A cross-cultural study on emotion expression and the learning of social norms

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 6, Issue OCT, 2015, Pages

  Hareli, Shlomo ^a   Kafetsios, Konstantinos ^b   Hess, Ursula ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^c HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Emotion expressions; Normative behavior; Social signals

Indexed keywords

EID: 84947210194     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01501     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Buck, R. (1984). "Nonverbal receiving ability". in The Communication of Emotion, ed. R. Buck (New York, NY: Guilford Press), 209-242.
2. Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. New York, NY: Times Books.
3. Ekman, P., and Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 17, 124-129. doi: 10.1037/h0030377
4. Elfenbein, H. A., and Ambady, N. (2002). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 128, 203-235. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.203
5. Elfenbein, H. A., Beaupré, M. G., Levesque, M., and Hess, U. (2007). Toward a dialect theory: cultural differences in the expression and recognition of posed facial expressions. Emotion 7, 131-146. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.131
6. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., and Raver, J. L. (2006). On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. J. Appl. Psychol. 91, 1225-1244. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1225
8. Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., et al. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study. Science 332, 1100-1104. doi: 10.1126/science.1197754
9. Grandey, A., Rafaeli, A., Ravid, S., Wirtz, J., and Steiner, D. D. (2010). Emotion display rules at work in the global service economy: the special case of the customer. J. Serv. Manag. 21, 388-412. doi: 10.1108/09564231011050805
10. Ham, J., and van den Bos, K. (2008). Not fair for me! The influence of personal relevance on social justice inferences. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 44, 699-705. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2007.04.009
11. Hareli, S., and Hess, U. (2010). What emotional reactions can tell us about the nature of others: an appraisal perspective on person perception. Cogn. Emot. 24, 128-140. doi: 10.1080/02699930802613828
12. Hareli, S., and Hess, U. (2012). The social signal value of emotions. Cogn. Emot. 26, 385-389. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2012.665029
13. Hareli, S., Moran-Amir, O., David, S., and Hess, U. (2013). Emotions as signals of normative conduct. Cogn. Emot. 27, 1395-1404. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2013.791615
14. Heerdink, M. W., van Kleef, G. A., Homan, A. C., and Fischer, A. H. (2013). On the social influence of emotions in groups: interpersonal effects of anger and happiness on conformity versus deviance. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 105, 262-284. doi: 10.1037/a0033362
15. Hess, U. (2001). "The communication of emotion". in Emotions, Qualia, and Consciousness, ed. A. Kaszniak (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing), 397-409.
16. Hess, U., Blaison, C., and Kafetsios, K. (in press). Judging facial emotion expressions in context: the influence of culture and self-construal orientation. J. Nonverbal Behav.
17. Hess, U., and Hareli, S. (2014). "Understanding facial expressions in communication: cross-cultural and multidisciplinary perspectives". in Understanding Facial Expressions, eds M. K. Mandal and A. Awasthi (New York, NY: Springer), 119-141.
18. Hess, U., and Thibault, P. (2009). Darwin and emotion expression. Am. Psychol. 64, 120-128. doi: 10.1037/a0013386
19. Hofstede, G. (2015). The Hofstede Centre. Available at: http://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html
20. Ickes, W., Gesn, P. R., and Graham, T. (2000). Gender differences in empathic accuracy: differential ability or differential motivation? Pers. Relat. 7, 95-109. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00006.x
21. Kafetsios, K., and Hess, U. (2013). Effects of activated and dispositional self-construal on emotion decoding accuracy. J. Nonverbal Behav. 37, 191-205. doi: 10.1007/s10919-013-0149-x
22. Kirouac, G., and Hess, U. (1999). "Group membership and the decoding of nonverbal behavior". in The Social Context of Nonverbal Behavior, eds P. Philippot, R. Feldman, and E. Coats (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 182-210.
23. Koopmann-Holm, B., and Matsumoto, D. (2011). Values and display rules for specific emotions. J. Cross Cult. Psychol. 42, 355-371. doi: 10.1177/0022022110362753
24. Koopmann-Holm, B., and Tsai, J. L. (2014). Focusing on the negative: cultural differences in expressions of sympathy. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 107, 1092-1115. doi: 10.1037/a0037684
25. Margalit, B. A., and Mauger, P. A. (1984). Cross-cultural demonstration of orthogonality of assertiveness and aggressiveness: comparison between Israel and the United States. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 46, 1414-1421. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.46.6.1414
26. Matsumoto, D., Seung Hee, Y., and Fontaine, J. (2008). Mapping expressive differences around the world: the relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism. J. Cross Cult. Psychol. 39, 55-74. doi: 10.1177/0022022107311854
27. Milgram, S., Bickman, L., and Berkowitz, L. (1969). Note on the drawing power of crowds of different size. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 13, 79-82. doi: 10.1037/h0028070
28. Miller, D. T., and Prentice, D. A. (1996). "The construction of social norms and standards". in Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, eds E. T. Higgins and A. W. Kruglanski (New York, NY: Guilford Press), 799-829.
29. Motley, M. T., and Camden, C. T. (1988). Facial expression of emotion: a comparison of posed expressions versus spontaneous expressions in an interpersonal communications setting. West. J. Speech Commun. 52, 1-22. doi: 10.1080/10570318809389622
30. Norenzayan, A., and Heine, S. J. (2005). Psychological universals: what are they and how can we know? Psychol. Bull. 131, 763-784. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.763
31. Robinson, M., and Clore, G. (2002). Belief and feeling: evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychol. Bull. 128, 934-960. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.934
32. Roseman, I. J., Spindel, M. S., and Jose, P. E. (1990). Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: testing a theory of discrete emotions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59, 899-915. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.899
33. Sarid, O. (2015). Assessment of anger terms in hebrew: a gender comparison. J. Psychol. 149, 303-324. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2013.877867
34. Scherer, K. R. (1987). Towards a dynamic theory of emotion: the component process model of affective states. Geneva Stud. Emot. Commun. 1, 1-98.
35. Scherer, K. R. (1999). "Appraisal theory". in Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, eds T. Dalgleish and M. J. Power (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd), 637-663.
36. Scherer, K. R. (2001). "Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking". in Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research. Series in Affective Science, eds K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, and T. Johnstone (New York, NY: Oxford University Press), 92-120.
37. Schimmack, U. (1996). Cultural influences on the recognition of emotion by facial expressions individualistic or caucasian cultures? J. Cross Cult. Psychol. 27, 37-50. doi: 10.1177/0022022196271003
38. Weiner, B. (2006). Social Motivation, Justice, and the Moral Emotions: An Attributional Approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.