Controlling upconversion nanocrystals for emerging applications

Nature Nanotechnology

Volumn 10, Issue 11, 2015, Pages 924-936

  Zhou, Bo ^a   Shi, Bingyang ^b   Jin, Dayong ^b,c   Liu, Xiaogang ^a,d  

^a INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING   (Singapore)

^b MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

^d NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; EXCITED STATES;

ANTI-STOKES EMISSION; EMERGING APPLICATIONS; EXCITED STATE LIFETIMES; FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS; LUMINESCENCE ENHANCEMENTS; NONLINEAR OPTICAL TECHNIQUE; TECHNICAL CHALLENGES; UPCONVERSION NANOCRYSTALS;

NANOCRYSTALS;

GADOLINIUM; LANTHANIDE; NANOCRYSTAL; QUANTUM DOT; UPCONVERSION NANOPARTICLE; LUMINESCENT AGENT; NANOPARTICLE;

CANCER THERAPY; COLOR; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; ENERGY TRANSFER; FIELD EMISSION; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; LUMINESCENCE; MULTIMODAL IMAGING; NONHUMAN; OPTICS; PARTICLE SIZE; PHOTON; PHOTON UPCONVERSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REMOTE SENSING; REVIEW; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; SURFACE PROPERTY; SYNTHESIS; VOLUMETRY; ANIMAL; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; FLUORESCENCE IMAGING; HUMAN; NANOMEDICINE; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NEOPLASMS; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; LANTHANOID SERIES ELEMENTS; LUMINESCENT AGENTS; LUMINESCENT MEASUREMENTS; MODELS, MOLECULAR; MULTIMODAL IMAGING; NANOMEDICINE; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NEOPLASMS; OPTICAL IMAGING; OPTICS AND PHOTONICS;

EID: 84946553567     PISSN: 17483387     EISSN: 17483395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.251     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Auzel, F. Upconversion and anti-Stokes processes with f and d ions in solids. Chem. Rev. 104, 139-173 (2004).
2. Haase, M., & Schäfer, H. Upconverting nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 5808-5829 (2011).
3. Liu, X., Yan, C., & Capobianco, J. A. Photon upconversion nanomaterials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 1299-1301 (2015).
4. Bloembergen, N. Solid state infrared quantum counters. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2, 84-85 (1959).
5. Ovsyakin, V. V., & Feofilov, P. P. Cooperative sensitization of luminescence in crystals activated with rare earth ions. JETP Lett. Engl. 4, 317-318 (1966).
6. Esterowitz, L., Nooman, J., & Bahler, J. Enhancement in a Ho3+-Yb3+ quantum counter by energy transfer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 126-127 (1967).
7. Johnson, L. F., & Guggenheim, H. J. Infrared-pumped visible laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 44-47 (1971).
8. Bünzli, J. C. G., & Piguet, C. Taking advantage of luminescent lanthanide ions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 34, 1048-1077 (2005).
9. Chen, G., Qiu, H., Prasad, P. N., & Chen, X. Upconversion nanoparticles: design, nanochemistry, and applications in theranostics. Chem. Rev. 114, 5161-5214 (2014).
10. Yi, G., & Chow, G. Water-soluble NaYF4:Yb, Er(Tm)/NaYF4/polymer core/shell/shell nanoparticles with significant enhancement of upconversion fluorescence. Chem. Mater. 19, 341-343 (2007).
11. Wang, F., Wang, J., & Liu, X. Direct evidence of a surface quenching effect on size-dependent luminescence of upconversion nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 7456-7460 (2010).
12. Höppe, H. A. Recent developments in the field of inorganic phosphors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 3572-3582 (2009).
13. Sivakumar, S., van Veggel, F. C. J. M., & Raudsepp, M. Bright white light through up-conversion of a single NIR source from sol-gel-derived thin film made with Ln3+-doped LaF3 nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 12464-12465 (2005).
14. Zhang, C. et al. Luminescence modulation of ordered upconversion nanopatterns by a photochromic diarylethene: rewritable optical storage with nondestructive readout. Adv. Mater. 22, 633-637 (2010).
15. Wang, F. et al. Tuning upconversion through energy migration in core-shell nanoparticles. Nature Mater. 10, 968-973 (2011).
16. Zou, W., Visser, C., Maduro, J. A., Pshenichnikov, M. S., & Hummelen, J. C. Broadband dye-sensitized upconversion of near-infrared light. Nature Photon. 6, 560-564 (2012).
17. Lu, Y. et al. Tunable lifetime multiplexing using luminescent nanocrystals. Nature Photon. 8, 32-36 (2013).
18. Wang, J. et al. Photon energy upconversion through thermal radiation with the power efficiency reaching 16%. Nature Commun. 5, 5669 (2014).
19. Deng, R. et al. Temporal full-colour tuning through non-steady-state upconversion. Nature Nanotech. 10, 237-242 (2015).
20. Chan, E. M. Combinatorial approaches for developing upconverting nanomaterials: high-Dhroughput screening, modeling, and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 1653-1679 (2015).
21. Liu, Y., Tu, D., Zhu, H., & Chen, X. Lanthanide-doped luminescent nanoprobes: controlled synthesis, optical spectroscopy, and bioapplications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 6924-6958 (2013).
22. Suyver, J. F. et al. Novel materials doped with trivalent lanthanides and transition metal ions showing near-infrared to visible photon upconversion. Opt. Mater. 27, 1111-1130 (2005).
23. Dong, H., Sun, L.-D., & Yan, C.-H. Basic understanding of the lanthanide related upconversion emissions. Nanoscale 5, 5703-5714 (2013).
24. Binnemans, K. Lanthanide-based luminescent hybrid materials. Chem. Rev. 109, 4283-4374 (2009).
25. Dexter, D. L. A theory of sensitized luminescence in solids. J. Chem. Phys. 21, 836-850 (1953).
26. Judd, B. R. Optical absorption intensities of rare-earth ions. Phys. Rev. 127, 750-761 (1962).
27. Ofelt, G. S. Intensities of crystal spectra of rare-earth ions. J. Chem. Phys. 37, 511-520 (1962).
28. Chan, E. M., Gargas, D. J., Schuck, P. J., & Milliron, D. J. Concentrating and recycling energy in lanthanide codopants for efficient and spectrally pure emission: the case of NaYF4:Er3+/Tm3+ upconverting nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. B 116, 10561-10570 (2012).
29. Fischer, S., Steinkemper, H., Löper, P., Hermle, M., & Goldschmidt, J. C. Modeling upconversion of erbium doped microcrystals based on experimentally determined Einstein coefficients. J. Appl. Phys. 111, 013109 (2012).
30. Dodson, C. M., & Zia, R. Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole transitions in the trivalent lanthanide series: calculated emission rates and oscillator strengths. Phys. Rev. B 86, 125102 (2012).
31. Wang, F., & Liu, X. Upconversion multicolor fine-Duning: visible to near-infrared emission from lanthanide-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 5642-5643 (2008).
32. Zhou, B., Tao, L., Tsang, Y. H., & Jin, W. Core-shell nanoarchitecture: a strategy to significantly enhance white-light upconversion of lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 4313-4318 (2013).
33. Mahalingam, V. et al. Bright white upconversion emission from Tm3+/Yb3+/Er3+-doped Lu3Ga5O12 nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 17745-17749 (2008).
34. Wang, H.-Q., & Nann, T. Monodisperse upconverting nanocrystals by microwave-Assisted synthesis. ACS Nano 3, 3804-3808 (2009).
35. Capobianco, J. A. et al. Optical spectroscopy of nanocrystalline cubic Y2O3:Er3+ obtained by combustion synthesis. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2, 3203-3207 (2000).
36. Wang, X., Kong, X., Yu, Y., Sun, Y., & Zhang, H. Effect of annealing on upconversion luminescence of ZnO:Er3+ nanocrystals and high thermal sensitivity. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 15119-15124 (2007).
37. Dong, B. et al. Temperature sensing and in vivo imaging by molybdenum sensitized visible upconversion luminescence of rare-earth oxides. Adv. Mater. 24, 1987-1993 (2012).
38. Stouwdam, J. W., & van Veggel, F. C. J. M. Near-infrared emission of redispersible Er3+, Nd3+, and Ho3+ doped LaF3 nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 2, 733-737 (2002).
39. Zhai, X. et al. Sub-10 nm BaYF5:Yb3+, Er3+ core-shell nanoparticles with intense 1.53 μm fluorescence for polymer-based waveguide amplifiers. J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 1525-1530 (2013).
40. Wang, J., Wang, F., Wang, C., Liu, Z., & Liu, X. Single-band upconversion emission in lanthanide-doped KMnF3 nanocrystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 10369-10372 (2011).
41. Heer, S., Kömpe, K., Güdel, H. U., & Haase, M. Highly efficient multicolour upconversion emission in transparent colloids of lanthanide-doped NaYF4 nanocrystals. Adv. Mater. 16, 2102-2105 (2004).
42. Boyer, J.-C., & van Veggel, F. C. J. M. Absolute quantum yield measurements of colloidal NaYF4:Er3+, Yb3+ upconverting nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2, 1417-1419 (2010).
43. Vetrone, F., Naccache, R., Mahalingam, V., Morgan, C. G., & Capobianco, J. A. The active-core/active-shell approach: a strategy to enhance the upconversion luminescence in lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 2924-2929 (2009).
44. Zhang, F Et Al. Direct Imaging the Upconversion Nanocrystal Core/shell Structure at the Subnanometer Level: Shell Thickness Dependence in Upconverting Optical Properties. Nano Lett. 12, 2852-2858 (2012).
45. Wang, Y.-F. et al. Rare-earth nanoparticles with enhanced upconversion emission and suppressed rare-earth-ion leakage. Chem. Eur. J. 18, 5558-5564 (2012).
46. Dong, C. et al. Cation exchange: a facile method to make NaYF4:Yb, Tm-NaGdF4 core-shell nanoparticles with a thin, tunable, and uniform shell. Chem. Mater. 24, 1297-1305 (2012).
47. Schietinger, S., Aichele, T., Wang, H.-Q., Nann, T., & Benson, O. Plasmon-enhanced upconversion in single NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ codoped nanocrystals. Nano Lett. 10, 134-138 (2010).
48. Xing, H. et al. Multifunctional nanoprobes for upconversion fluorescence, MR and CT trimodal imaging. Biomaterials 33, 1079-1089 (2012).
49. Sudheendra, L., Ortalan, V., Dey, S., Browning, N. D., & Kennedy, I. M. Plasmonic enhanced emissions from cubic NaYF4:Yb:Er/Tm nanophosphors. Chem. Mater. 23, 2987-2993 (2011).
50. Zhang, H. et al. Plasmonic modulation of the upconversion fluorescence in NaYF4:Yb/Tm hexaplate nanocrystals using gold nanoparticles or nanoshells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 122, 2927-2930 (2010).
51. Saboktakin, M. et al. Metal-enhanced upconversion luminescence tunable through metal nanoparticle nanophosphor separation. ACS Nano 6, 8758-8766 (2012).
52. Zhang, W., Ding, F., & Chou, S. Y. Large enhancement of upconversion luminescence of NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanocrystal by 3D plasmonic nano-Antennas. Adv. Mater. 24, OP236-OP241 (2012).
53. Huang, Q., Yu, J., Ma, E., & Lin, K. Synthesis and characterization of highly efficient near-infrared upconversion Sc3+/Er3+/Yb3+ tridoped NaYF4. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 4719-4724 (2010).
54. MacDougall, S. K. W., Ivaturi, A., Marques-Hueso, J., Krdmer, K. W., & Richards, B. S. Ultra-high photoluminescent quantum yield of β-NaYF4:10% Er3+ via broadband excitation of upconversion for photovoltaic devices. Opt. Express 20, A879-A887 (2012).
55. Zhao, J. et al. Single-nanocrystal sensitivity achieved by enhanced upconversion luminescence. Nature Nanotech. 8, 729-734 (2013).
56. Wang, J. et al. Enhancing multiphoton upconversion through energy clustering at sublattice level. Nature Mater. 13, 157-162 (2013).
57. Zhang, J., Shade, C. M., Chengelis, D. A., & Petoud, S. A strategy to protect and sensitize near infrared luminescent Nd3+ and Yb3+: organic tropolonate ligands for the sensitization of Ln3+ doped NaYF4 nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 14834-14835 (2007).
58. Mauser, N. et al. Tip enhancement of upconversion photoluminescence from rare earth ion doped nanocrystals. ACS Nano 9, 3617-3626 (2015).
59. Zhang, Y., & Liu, X. Shining a light on upconversion. Nature Nanotech. 8, 702-703 (2013).
60. Zhou, B., Lin, H., & Pun, E. Y.-B. Tm3+-doped tellurite glasses for fiber amplifiers in broadband optical communication at 1.20 μm wavelength region. Opt. Express 18, 18805-18810 (2010).
61. Mai, H., Zhang, Y., Sun, L., & Yan, C. Highly efficient multicolor up-conversion emissions and their mechanisms of monodisperse NaYF4:Yb, Er core and core/shell-structured nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 13721-13729 (2007).
62. Zhao, J. et al. Upconversion luminescence with tunable lifetime in NaYF4:Yb, Er nanocrystals: role of nanocrystal size. Nanoscale 5, 944-952 (2013).
63. Xie, X. et al. Mechanistic investigation of photon upconversion in Nd3+-sensitized core-shell nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 12608-12611 (2013).
64. Zijlmans, H. J. et al. Detection of cell and tissue surface antigens using up-converting phosphors: a new reporter technology. Anal. Biochem. 267, 30-36 (1999).
65. Nyk, M., Kumar, R., Ohulchanskyy, T. Y., Bergey, E. J., & Prasad, P. N. High contrast in vitro and in vivo photoluminescence bioimaging using near infrared to near infrared up-conversion in Tm3+ and Yb3+ doped fluoride nanophosphors. Nano Lett. 8, 3834-3838 (2008).
66. Hampl, J. et al. Upconverting phosphor reporters in immunochromatographic assays. Anal. Biochem. 288, 176-187 (2001).
67. van de Rijke, F. et al. Up-converting phosphor reporters for nucleic acid microarrays. Nature Biotechnol. 19, 273-276 (2001).
68. Wang, L. et al. Fluorescence resonant energy transfer biosensor based on upconversion-luminescent nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 6054-6057 (2005).
69. Yang, Y., Velmurugan, B., Liu, X., & Xing, B. NIR photoresponsive crosslinked upconverting nanocarriers toward selective intracellular drug release. Small 9, 2937-2944 (2013).
70. Wang, C., Cheng, L., & Liu, Z. Drug delivery with upconversion nanoparticles for multi-functional targeted cancer cell imaging and therapy. Biomaterials 32, 1110-1120 (2011).
71. Idris, N. M. et al. In vivo photodynamic therapy using upconversion nanoparticles as remote-controlled nanotransducers. Nature Med. 18, 1580-1585 (2012).
72. Wu, S. et al. Non-blinking and photostable upconverted luminescence from single lanthanide-doped nanocrystals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 10917-10921 (2009).
73. Gargas, D. J. et al. Engineering bright sub-10-nm upconverting nanocrystals for single-molecule imaging. Nature Nanotech. 9, 300-305 (2014).
74. Obregón, S., Kubacka, A., Fernández-Garcia, M., & Colón, G. High-performance Er3+-DiO2 system: dual up-conversion and electronic role of the lanthanide. J. Catal. 299, 298-306 (2013).
75. Qin, W., Zhang, D., Zhao, D., Wang, L., & Zheng, K. Near-infrared photocatalysis based on YF3:Yb3+, Tm3+/TiO2 core/shell nanoparticles. Chem. Commun. 46, 2304-2306 (2010).
76. Chen, C. K., Chen, H. M., Chen, C.-J., & Liu, R.-S. Plasmon-enhanced near-infrared-Active materials in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem. Commun. 49, 7917-7919 (2013).
77. Niu, W. et al. 3-Dimensional photonic crystal surface enhanced upconversion emission for improved near-infrared photoresponse. Nanoscale 6, 817-824 (2013).
78. Zhu, H. et al. Amplified spontaneous emission and lasing from lanthanide-doped up-conversion nanoparticles. ACS Nano 7, 11420-11426 (2013).
79. Wang, J. et al. Near-infrared-light-mediated imaging of latent fingerprints based on molecular recognition. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 1616-1620 (2014).
80. Meruga, J. M., Baride, A., Cross, W., Kellar, J. J., & May, P. S. Red-green-blue printing using luminescence-upconversion inks. J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 2221-2227 (2014).
81. van der Ende, B. M., Aarts, L., & Meijerink, A. Near-infrared quantum cutting for photovoltaics. Adv. Mater. 21, 3073-3077 (2009).
82. Jang, H. S., Woo, K., & Lim, K. Bright dual-mode green emission from selective set of dopant ions in β-Na(Y, Gd)F4:Yb, Er/β-NaGdF4:Ce, Tb core/shell nanocrystals. Opt. Express 20, 17107-17118 (2012).
83. Huang, X., Han, S., Huang, W., & Liu, X. Enhancing solar cell efficiency: the search for luminescent materials as spectral converters. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 173-201 (2013).
84. van der Ende, B. M., Aarts, L., & Meijerink, A. Lanthanide ions as spectral converters for solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11, 11081-11095 (2009).
85. Richards, B. S. Enhancing the performance of silicon solar cells via the application of passive luminescence conversion layers. Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. Cells 90, 2329-2337 (2006).
86. Li, Z. Q. et al. Core/shell structured NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+/Gd3+ nanorods with Au nanoparticles or shells for flexible amorphous silicon solar cells. Nanotechnology 23, 025402 (2012).
87. Liang, L. et al. Highly uniform, bifunctional core/double-shell-structured β-NaYF4:Er3+, Yb3+@SiO2@TiO2 hexagonal sub-microprisms for high-performance dye sensitized solar cells. Adv. Mater. 25, 2174-2180 (2013).
88. Gorris, H. H., & Wolfbeis, O. S. Photon-upconverting nanoparticles for optical encoding and multiplexing of cells, biomolecules, and microspheres. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 3584-3600 (2013).
89. Tu, D. et al. Time-resolved FRET biosensor based on amine-functionalized lanthanide-doped NaYF4 nanocrystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 6306-6310 (2011).
90. Lu, Y. et al. On-Dhe-fly decoding luminescence lifetimes in the microsecond region for lanthanide-encoded suspension arrays. Nature Commun. 5, 3741 (2014).
91. Savchuk, O. A. et al. Er:Yb:NaY2F5O up-converting nanoparticles for sub-Dissue fluorescence lifetime thermal sensing. Nanoscale 6, 9727-9733 (2014).
92. Renero-Lecuna, C. et al. Origin of the high upconversion green luminescence efficiency in β-NaYF4:2%Er3+, 20%Yb3+. Chem. Mater. 23, 3442-3448 (2011).
93. Liu, Y., Wang, D., Shi, J., Peng, Q., & Li, Y. Magnetic tuning of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide-doped bifunctional nanocrystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 4366-4369 (2013).
94. Yang, Y. et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of NaLuF4:153Sm, Yb, Tm nanoparticles and their application in dual-modality upconversion luminescence and SPECT bioimaging. Biomaterials 34, 774-783 (2013).
95. Sun, Y., Peng, J., Feng, W., & Li, F. Upconversion nanophosphors NaLuF4:Yb, Tm for lymphatic imaging in vivo by real-Dime upconversion luminescence imaging under ambient light and high-resolution X-ray CT. Theranostics 3, 346-353 (2013).
96. Ye, X. et al. Competition of shape and interaction patchiness for self-Assembling nanoplates. Nature Chem. 5, 466-473 (2013).
97. Zhang, Y. et al. Multicolor barcoding in a single upconversion crystal. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 4893-4896 (2014).
98. Lee, J. et al. Universal process-inert encoding architecture for polymer microparticles. Nature Mater. 13, 524-529 (2014).
99. Wang, F. et al. Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide doping. Nature 463, 1061-1065 (2010).
100. Kumar, R., Nyk, M., Ohulchanskyy, T. Y., Flask, C. A., & Prasad, P. N. Combined optical and MR bioimaging using rare earth ion doped NaYF4 nanocrystals. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 853-859 (2009).
101. Li, Z., Zhang, Y., & Jiang, S. Multicolor core/shell-structured upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 20, 4765-4769 (2008).
102. Li, L., Wu, P., Hwang, K., & Lu, Y. An exceptionally simple strategy for DNA-functionalized up-conversion nanoparticles as biocompatible agents for nanoassembly, DNA delivery, and imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 2411-2414 (2013).
103. Xu, H. et al. Polymer encapsulated upconversion nanoparticle/iron oxide nanocomposites for multimodal imaging and magnetic targeted drug delivery. Biomaterials 32, 9364-9373 (2011).
104. Lu, G. et al. Imparting functionality to a metal-organic framework material by controlled nanoparticle encapsulation. Nature Chem. 4, 310-316 (2012).
105. Chen, Z. et al. Versatile synthesis strategy for carboxylic acid-functionalized upconverting nanophosphors as biological labels. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 3023-3029 (2008).
106. Zhou, J., Yao, L., Li, C., & Li, F. A versatile fabrication of upconversion nanophosphors with functional-surface tunable ligands. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 8078-8085 (2010).
107. Iwan, S. et al. Green electroluminescence from an n-ZnO:Er/p-Si heterostructured light-emitting diode. Physica B 407, 2721-2724 (2012).
108. Zhang, Y., Das, G. K., Xu, R., & Tan, T. T. Y. Tb-doped iron oxide: bifunctional fluorescent and magnetic nanocrystals. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 3696-3703 (2009).
109. Sharma, S., Shah, J., Kotnala, R. K., & Chawla, S. Red upconversion luminescence and paramagnetism in Er/Yb doped SnO2. Electron. Mater. Lett. 9, 615-620 (2013).
110. Bol, A. A., van Beek, R., & Meijerink, A. On the incorporation of trivalent rare earth ions in II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals. Chem. Mater. 14, 1121-1126 (2002).
111. Na, H. B., Song, I. C., & Hyeon, T. Inorganic nanoparticles for MRI contrast agents. Adv. Mater. 21, 2133-2148 (2009).
112. Zeng, J. et al. Anchoring group effects of surface ligand on magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles: towards high performance MRI contrast agents. Adv. Mater. 26, 2694-2698 (2014).
113. Xia, A. et al. Core-shell NaYF4:Yb3+, Tm3+@FexOy nanocrystals for dual-modality T2-enhanced magnetic resonance and NIR-Do-NIR upconversion luminescent imaging of small-Animal lymphatic node. Biomaterials 32, 7200-7208 (2011).
114. Zhang, F. et al. Mesoporous multifunctional upconversion luminescent and magnetic 'nanorattle' materials for targeted chemotherapy. Nano Lett. 12, 61-67 (2012).
115. Hu, D., Chen, M., Gao, Y., Li, F., & Wu, L. A facile method to synthesize superparamagnetic and up-conversion luminescent NaYF4:Yb, Er/Tm@SiO2@Fe3O4 nanocomposite particles and their bioapplication. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 11276-11282 (2011).
116. Zhu, X. et al. Core-shell Fe3O4@NaLuF4:Yb, Er/Tm nanostructure for MRI, CT and upconversion luminescence tri-modality imaging. Biomaterials 33, 4618-4627 (2012).
117. Zhai, Y., Zhu, C., Ren, J., Wang, E., & Dong, S. Multifunctional polyoxometalates-modified upconversion nanoparticles: integration of electrochromic devices and antioxidants detection. Chem. Commun. 49, 2400-2402 (2013).
118. Zhang, F. et al. Fabrication of Ag@SiO2@Y2O3:Er nanostructures for bioimaging: tuning of the upconversion fluorescence with silver nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 2850-2851 (2010).
119. Atre, A. C., Garcia-Etxarri, A., Alaeian, H., & Dionne, J. A. Toward high-efficiency solar upconversion with plasmonic nanostructures. J. Opt. 14, 024008 (2012).
120. Cheng, L. et al. Facile preparation of multifunctional upconversion nanoprobes for multimodal imaging and dual-Dargeted photothermal therapy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 7385-7390 (2011).
121. Peng, J. et al. High-efficiency in vitro and in vivo detection of Zn2+ by dye-Assembled upconversion nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 2336-2342 (2015).
122. Tang, Y., Di, W., Zhai, X., Yang, R., & Qin, W. NIR-responsive photocatalytic activity and mechanism of NaYF4:Yb, Tm@TiO2 core-shell nanoparticles. ACS Catal. 3, 405-412 (2013).
123. Li, C., Wang, F., Zhu, J., & Yu, J. C. NaYF4:Yb, Tm/CdS composite as a novel near-infrared-driven photocatalyst. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 100, 433-439 (2010).
124. Zhang, J. et al. An upconversion NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+/TiO2 core-shell nanoparticle photoelectrode for improved efficiencies of dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Power Sources 226, 47-53 (2013).
125. Shen, J., Sun, L.-D., Zhang, Y.-W., & Yan, C.-H. Superparamagnetic and upconversion emitting Fe3O4/NaYF4:Yb, Er hetero-nanoparticles via a crosslinker anchoring strategy. Chem. Commun. 46, 5731-5733 (2010).
126. Yan, C. et al. Near-IR photoresponse in new up-converting CdSe/NaYF4:Yb, Er nanoheterostructures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 8868-8869 (2010).
127. Li, Z., Wang, L., Wang, Z., Liu, X., & Xiong, Y. Modification of NaYF4:Yb, Er@SiO2 nanoparticles with gold nanocrystals for tunable green-Do-red upconversion emissions. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 3291-3296 (2011).
128. Debasu, M. L. et al. All-in-one optical heater-Dhermometer nanoplatform operative from 300 to 2000 K based on Er3+ emission and blackbody radiation. Adv. Mater. 25, 4868-4874 (2013).
129. Yin, M., Wu, L., Li, Z., Ren, J., & Qu, X. Facile in situ fabrication of graphene-upconversion hybrid materials with amplified electrogenerated chemiluminescence. Nanoscale 4, 400-404 (2012).
130. Tao, L. et al. Fabrication of covalently functionalized graphene oxide incorporated solid-state hybrid silica gel glasses and their improved nonlinear optical response. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 23108-23116 (2013).
131. He, T. et al. Mechanism studies on the superior optical limiting observed in graphene oxide covalently functionalized with upconversion NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanoparticles. Small 8, 2163-2168 (2012).
132. Deng, R., Xie, X., Vendrell, M., Chang, Y.-D., & Liu, X. Intracellular glutathione detection using MnO2-nanosheet-modified upconversion nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 20168-20171 (2011).
133. Heer, S., Lehmann, O., Haase, M., & Güdel, H.-U. Blue, green, and red upconversion emission from lanthanide-doped LuPO4 and YbPO4 nanocrystals in a transparent colloidal solution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 3179-3182 (2003).
134. Huang, P. et al. Lanthanide-doped LiLuF4 upconversion nanoprobes for the detection of disease biomarkers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 1252-1257 (2014).
135. Li, H. et al. Water-soluble fluorescent carbon quantum dots and photocatalyst design. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 4430-4434 (2010).
136. Deutsch, Z., Neeman, L., & Oron, D. Luminescence upconversion in colloidal double quantum dots. Nature Nanotech. 8, 649-653 (2013).
137. Gan, Z., Wu, X., Zhou, G., Shen, J., & Chu, P. K. Is there real upconversion photoluminescence from graphene quantum dots? Adv. Opt. Mater. 1, 554-558 (2013).
138. Gnach, A., Lipinski, T., Bednarkiewicz, A., Rybka, J., & Capobianco, J. A. Upconverting nanoparticles: assessing the toxicity. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 1561-1584 (2015).
139. Li, R. et al. Surface interactions with compartmentalized cellular phosphates explain rare earth oxide nanoparticle hazard and provide opportunities for safer design. ACS Nano 8, 1771-1783 (2014).
140. Prorok, K. et al. The impact of shell host (NaYF4/CaF2) and shell deposition methods on the up-conversion enhancement in Tb3+, Yb3+ codoped colloidal a-NaYF4 core-shell nanoparticles. Nanoscale 6, 1855-1864 (2014).
141. Lahoz, F., Martin, I. R., & Alonso, D. Theoretical analysis of the photon avalanche dynamics in Ho3+-Yb3+ codoped systems under near-infrared excitation. Phys. Rev. B 71, 045115 (2005).