Hydrodynamics of organic and ionic liquids in a slurry bubble column reactor operated at elevated temperatures

Chemical Engineering Journal

Volumn 286, Issue , 2016, Pages 348-360

  Götz, Manuel ^a   Lefebvre, Jonathan ^a   Mörs, Friedemann ^a   Reimert, Rainer ^a   Graf, Frank ^a   Kolb, Thomas ^a  

^a KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Elevated temperature; Gas holdup; Hydrodynamics; Ionic liquid; Slurry bubble column reactor; Three phase reactor

Indexed keywords

GASES; HEAT TRANSFER; HYDRODYNAMICS; IONIC LIQUIDS;

BUBBLE COALESCENCE; ELEVATED TEMPERATURE; GAS HOLD UP; HYDRODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR; SLURRY BUBBLE COLUMN REACTORS; SMALL CONCENTRATION; SOLID-PHASE PROPERTIES; THREE PHASE REACTOR;

BUBBLE COLUMNS;

EID: 84946888186     PISSN: 13858947     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.044     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Deckwer W.D. Reaktionstechnik in Blasensäulen 1985, Otto Salle Verlag, Frankfurt, Berlin, München.
2. Rollbusch P., Bothe M., Becker M., Ludwig M., Grünewald M., Schlüter M., Franke R. Bubble columns operated under industrially relevant conditions - current understanding of design parameters. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2015, 126:660-678. 10.1016/j.ces.2014.11.061.
3. van Dyk J.C., Keyser M.J., Coertzen M. Syngas production from South African coal sources using Sasol-Lurgi gasifiers. Int. J. Coal Geol. 2006, 65:243-253. 10.1016/j.coal.2005.05.007.
4. Chaudhari R.V., Ramachandran P.A. Three phase slurry reactors. AIChE J. 1980, 26:177-201. 10.1002/aic.690260202.
5. Shah Y.T., Sharma M.M. Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactors. Chemical reaction and reactor engineering 1987, Dekker, New York Basel. J.J. Carberry (Ed.).
6. Perry R.H., Green D.W. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook 2008, McGraw-Hill, New York.
7. Botes F.G., Niemantsverdriet J.W., van de Loosdrecht J. A comparison of cobalt and iron based slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Catal. Today 2013, 215:112-120. 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.01.013.
8. Basha O.M., Sehabiague L., Abdel-Wahab A., Morsi B.I. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in slurry bubble column reactors: Experimental investigations and modeling-A review. Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng. 2015, 10.1515/ijcre-2014-0146.
9. Khadem-Hamedani B., Yaghmaei S., Fattahi M., Mashayekhan S., Hosseini-Ardali S.M. Mathematical modeling of a slurry bubble column reactor for hydrodesulfurization of diesel fuel: single- and two-bubble configurations. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2015, 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.05.023.
10. Sehabiague L., Basha O.M., Shi Z., Jia H., Hong Y., Weng L., Men Z., Cheng Y., Liu K., Morsi B. Assessing the performance of an industrial SBCR for fischer-tropsch synthesis: experimental and modeling. AIChE J. 2015, 10.1002/aic.14931.
11. Blum D.B., Sherwin M.B., Frank M.E. Liquid-phase methanation of high concentration CO synthesis gas, in: Methanation of synthesis gas. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 149-159.
12. Götz M., Bajohr S., Graf F., Reimert R., Kolb T. Einsatz eines Blasensäulenreaktors zur Methansynthese. Chem. Ing. Tech. 2013, 85:1-7. 10.1002/cite.201200212.
13. Lefebvre J., Götz M., Bajohr S., Reimert R., Kolb T. Improvement of three-phase methanation reactor performance for steady-state and transient operation. Fuel Process. Technol. 2015, 132:83-90. 10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.10.040.
14. 3 catalyst for CO methanation in slurry-bed reactor. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2015, 23:250-258. 10.1016/j.jngse.2015.01.041.
15. 3 catalysts prepared using different methods. Fuel 2014, 132:211-218. 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.085.
16. Götz M., Lefebvre J., Mörs F., McDaniel Koch A., Graf F., Bajohr S., Reimert R., Kolb T. Renewable power-to-gas: a technological and economic review. Renew. Energy 2015, 85. 10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.066.
17. Šetinc M., Levec J. Dynamics of a mixed slurry reactor for the three-phase methanol synthesis. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2001, 56:6081-6087. 10.1016/S0009-2509(01)00212-3.
18. Salehi K., Jokar S.M., Shariati J., Bahmani M., Sedghamiz M.A., Rahimpour M.R. Enhancement of CO conversion in a novel slurry bubble column reactor for methanol synthesis. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2014, 21:170-183. 10.1016/j.jngse.2014.07.030.
19. 3 catalysts by microwave irradiation for liquid phase methanol synthesis. Fuel 2013, 106:178-186. 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.11.003.
20. Ishibashi H., Onozaki M., Kobayashi M., Hayashi J.I., Itoh H., Chiba T. Gas holdup in slurry bubble column reactors of a 150 t/d coal liquefaction pilot plant process. Fuel 2001, 80:655-664. 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00131-9.
21. Koide K., Takazawa A., Komura M., Matsunaga H. Gas holdup and volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient in solid-suspended bubble columns. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1984, 17:459-466.
22. Lemoine R., Behkish A., Sehabiague L., Heintz Y.J., Oukaci R., Morsi B.I. An algorithm for predicting the hydrodynamic and mass transfer parameters in bubble column and slurry bubble column reactors. Fuel Process. Technol. 2008, 89:322-343. 10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.11.016.
23. M. Götz, Methanisierung im Dreiphasen-Reaktor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fakultät für Chemieingenieurwesen und Verfahrenstechnik, Dissertation 2014. http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/1000044909.
24. Kazakis N.A., Papadopoulos I.D., Mouza A.A. Bubble columns with fine pore sparger operating in the pseudo-homogeneous regime: gas hold up prediction and a criterion for the transition to the heterogeneous regime. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2007, 62:3092-3103. 10.1016/j.ces.2007.03.004.
25. V.P. Chilekar, Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in slurry bubble columns: Scale and pressure effects, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Doctoral Dissertation, 2007.
26. Behkish A., Lemoine R., Oukaci R., Morsi B.I. Novel correlations for gas holdup in large-scale slurry bubble column reactors operating under elevated pressures and temperatures. Chem. Eng. J. 2006, 115:157-171. 10.1016/j.cej.2005.10.006.
27. A. Behkish, Hydrodynamic and mass transfer parameters in large-scale slurry bubble column reactors, University of Pittsburgh, Swanson School of Engineering, Doctoral Dissertation, 2005. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/9903/.
28. Leonard C., Ferrasse J.H., Boutin O., Lefevre S., Viand A. Bubble column reactors for high pressures and high temperatures operation. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2015, 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.05.013.
29. Reilly I.G., Scott D.S., Debruijn T.J.W., Macintyre D. The role of gas phase momentum in determining gas holdup and hydrodynamic flow regimes in bubble column operations. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 1994, 72:3-12. 10.1002/cjce.5450720102.
30. Zahradník J., Fialová M., Růžička M., Drahoš J., Kaštánek F., Thomas N.H. Duality of the gas-liquid flow regimes in bubble column reactors. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1997, 52:3811-3826. 10.1016/S0009-2509(97)00226-1.
31. Keskin S., Kayrak-Talay D., Akman U., Hortaçsu Ö. A review of ionic liquids towards supercritical fluid applications. J. Supercrit. Fluid 2007, 43:150-180. 10.1016/j.supflu.2007.05.013.
32. Plechkova N.V., Seddon K.R. Applications of ionic liquids in the chemical industry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37:123-150. 10.1039/b006677j.
33. Marsh K.N., Boxall J.A., Lichtenthaler R. Room temperature ionic liquids and their mixtures-a review. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2004, 219:93-98. 10.1016/j.fluid.2004.02.003.
34. Maton C., De Vos N., Stevens C.V. Ionic liquid thermal stabilities: decomposition mechanisms and analysis tools. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42:5963-5977. 10.1039/c3cs60071h.
35. Kaji R., Zhao D., Licence P., Azzopardi B.J. Studies of the interaction of ionic liquid and gas in a small-diameter bubble column. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48:7938-7944. 10.1021/ie8014439.
36. Zhang X., Dong H., Huang Y., Li C., Zhang X. Experimental study on gas holdup and bubble behavior in carbon capture systems with ionic liquid. Chem. Eng. J. 2012, 209:607-615. 10.1016/j.cej.2012.08.047.
37. 2 bubble behavior in ionic liquid systems. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2014, 53:428-439. 10.1021/ie4020827.
38. 2 absorption system with ionic liquids. AIChE J. 2014, 60:2929-2939. 10.1002/aic.14507.
39. Kato Y., Nishiwaki A., Fukuda T., Tanaka S. The behavior of suspended solid particles and liquid in bubble columns. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1972, 5:112-118.
40. Sehabiague L., Morsi B.I. Hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics in a large-scale slurry bubble column reactor for gas mixtures in actual Fischer-Tropsch cuts. Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng. 2013, 11:83-102. 10.1515/ijcre-2012-0042.
41. Banisi S., Finch J.A., Laplante A.R., Weber M.E. Effect of solid particles on gas holdup in flotation columns-I, measurement. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1995, 50:2329-2334. 10.1016/0009-2509(95)00075-G.
42. Krishna R. A scale-up strategy for a commercial scale bubble column slurry reactor for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. 2000, 55:359-393. 10.2516/ogst:2000026.
43. Behkish A., Lemoine R., Sehabiague L., Oukaci R., Morsi B.I. Gas holdup and bubble size behavior in a large-scale slurry bubble column reactor operating with an organic liquid under elevated pressures and temperatures. Chem. Eng. J. 2007, 128:69-84. 10.1016/j.cej.2006.10.016.
44. Rabha S., Schubert M., Hampel U. Intrinsic flow behaviour in a slurry bubble column: a study on the effect of particle size. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2013, 93:401-411. 10.1016/j.ces.2013.02.034.
45. Lim D.H., Park J.H., Kang Y., Jun K.W. Structure of bubble holdups in a viscous slurry bubble column with low surface tension media. Fuel Process. Technol. 2013, 108:2-7. 10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.06.024.
46. Jin H., Yang S., He G., Liu D., Tong Z., Zhu J. Gas-liquid mass transfer characteristics in a gas-liquid-solid bubble column under elevated pressure and temperature. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 2014, 22:955-961. 10.1016/j.cjche.2014.06.019.
47. Ojima S., Hayashi K., Tomiyama A. Effects of hydrophilic particles on bubbly flow in slurry bubble column. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2014, 58:154-167. 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2013.09.005.
48. Luo X., Lee D.J., Lau R., Yang G., Fan L.-S. Maximum stable bubble size and gas holdup in high-pressure slurry bubble columns. AIChE J. 1999, 45:665-680. 10.1002/aic.690450402.
49. Mena P.C., Ruzicka M.C., Rocha F.A., Teixeira J.A., Drahoš J. Effect of solids on homogeneous-heterogeneous flow regime transition in bubble columns. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2005, 60:6013-6026. 10.1016/j.ces.2005.04.020.
50. Pandit A.B., Joshi J.B. Three phase sparged reactors - some design aspects. Rev. Chem. Eng. 1984, 2:1-80. 10.1515/REVCE.1984.2.1.1.
51. Sada E., Kumazawa H., Lee C.H. Influences of suspended fine particles on gas holdup and mass transfer characteristics in a slurry bubble column. AIChE J. 1986, 32:853-856. 10.1002/aic.690320516.
52. Lindner D., Werner M., Schumpe A. Hydrogen transfer in slurries of carbon supported catalyst (HPO process). AIChE J. 1988, 34:1691-1697. 10.1002/aic.690341013.
53. Wilkinson P.M., Spek A.P., van Dierendonck L.L. Design parameters estimation for scale-up of high-pressure bubble columns. AIChE J. 1992, 38:544-554. 10.1002/aic.690380408.
54. Schumpe A., Deckwer W.D. Viscous media in tower bioreactors: hydrodynamic characteristics and mass transfer properties. Bioprocess. Eng. 1987, 2:79-94. 10.1007/bf00369528.
55. Shah Y.T., Kelkar B.G., Godbole S.P., Deckwer W.D. Design parameters estimations for bubble column reactors. AIChE J. 1982, 28:353-379. 10.1002/aic.690280302.
56. Lau R., Peng W., Velazquez-Vargas L.G., Yang G.Q., Fan L.S. Gas-liquid mass transfer in high-pressure bubble columns. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2004, 43:1302-1311. 10.1021/ie030416w.
57. Sarrafi A., Müller-Steinhagen H., Smith J.M., Jamialahmadi M. Gas holdup in homogeneous and heterogeneous gas-liquid bubble column reactors. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 1999, 77:11-21. 10.1002/cjce.5450770104.
58. Götz M., Ortloff F., Reimert R., Basha O., Morsi B.I., Kolb T. Evaluation of organic and ionic liquids for three-phase methanation and biogas purification processes. Energy Fuels 2013, 27:4705-4716. 10.1021/ef400334p.
59. Götz M., Reimert R., Bajohr S., Schnetzer H., Wimberg J., Schubert T.J.S. Long-term thermal stability of selected ionic liquids in nitrogen and hydrogen atmosphere. Thermochim. Acta 2015, 600:82-88. 10.1016/j.tca.2014.11.005.
60. TOTAL Deutschland GmbH, JARYTHERM® DBT, 2010.
61. Klomfar J., Součková M., Pátek J. Surface tension measurements with validated accuracy for four 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2010, 42:323-329. 10.1016/j.jct.2009.09.007.
62. Gaciño F.M., Regueira T., Lugo L., Comuñas M.J.P., Fernández J. Influence of molecular structure on densities and viscosities of deveral ionic liquids. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56:4984-4999. 10.1021/je200883w.
63. S. Janssen (Fragol), AW: Feststoff X-BF, Personal Communication: e-mail, 19. February 2013.
64. Kilaru P., Baker G.A., Scovazzo P. Density and surface tension measurements of imidazolium-quaternary phosphonium-, and ammonium-based room-temperature ionic liquids: data and correlations. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2007, 52:2306-2314. 10.1021/je7003098.
65. Jacquemin J., Husson P., Padua A.A.H., Majer V. Density and viscosity of several pure and water-saturated ionic liquids. Green Chem. 2006, 8:172-180. 10.1039/b513231b.
66. Seki S., Kobayashi T., Kobayashi Y., Takei K., Miyashiro H., Hayamizu K., Tsuzuki S., Mitsugi T., Umebayashi Y. Effects of cation and anion on physical properties of room-temperature ionic liquids. J. Mol. Liq. 2010, 152:9-13. 10.1016/j.molliq.2009.10.008.
67. Ito N., Arzhantsev S., Heitz M., Maroncelli M. Solvation dynamics and rotation of coumarin 153 in alkylphosphonium ionic liquids. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108:5771-5777. 10.1021/jp0499575.
68. Esperança J.M.S.S., Guedes H.J.R., Blesic M., Rebelo L.P.N. Densities and derived thermodynamic properties of ionic liquids. 3. Phosphonium-based ionic liquids over an extended pressure range. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2005, 51:237-242. 10.1021/je050358g.
69. Camarasa E., Vial C., Poncin S., Wild G., Midoux N., Bouillard J. Influence of coalescence behaviour of the liquid and of gas sparging on hydrodynamics and bubble characteristics in a bubble column. Chem. Eng. Process. 1999, 38:329-344. 10.1016/S0255-2701(99)00024-0.
70. Wilkinson P.M., Dierendonck L.L.V. Pressure and gas density effects on bubble break-up and gas hold-up in bubble columns. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1990, 45:2309-2315. 10.1016/0009-2509(90)80110-Z.
71. Hikita H., Asai S., Tanigawa K., Segawa K., Kitao M. Gas hold-up in bubble columns. Chem. Eng. J. 1980, 20:59-67. 10.1016/0300-9467(80)85006-4.
72. Jordan U., Schumpe A., Terasaka K., Kundu G. Stoffübergang in Druckblasensäulen mit organischen Flüssigkeiten. Chem. Ing. Tech. 2001, 73:982-985. 10.1002/1522-2640(200108)73:8<982::aid-cite982>3.0.co;2-8.
73. Jordan U., Schumpe A. The gas density effect on mass transfer in bubble columns with organic liquids. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2001, 56:6267-6272. 10.1016/S0009-2509(01)00255-X.
74. Hecht K., Bey O., Ettmüller J., Graefen P., Friehmelt R., Nilles M. Effect of gas density on gas holdup in bubble columns. Chem. Ing. Tech. 2015, 87:762-772. 10.1002/cite.201500010.
75. Krishna R., van Baten J.M. Mass transfer in bubble columns. Catal. Today 2003, 79-80:67-75. 10.1016/s0920-5861(03)00046-4.
76. Yang J.H., Yang J.-I., Kim H.-J., Chun D.H., Lee H.-T., Jung H. Two regime transitions to pseudo-homogeneous and heterogeneous bubble flow for various liquid viscosities. Chem. Eng. Process. 2010, 49:1044-1050. 10.1016/j.cep.2010.07.015.
77. Geary N.W., Rice R.G. Bubble size prediction for rigid and flexible spargers. AIChE J. 1991, 37:161-168. 10.1002/aic.690370202.
78. Mersmann A. Druckverlust und Schaumhöhen von gasdurchströmten Flüssigkeitsschichten auf Siebböden 1962, VDI-Verl, Düsseldorf.
79. Bothe M., Schlüter M. Modellierungsparameter für Blasenströmungen. Chem. Ing. Tech. 2013, 85:1023-1035. 10.1002/cite.201300051.
80. Anastasiou A.D., Kazakis N.A., Mouza A.A., Paras S.V. Effect of organic surfactant additives on gas holdup in the pseudo-homogeneous regime in bubble columns equipped with fine pore sparger. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2010, 65:5872-5880. 10.1016/j.ces.2010.08.011.
81. Stegeman D., Knop P.A., Wijnands A.J.G., Westerterp K.R. Interfacial area and gas holdup in a bubble column reactor at elevated pressures. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35:3842-3847. 10.1021/ie960325h.
82. Mouza A.A., Dalakoglou G.K., Paras S.V. Effect of liquid properties on the performance of bubble column reactors with fine pore spargers. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2005, 60:1465-1475. 10.1016/j.ces.2004.10.013.
83. Shah M., Kiss A.A., Zondervan E., van der Schaaf J., de Haan A.B. Gas holdup, axial dispersion, and mass transfer studies in bubble columns. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2012, 51:14268-14278. 10.1021/ie301227t.
84. Saxena S.C., Chen Z.D. Hydrodynamics and heat transfer of baffled and unbaffled slurry bubble columns. Rev. Chem. Eng. 1994, 10:193-400. 10.1515/REVCE.1994.10.3-4.193.
85. Rollbusch P., Becker M., Ludwig M., Bieberle A., Grünewald M., Hampel U., Franke R. Experimental investigation of the influence of column scale, gas density and liquid properties on gas holdup in bubble columns. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2015, 75:88-106. 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.05.009.
86. Ruzicka M.C., Drahoš J., Mena P.C., Teixeira J.A. Effect of viscosity on homogeneous-heterogeneous flow regime transition in bubble columns. Chem. Eng. J. 2003, 96:15-22. 10.1016/j.cej.2003.08.009.
87. Gerstenberg H. Blasensäulen-Reaktoren. Chem. Ing. Tech. 1979, 51:208-216. 10.1002/cite.330510309.
88. Dehkordi A.M., Savari C. Effects of contaminants on the mass-transfer characteristics of a two-impinging-streams gas-liquid reactor. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2011, 34:1797-1806. 10.1002/ceat.201100066.
89. Ruzicka M.C., Vecer M.M., Orvalho S., Drahoš J. Effect of surfactant on homogeneous regime stability in bubble column. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2008, 63:951-967. 10.1016/j.ces.2007.10.015.
90. Myers D. Surfaces, Interfaces, and Colloids: Principles and Applications 1999, Wiley-VCH, New York. second ed.
91. Dargar P., Macchi A. Effect of surface-active agents on the phase holdups of three-phase fluidized beds. Chem. Eng. Process. 2006, 45:764-772. 10.1016/j.cep.2006.03.004.
92. Vrij A. Possible mechanism for the spontaneous rupture of thin, free liquid films. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1966, 42:23-33. 10.1039/df9664200023.
93. Chaudhari R.V., Hofmann H. Coalescence of gas bubbles in liquids. Rev. Chem. Eng. 1994, 10:131-190. 10.1515/REVCE.1994.10.2.131.
94. Krishna R., van Baten J.M. A strategy for scaling up the Fischer-Tropsch bubble column slurry reactor. Top. Catal. 2003, 26:21-28. 10.1023/B:TOCA.0000012984.86721.bc.
95. Fan L.S., Yang G.Q., Lee D.J., Tsuchiya K., Luo X. Some aspects of high-pressure phenomena of bubbles in liquids and liquid-solid suspensions. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1999, 54:4681-4709. 10.1016/S0009-2509(99)00348-6.
96. Banisi S., Finch J.A., Laplante A.R., Weber M.E. Effect of solid particles on gas holdup in flotation columns-II, investigation of mechanisms of gas holdup reduction in presence of solids. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1995, 50:2335-2342. 10.1016/0009-2509(95)00076-H.
97. Luo X., Yang G., Lee D.J., Fan L.-S. Single bubble formation in high pressure liquid-solid suspensions. Powder Technol. 1998, 100:103-112. 10.1016/S0032-5910(98)00130-2.
98. Garcia-Ochoa J., Khalfet R., Poncin S., Wild G. Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a suspended solid bubble column with polydispersed high density particles. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1997, 52:3827-3834. 10.1016/S0009-2509(97)00286-8.
99. Koide K., Yasuda T., Iwamoto S., Fukuda E. Critical gas velocity required for complete suspension of solid particles in solid-suspended bubble columns. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1983, 16:7-12. 10.1252/jcej.16.7.
100. Ityokumbul M.T., Kosaric N., Bulani W. Effect of fine solids and frother on gas hold-up and liquid mixing in a flotation column. Miner. Eng. 1995, 8:1369-1380. 10.1016/0892-6875(95)00103-W.
101. Jamialahmadi M., Müller-Steinhagen H. Effect of solid particles on gas hold-up in bubble columns. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 1991, 69:390-393. 10.1002/cjce.5450690149.
102. M. Kraume, Transportvorgänge in der Verfahrenstechnik: Grundlagen und apparative Umsetzungen, 2. bearb. Aufl. ed., Springer Vieweg, Berlin; Heidelberg 2012.
103. Deckwer W.-D., Louisi Y., Zaidi A., Ralek M. Hydrodynamic properties of the Fischer-Tropsch slurry process. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Design Dev. 1980, 19:699-708. 10.1021/i260076a032.