Socioeconomic metabolism and the human appropriation of net primary production: What promise do they hold for LTSER?

Long Term Socio-Ecological Research: Studies in Society-Nature Interactions Across Spatial and Temporal Scales

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 29-52

  Haberl, Helmut ^a   Erb, Karl Heinz ^a   Gaube, Veronika ^a   Gingrich, Simone ^a   Singh, Simron Jit ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KLAGENFURT   (Austria)

Author keywords

Carbon flow; Carbon stock; Human appropriation of net primary production; Material flow analysis; Socioeconomic metabolism

Indexed keywords

EID: 84947019854     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1177-8_2     Document Type: Chapter

References (118)

1. Akimoto, H. (2003). Global air quality and pollution. Science, 302, 1716-1719.
2. Allan, J. A. (1998). Virtual water: A strategic resource. Global solutions to regional deficits. Ground Water, 36, 545-546.
3. Ayres, R. U., & Kneese, A. V. (1969). Production, consumption and externalities. The American Economic Review, 59, 282-297.
4. Ayres, R. U., & Simonis, U. E. (Eds.). (1994). Industrial metabolism: Restructuring for sustainable development. Tokyo/New York/Paris: United Nations University Press.
5. Billen, G., Barles, S., Garnier, J., Rouillard, J., & Benoit, P. (2009). The food-print of Paris: Longterm reconstruction of the nitrogen flows imported into the city from its rural hinterland. Regional Environmental Change, 9, 13-24.
6. Boulding, K. E. (1972). The economics of the coming spaceship Earth. In H. E. Daly (Ed.), Steady state economics (pp. 121-132). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
7. Boyden, S. V. (Ed.). (1992). Biohistory: The interplay between human society and the biosphere -Past and present. Paris/Casterton Hall/Park Ridge: UNESCO and Parthenon Publishing Group.
8. Cleveland, C. J., Costanza, R., Hall, C. A. S., Kaufmann, R. K., & Stern, D. I. (1984). Energy and the U.S. economy: A biophysical perspective. Science, 225, 890-897.
9. Crutzen, P. J., & Steffen, W. (2003). How long have we been in the anthropocene era? Climatic Change, 61, 251-257.
10. Dearing, J. A., Graumlich, L. J., Grove, R., Grübler, A., Haberl, H., Hole, F., Pfister, C., & van der Leeuw, S. E. (2007). Integrating socio-environment interactions over centennial timescales: Needs and issues. In R. Costanza, L. J. Graumlich, & W. Steffen (Eds.), Sustainability or collapse? An integrated history and future of people on Earth (pp. 243-274). Cambridge, MA/London: The MIT Press.
11. DeFries, R. S., Field, C. B., Fung, I., Collatz, G. J., & Bounoua, L. (1999). Combining satellite data and biogeochemical models to estimate global effects of human-induced land cover change on carbon emissions and primary productivity. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 13, 803-815.
12. Erb, K.-H. (2004). Land-use related changes in aboveground carbon stocks of Austria’s terrestrial ecosystems. Ecosystems, 7, 563-572.
13. Erb, K.-H., Haberl, H., & Krausmann, F. (2007). The fossil-fuel powered carbon sink. Carbon flows and Austria’s energetic metabolism in a long-term perspective. In M. Fischer-Kowalski & H. Haberl (Eds.), Socioecological transitions and global change: Trajectories of social metabolism and land use (pp. 60-82). Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar.
14. Erb, K.-H., Gingrich, S., Krausmann, F., & Haberl, H. (2008). Industrialization, fossil fuels and the transformation of land use: An integrated analysis of carbon flows in Austria 1830-2000. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 12, 686-703.
15. Erb, K.-H., Krausmann, F., Gaube, V., Gingrich, S., Bondeau, A., Fischer-Kowalski, M., & Haberl, H. (2009a). Analyzing the global human appropriation of net primary production - Processes, trajectories, implications. An introduction. Ecological Economics, 69, 250-259.
16. Erb, K.-H., Krausmann, F., & Haberl, H. (Eds.) (2009b). Analyzing the global human appropriation of net primary production - Processes, trajectories, implications (Special section of Ecological Economics 69(2)). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
17. Erb, K.-H., Krausmann, F., Lucht, W., & Haberl, H. (2009c). Embodied HANPP: Mapping the spatial disconnect between global biomass production and consumption. Ecological Economics, 69, 328-334.
18. Eurostat (Ed.). (2007). Economy-wide material flow accounting. A compilation guide. Luxembourg: European Statistical Office.
19. FAO. (2004). FAOSTAT 2004, FAO statistical databases: Agriculture, fisheries, forestry, nutrition. Rome: FAO.
20. Fischer-Kowalski, M. (1998). Society’s metabolism. The intellectual history of material flow analysis, part I: 1860-1970. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2, 61-78.
21. Fischer-Kowalski, M. (2011). Analyzing sustainability transitions as a shift between socio-metabolic regimes. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 1, 152-159.
22. Fischer-Kowalski, M., & Haberl, H. (1997). Tons, joules and money: Modes of production and their sustainability problems. Society and Natural Resources, 10, 61-85.
23. Fischer-Kowalski, M., & Haberl, H. (Eds.). (2007). Socioecological transitions and global change: Trajectories of social metabolism and land use. Cheltenham/Northhampton: Edward Elgar.
24. Fischer-Kowalski, M., & Hüttler, W. (1998). Society’s Metabolism. The intellectual history of material flow analysis, part II: 1970-1998. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2, 107-137.
25. Fischer-Kowalski, M., & Rotmans, J. (2009). Conceptualizing, observing and influencing socialecological transitions. Ecology and Society, 14, 3. (Online) URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol4/iss2/art3
26. Fischer-Kowalski, M., & Weisz, H. (1999). Society as a hybrid between material and symbolic realms. Toward a theoretical framework of society-nature interaction. Advances in Human Ecology, 8, 215-251.
27. Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S. R., Chapin, F. S., Coe, M. T., Daily, G. C., Gibbs, H. K., Helkowski, J. H., Holloway, T., Howard, E. A., Kucharik, C. J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J. A., Prentice, I. C., Ramankutty, N., & Snyder, P. K. (2005). Global consequences of land use. Science, 309, 570-574.
28. Garcia, J. M. (Ed.). (2006). Theory and practical exercises of system dynamics. Barcelona: Juan Martin Garcia.
29. Gaston, K. J. (2000). Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature, 405, 220-227.
30. Gavrilova, O., Jonas, M., Erb, K.-H., & Haberl, H. (2010). International trade and Austria’s livestock system: Direct and hidden carbon emission flows associated with production and consumption of products. Ecological Economics, 69, 920-929.
31. Gerbens-Leenes, W., Hoekstra, A. Y., & van der Meer, T. H. (2009). The water footprint of bioenergy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 10219-10223.
32. Gerten, D., Hoff, H., Bondeau, A., Lucht, W., Smith, P., & Zaehle, S. (2005). Contemporary “green” water flows: Simulations with a dynamic global vegetation and water balance model. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 30, 334-338.
33. Giampietro, M., Mayumi, K., & Bukkens, S. G. F. (2001). Multiple-scale integrated assessment of societal metabolism: An analytical tool to study development and sustainability. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 3, 275-307.
34. Gingrich, S., Erb, K.-H., Krausmann, F., Gaube, V., & Haberl, H. (2007). Long-term dynamics of terrestrial carbon stocks in Austria. A comprehensive assessment of the time period from 1830 to 2000. Regional Environmental Change, 7, 37-47.
35. Graedel, T. E., & Cao, J. (2010). Metal spectra as indicators of development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 20905-20910.
36. Haberl, H. (2001a). The energetic metabolism of societies, part I: Accounting concepts. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 5, 11-33.
37. Haberl, H. (2001b). The energetic metabolism of societies, part II: Empirical examples. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 5, 71-88.
38. Haberl, H. (2006). The global socioeconomic energetic metabolism as a sustainability problem. Energy - The International Journal, 31, 87-99.
39. Haberl, H., & Krausmann, F. (2007). The local base of the historical agrarian-industrial transition, and the interaction between scales. In M. Fischer-Kowalski & H. Haberl (Eds.), Socioecological transitions and global change: Trajectories of social metabolism and land use (pp. 116-138). Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar.
40. Haberl, H., Erb, K.-H., Krausmann, F., Loibl, W., Schulz, N. B., & Weisz, H. (2001). Changes in ecosystem processes induced by land use: Human appropriation of net primary production and its influence on standing crop in Austria. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15, 929-942.
41. Haberl, H., Erb, K.-H., Krausmann, F., Adensam, H., & Schulz, N. B. (2003). Land-use change and socioeconomic metabolism in Austria. Part II: Land-use scenarios for 2020. Land Use Policy, 20, 21-39.
42. Haberl, H., Fischer-Kowalski, M., Krausmann, F., Weisz, H., & Winiwarter, V. (2004a). Progress Towards sustainability? What the conceptual framework of material and energy flow accounting (MEFA) can offer. Land Use Policy, 21, 199-213.
43. Haberl, H., Schulz, N. B., Plutzar, C., Erb, K.-H., Krausmann, F., Loibl, W., Moser, D., Sauberer, N., Weisz, H., Zechmeister, H. G., & Zulka, P. (2004b). Human appropriation of net primary production and species diversity in agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 102, 213-218.
44. Haberl, H., Plutzar, C., Erb, K.-H., Gaube, V., Pollheimer, M., & Schulz, N. B. (2005). Human appropriation of net primary production as determinant of avifauna diversity in Austria. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 110, 119-131.
45. Haberl, H., Weisz, H., Amann, C., Bondeau, A., Eisenmenger, N., Erb, K.-H., Fischer-Kowalski, M., & Krausmann, F. (2006a). The energetic metabolism of the European Union and the United States: Decadal energy input time-series with an emphasis on biomass. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 10, 151-171.
46. Haberl, H., Winiwarter, V., Andersson, K., Ayres, R. U., Boone, C. G., Castillio, A., Cunfer, G., Fischer-Kowalski, M., Freudenburg, W. R., Furman, E., Kaufmann, R., Krausmann, F., Langthaler, E., Lotze-Campen, H., Mirtl, M., Redman, C. A., Reenberg, A., Wardell, A. D., Warr, B., & Zechmeister, H. (2006b). From LTER to LTSER: Conceptualizing the socioeconomic dimension of long-term socio-ecological research. Ecology and Society, 11, 13. (Online), http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art13/
47. Haberl, H., Erb, K.-H., Krausmann, F., Gaube, V., Bondeau, A., Plutzar, C., Gingrich, S., Lucht, W., & Fischer-Kowalski, M. (2007a). Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth’s terrestrial ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 12942-12947.
48. Haberl, H., Erb, K.-H., Plutzar, C., Fischer-Kowalski, M., Krausmann, F., Hak, T., Moldan, B., & Dahl, A. L. (2007b). Human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) as indicator for pressures on biodiversity. In Sustainability indicators. A scientific assessment (pp. 271-288). Washington, DC, Covelo/London: SCOPE, Island Press.
49. Haberl, H., Erb, K.-H., Krausmann, F., Berecz, S., Ludwiczek, N., Musel, A., Schaffartzik, A., & Martinez-Alier, J. (2009a). Using embodied HANPP to analyze teleconnections in the global land system: Conceptual considerations. Geografisk Tidsskrift - Danish Journal of Geography, 109, 119-130.
50. Haberl, H., Gaube, V., Díaz-Delgado, R., Krauze, K., Neuner, A., Peterseil, J., Plutzar, C., Singh, S. J., & Vadineanu, A. (2009b). Towards an integrated model of socioeconomic biodiversity drivers, pressures and impacts. A feasibility study based on three European long-term socioecological research platforms. Ecological Economics, 68, 1797-1812.
51. Haberl, H., Fischer-Kowalski, M., Krausmann, F., Martinez-Alier, J., & Winiwarter, V. (2011). A socio-metabolic transition towards sustainability? Challenges for another great transformation. Sustainable Development, 19, 1-14.
52. Hall, C. A. S., Cleveland, C. J., & Kaufmann, R. K. (Eds.). (1986). Energy and resource quality. The ecology of the economic process. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
53. Hall, C. A. S., Lindenberger, D., Kümmel, R., Kroeger, T., & Eichhorn, W. (2001). The need to reintegrate the natural sciences into economics. BioScience, 51, 663-673.
54. Hatanaka, N., Wright, W., Loyin, R. H., & MacNally, R. (2011). ‘Ecologically complex carbon’ - Linking biodiversity values, carbon storage and habitat structure in some austral temperate forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20, 260-271.
55. Hoekstra, A. Y., & Chapagain, A. K. (2007). Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water and Resource Management, 21, 35-48.
56. Hoekstra, A. Y., & Chapagain, A. K. (Eds.). (2008). Globalization of water. Sharing the planet’s freshwater resources. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
57. Hoekstra, R., & van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. (2006). Constructing physical input-output tables for environmental modeling and accounting: Framework and illustrations. Ecological Economics, 59 (3), 375-393.
58. IEA. (2010, December 19). “World energy statistics”, IEA World energy statistics and balances (database). doi: 10.1787/data-00510-en. OECD Library (Klagenfurt University). International Energy Agency (IEA).
59. IPCC. (2007). Climate change 2007. Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
60. Kastner, T. (2009). Trajectories in human domination of ecosystems: Human appropriation of net primary production in the Philippines during the 20th century. Ecological Economics, 69, 260-269.
61. Kastner, T., Kastner, M., & Nonhebel, S. (2011). Tracing distant environmental impacts of agricultural products from a consumer perspective. Ecological Economics, 70, 1032-1040.
62. Kauppi, P. E., Ausubel, J. H., Fang, J., Mather, A. S., Sedjo, R. A., & Waggoner, P. E. (2006). Returning forests analyzed with the forest identity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 17574-17579.
63. Kay, J. J., Regier, H. A., Boyle, M., & Francis, G. (1999). An ecosystem approach for sustainability: Addressing the challenge of complexity. Futures, 31, 721-742.
64. Körner, C. (2009). Biologische Kohlenstoffsenken: Umsatz und Kapital nicht verwechseln! Gaia, 18, 288-293.
65. Kovanda, J., Havranek, M., & Hak, T. (2007). Calculation of the “Net additions to stock” indicator for the Czech Republic using a direct method. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11, 140-154.
66. Krausmann, F. (2001). Land use and industrial modernization: An empirical analysis of human influence on the functioning of ecosystems in Austria 1830-1995. Land Use Policy, 18, 17-26.
67. Krausmann, F. (2004). Milk, manure and muscular power. Livestock and the industrialization of agriculture. Human Ecology, 32, 735-773.
68. Krausmann, F., & Haberl, H. (2002). The process of industrialization from the perspective of energetic metabolism. Socioeconomic energy flows in Austria 1830-1995. Ecological Economics, 41, 177-201.
69. Krausmann, F., & Haberl, H. (2007). Land-use change and socio-economic metabolism. A macro view of Austria 1830-2000. In M. Fischer-Kowalski & H. Haberl (Eds.), Socioecological transitions and global change: Trajectories of social metabolism and land use (pp. 31-59). Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar.
70. Krausmann, F., Gingrich, S., Eisenmenger, N., Erb, K.-H., Haberl, H., & Fischer-Kowalski, M. (2009a). Growth in global materials use, GDP and population during the 20th century. Ecological Economics, 68, 2696-2705.
71. Krausmann, F., Haberl, H., Erb, K.-H., Wiesinger, M., Gaube, V., & Gingrich, S. (2009b). What determines spatial patterns of the global human appropriation of net primary production? Journal of Land Use Science, 4, 15-34.
72. Kuemmerle, T., Olofsson, P., Chaskovskyy, O., Baumann, M., Ostapowicz, K., Woodcock, C. E., Houghton, R. A., Hostert, P., Keeton, W. S., & Radeloff, V. C. (2011). Post-Soviet farmland abandonment, forest recovery, and carbon sequestration in western Ukraine. Global Change Biology, 17, 1335-1349.
73. Lambin, E. F., & Geist, H. J. (Eds.). (2006). Land-use and land-cover change. Local processes and global impacts. Berlin: Springer.
74. Lambin, E. F., Rounsevell, M. D. A., & Geist, H. J. (2000). Are agricultural land-use models able to predict changes in land-use intensity? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 82, 321-331.
75. Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L. I., Geist, H. J., Agbola, S. B., Angelsen, A., Bruce, J. W., Coomes, O. T., Dirzo, R., Fischer, G., Folke, C., George, P. S., Homewood, K., Imbernon, J., Leemans, R., Li, X., Moran, E. F., Mortimore, M., Ramakrishnan, P. S., Richards, J. F., Skanes, H., Steffen, W., Stone, G. D., Svedin, U., Veldkamp, T. A., Vogel, C., & Xu, J. (2001). The causes of landuse and land-cover change: Moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change, 11, 261-269.
76. Lieth, H., & Whittaker, R. H. (Eds.). (1975). Primary productivity of the biosphere. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer.
77. Lindeman, R. L. (1942). The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology, 23, 399-417.
78. Martinez-Alier, J. (Ed.). (1987). Ecological economics. Energy, environment and society. Oxford: Blackwell.
79. Mather, A. S., & Fairbairn, J. (1990). From floods to reforestation: The forest transition in Switzerland. The American Historical Review, 95, 693-714.
80. Matthews, E., Amann, C., Fischer-Kowalski, M., Bringezu, S., Hüttler, W., Kleijn, R., Moriguchi, Y., Ottke, C., Rodenburg, E., Rogich, D., Schandl, H., Schütz, H., van der Voet, E., & Weisz, H. (Eds.). (2000). The weight of nations: Material out flows from industrial economies. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
81. 2, climate and land-use effects with four process-based ecosystem models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15, 183-206.
82. Meyfroidt, P., Rudel, T. K., & Lambin, E. F. (2010). Forest transitions, trade, and the global displacement of land use. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 20917-20922.
83. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Ed.). (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being - Our human planet. Summary for decision makers. Washington, DC: Island Press.
84. Musel, A. (2009). Human appropriation of net primary production in the United Kingdom, 1800-2000. Changes in society’s impact on ecological energy flows during the agrarianindustrial transition. Ecological Economics, 69, 270-281.
85. Odum, H. T. (Ed.). (1971). Environment, power, and society. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
86. OECD. (2008). Measuring material flows and resource productivity. Synthesis report. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
87. Pauly, D., Watson, R., & Alder, J. (2005). Global trends in world fisheries: Impacts on marine ecosystems and food security. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 360, 5-12.
88. Pimentel, D., Hurd, L. E., Bellotti, A. C., Forster, M. J., Oka, I. N., Sholes, O. D., & Whitman, R. J. (1973). Food production and the energy crisis. Science, 182, 443-449.
89. Pimentel, D., Dazhong, W., & Giampietro, M. (1990). Technological changes in energy use in U.S. agricultural production. In S. R. Gliessman (Ed.), Agroecology, researching the ecological basis for sustainable agriculture (pp. 305-321). New York: Springer.
90. Postel, S. L., Daily, G. C., & Ehrlich, P. R. (1996). Human appropriation of renewable fresh water. Science, 271, 785-788.
91. Rappaport, R. A. (1971). The flow of energy in an agricultural society. Scientific American, 225, 117-133.
92. Rauch, J. N. (2010). Global spatial indexing of the human impact on Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn mobilization. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 5728-5734.
93. Rauch, J. N., & Pacyna, J. M. (2009). Earth’s global Ag, Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn cycles. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23, GB2001. doi: 10.1029/2008GB003376.
94. Rebitzer, G., Ekvall, T., Frischknecht, R., Hunkeler, D., Norris, G., Rydberg, T., Schmidt, W.-P., Suh, S., Weidema, B. P., & Pennington, D. W. (2004). Life cycle assessment: Part 1: Framework, goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, and applications. Environment International, 30, 701-720.
95. Sala, O. E., Chapin, F. S., III, Armesto, J. J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sannwald, E., Huennecke, L. F., Jackson, R. B., Kinzig, A., Leemans, R., Lodge, D. M., Mooney, H. A., Oesterheld, M., Poff, N. L., Sykes, M. T., Walker, B., Walker, M., & Wall, D. H. (2000). Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 287, 1770-1774.
96. Schlamadinger, B., Apps, M. J., Bohlin, F., Gustavsson, L., Jungmeier, G., Marland, K., Pingoud, K., & Savolainen, I. (1997). Towards a standard methodology for greenhouse gas balances of bioenergy systems and comparison with fossil energy systems. Biomass and Bioenergy, 13, 359-375.
97. Schwarzlmüller, E. (2009). Human appropriation of aboveground net primary production in Spain, 1955-2003: An empirical analysis of the industrialization of land use. Ecological Economics, 69, 282-291.
98. Searchinger, T. D., Hamburg, S. P., Melillo, J., Chameides, W., Havlik, P., Kammen, D. M., Likens, G. E., Lubowski, R. N., Obersteiner, M., Oppenheimer, M., Philip Robertson, G., Schlesinger, W. H., & vid Tilman, G. (2009). Fixing a critical climate accounting error. Science, 326, 527-528.
99. Sieferle, R. P., Krausmann, F., Schandl, H., & Winiwarter, V. (2006). Das Ende der Fläche. Zum gesellschaftlichen Stoffwechsel der Industrialisierung. Köln: Böhlau.
100. Steffen, W., Sanderson, A., Tyson, P. D., Jäger, J., Matson, P. A., Moore, B., III, Oldfield, F., Richardson, K., Schellnhuber, H. J., Turner, B. L., II, & Wasson, R. J. (Eds.). (2004). Global change and the Earth system. A planet under pressure. Berlin: Springer.
101. Steffen, W., Crutzen, P. J., & McNeill, J. R. (2007). The Anthropocene: Are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature. Ambio, 36, 614-621.
102. Suh, S. (2005). Theory of materials and energy flow analysis in ecology and economics. Ecological Modelling, 189, 251-269.
103. Swartz, W., Sala, E., Tracey, S., Watson, R., & Pauly, D. (2010). The spatial expansion and ecological footprint of fisheries (1950 to present). PLoS ONE, 5, e15154.
104. Turner, B. L. I., Lambin, E. F., & Reenberg, A. (2007). The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 20666-20671.
105. van der Leeuw, S. E. (2004). Why model? Cybernetics and Systems, 35, 117-128.
106. Verburg, P. H., Chen, Y., & Veldkamp, T. (2000). Spatial explorations of land use change and grain production in China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 82, 333-354.
107. Verburg, P. H., Neumann, K., & Nol, L. (2010). Challenges in using land use and land cover data for global change studies. Global Change Biology, 17, 974-989.
108. Vitousek, P. M., Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H., & Matson, P. A. (1986). Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis. BioScience, 36, 363-373.
109. Vitousek, P. M., Aber, J. D., Howarth, R. W., Likens, G. E., Matson, P. A., Schindler, D. W., Schlesinger, W. H., & Tilman, D. G. (1997). Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Causes and consequences (Issues in ecology, 1). Washington, DC: Ecological Society of America.
110. Vörösmarty, C. J., Sharma, K. P., Fekete, V. M., Copeland, A. H., Holden, J., Marble, J., & Lough, J. A. (1997). The storage and aging of continental runoff in large reservoir systems of the world. Ambio, 26, 210-219.
111. Waide, R. B., Willig, M. R., Steiner, C. F., Mittelbach, G., Gough, L., Dodson, S. I., Juday, G. P., & Parmenter, R. (1999). The relationship between productivity and species richness. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 257-300.
112. Wang, T., Müller, D. B., & Graedel, T. E. (2007). Forging the anthropogenic iron cycle. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 5120-5129.
113. Weiß, M., Schaldach, R., Alcamo, J., & Flörke, M. (2009). Quantifying the human appropriation of fresh water by African agriculture. Ecology and Society, 14, 25. (Online) URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art25/
114. Weisz, H., & Duchin, F. (2006). Physical and monetary input-output analysis: What makes the difference? Ecological Economics, 57, 534-541.
115. Weisz, H., Krausmann, F., Amann, C., Eisenmenger, N., Erb, K.-H., Hubacek, K., & Fischer-Kowalski, M. (2006). The physical economy of the European Union: Cross-country comparison and determinants of material consumption. Ecological Economics, 58, 676-698.
116. Whittaker, R. H., & Likens, G. E. (1973). Primary production: The biosphere and man. Human Ecology, 1, 357-369.
117. Wright, D. H. (1983). Species-energy theorie: An extension of the species-area theory. Oikos, 41, 495-506.
118. Wright, D. H. (1990). Human impacts on the energy flow through natural ecosystems, and implications for species endangerment. Ambio, 19, 189-194.