; 408: 3840-3851.
95. Young MK, Harrad S, Harrison R,. Concentrations and sources of volatile organic compounds in urban domestic and public microenvironments. Indoor Built Environ 2001; 10: 147-153.
96. Zabiegala B, Namiesnik J, Przyk E, Przyjazny A,. Changes in concentration levels of selected VOCs in newly erected and remodelled buildings in Gdansk. Chemosphere 1999; 39: 2035-2046.
97. ICRP. Lung cancer risk from radon and progeny and statement on radon. ICRP Publication 115, Ann. ICRP 40(1), in Ann ICRP, 2010.
98. Fuselli S, Zanetti C,. Formaldehyde in air of indoor and outdoor environments of urban area, relationships man's exposure. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2006; 42: 365-368.
99. Gustafson P, Östman C, Sällsten G,. Indoor levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in homes with or without wood burning for heating. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42: 5074-5080.
100. Chatzis C, Alexopoulos EC, Linos A,. Indoor and outdoor personal exposure to benzene in Athens, Greece. Sci Tot Environ 2005; 349: 72-80.
101. Dimitroulopoulou C,. Ventilation in European dwellings: a review. Build Environ 2012; 47: 109-125.
102. Yu C, Crump D,. Standards for evaluating indoor air. Indoor Built Environ 2011; 20: 389-392.
103. INTERA. The INTERA platform, http://www.intera.cperi.certh.gr (2011, accessed 2 January 2013).
104. Karakitsios SP, Kassomenos PA, Sarigiannis DA, Pilidis GA,. Exposure modeling of benzene exploiting passive-active sampling data. Environ Model Assess 2010; 15: 283-294.
105. De Brouwere K. Mechanistic risk assessment of indoor pollutants: exposure to phthalates. In: 7th international conference on the science of exposure assessment (X2012), Edinburgh, Scotland, 2-5 July 2012. Available at: http://www.bohs.org/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=2146&libID=2163.