Predictors of violence against children in Tamil families in northern Sri Lanka

Social Science and Medicine

Volumn 146, Issue , 2015, Pages 257-265

  Sriskandarajah, Vathsalan ^a   Neuner, Frank ^a   Catani, Claudia ^a  

^a BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Alcohol abuse; Family violence; Natural disaster; Perpetration; Post conflict setting; Predictors; Sri Lanka; Victimization

Indexed keywords

CHILD WELFARE; MENTAL HEALTH; NATURAL DISASTER; VIOLENCE;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; FAMILY STUDY; FAMILY VIOLENCE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INJURY; INTERVIEW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MOTHER; PARTNER VIOLENCE; PATERNAL ATTITUDE; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PREDICTION; QUESTIONNAIRE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SRI LANKA; TAMIL (PEOPLE); TSUNAMI; VICTIM; VIOLENCE; WAR; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ALCOHOLISM; CHILD PARENT RELATION; DISASTER; INTERDISCIPLINARY EDUCATION; MENTAL HEALTH; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; WAR EXPOSURE;

SRI LANKA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; DISASTERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; SRI LANKA; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; TSUNAMIS; WAR EXPOSURE;

EID: 84946026113     PISSN: 02779536     EISSN: 18735347     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.010     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. ABC News Online Up to 100,000 Killed in Sri Lanka's Civil War: UN 2009, Retrieved from. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-20/up-to-100000-killed-in-sri-lankas-civil-war-un/1689524.
2. Allen J.P., Litten R.Z., Fertig J.B., Babor T. A review of research on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1997, 21(4):613-619. 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03811.x.
3. Appel A.E., Holden G.W. The co-occurrence of spouse and physical child abuse: a review and appraisal. J. Fam. Psychol. 1998, 12(4):578-599. 10.1037/0893-3200.12.4.578.
4. Ayub M., Poongan I., Masood K., Gul H., Ali M., Farrukh A., Shaheen A., Chaudhry H.R., Naeem F. Psychological morbidity in children 18 months after Kashmir earthquake of 2005. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. 2012, 43(3):323-336. 10.1007/s10578-011-0267-9.
5. Bardi M., Borgognini-Tarli S.M. A survey on parent-child conflict resolution: intrafamily violence in Italy. Child Abuse Negl. 2001, 25(6):839-853. 10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00242-3.
6. Barenbaum J., Ruchkin V., Schwab-Stone M. The psychosocial aspects of children exposed to war: practice and policy initiatives. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2004, 45(1):41-62. 10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00304.x.
7. Barocas R., Seifer R., Sameroff A.J. Defining environmental risk: multiple dimensions of psychological vulnerability. Am. J. Community Psychol. 1985, 13(4):433-447. 10.1007/BF00911218.
8. Berlin L.J., Appleyard K., Dodge K.A. Intergenerational continuity in child maltreatment: mediating mechanisms and implications for prevention. Child Dev. 2011, 82(1):162-176. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01547.x.
9. Black D.A., Heyman R.E., Smith Slep A.M. Risk factors for child physical abuse. Aggress. Violent Behav. 2001, 6(2):121-188. 10.1016/S1359-1789(00)00021-5.
10. Brand S.R., Schechter J.C., Hammen C.L., Brocque R.Le, Brennan P.A. Do adolescent offspring of women with PTSD experience higher levels of chronic and episodic stress?. J. Trauma. Stress 2011, 24(4):399-404. 10.1002/jts.20652.
11. Catani C. War at home - a review of the relationship between war trauma and family violence. Verhaltenstherapie 2010, 20(1):19-27. 10.1159/000261994.
12. Catani C., Jacob N., Schauer E., Kohila M., Neuner F. Family violence, war, and natural disasters: a study of the effect of extreme stress on children's mental health in Sri Lanka. BMC Psychiatry 2008, 8(1):33. 10.1186/1471-244X-8-33.
13. Catani C., Schauer E., Neuner F. Beyond individual war trauma: domestic violence against children in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka. J. Marital Fam. Ther. 2008, 34(2):165-176. 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00062.x.
14. Clark C.J., Everson-Rose S.A., Suglia S.F., Btoush R., Alonso A., Haj-Yahia M.M. Association between exposure to political violence and intimate-partner violence in the occupied Palestinian territory: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2010, 375(9711):310-316. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61827-4.
15. De Jong J.T.V.M., Komproe I.H., Van Ommeren M. Common mental disorders in postconflict settings. Lancet 2003, 361(9375):2128-2130. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13692-6.
16. De Silva W. Some cultural and economic factors leading to neglect, abuse and violence in respect of children within the family in Sri Lanka. Child Abuse Negl. 1981, 5(4):391-405. 10.1016/0145-2134(81)90049-1.
17. Dong M., Anda R.F., Dube S.R., Giles W.H., Felitti V.J. The relationship of exposure to childhood sexual abuse to other forms of abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction during childhood. Child Abuse Negl. 2003, 27(6):625-639. 10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00105-4.
18. Dubow E.F., Boxer P., Huesmann L.R., Landau S., Dvir S., Shikaki K., Ginges J. Cumulative effects of exposure to violence on posttraumatic stress in Palestinian and Israeli youth. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 2012, 41(6):837-844. 10.1080/15374416.2012.675571.
19. Edleson J.L. The overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering. Violence Against Women 1999, 5(2):134-154. 10.1177/107780129952003.
20. Elbert T., Schauer M., Schauer E., Huschka B., Hirth M., Neuner F. Trauma-related impairment in children-a survey in Sri Lankan provinces affected by armed conflict. Child Abuse Negl. 2009, 33(4):238-246. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.008.
21. Figueiredo J.M., Lemkau P.V. Psychiatric interviewing across cultures: some problems and prospects. Soc. Psychiatry 1980, 15(3):117-121. 10.1007/BF00578142.
22. Foa E.B., Cashman L., Jaycox L., Perry K. The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychol. Assess. 1997, 9(4):445-451. 10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445.
23. Garcia-Moreno C., Jansen H.A., Ellsberg M., Heise L., Watts C.H. Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. Lancet 2006, 368(9543):1260-1269. 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8.
24. Geisinger K.F. Cross-cultural normative assessment: translation and adaptation issues influencing the normative interpretation of assessment instruments. Psychol. Assess. 1994, 6(4):304-312. 10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.304.
25. Gershoff E.T. Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: a meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychol. Bull. 2002, 128(4):539-579. 10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539.
26. Gewirtz A., Forgatch M., Wieling E. Parenting practices as potential mechanisms for child adjustment following mass trauma. J. Marital Fam. Ther. 2008, 34(2):177-192. 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00063.x.
27. Gewirtz A.H., Polusny M.A., DeGarmo D.S., Khaylis A., Erbes C.R. Posttraumatic stress symptoms among National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq: associations with parenting behaviors and couple adjustment. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2010, 78(5):599-610. 10.1037/a0020571.
28. Goodman R. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 1997, 38(5):581-586. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x.
29. Haj-Yahia M.M., Abdo-Kaloti R. The rates and correlates of the exposure of Palestinian adolescents to family violence: toward an integrative-holistic approach. Child Abuse Negl. 2003, 27(7):781-806. 10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00119-4.
30. Hartley C.C. The co-occurrence of child maltreatment and domestic violence: examining both neglect and child physical abuse. Child Maltreatment 2002, 7(4):349-358. 10.1177/107755902237264.
31. Hegarty K., Fracgp, Bush R., Sheehan M. The composite abuse scale: further development and assessment of reliability and validity of a multidimensional partner abuse measure in clinical settings. Violence Vict. 2005, 20(5):529-547. 10.1891/vivi.2005.20.5.529.
32. Higgins D.J., McCabe M.P. Multi-type maltreatment and the long-term adjustment of adults. Child Abuse Rev. 2000, 9(1):6-18. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0852(200001/02)9:1<6::AID-CAR579>3.0.CO;2-W.
33. Lukumar P., Wijewardana K., Hermansson J., Lindmark G. Validity and reliability of Tamil version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire self-report. Ceylon Med. J. 2008, 53(2):48-52. 10.4038/cmj.v53i2.232.
34. Masten A.S. Resilience in children threatened by extreme adversity: frameworks for research, practice, and translational synergy. Dev. Psychopathol. 2011, 23(2):493-506. 10.1017/S0954579411000198.
35. McLaughlin K.A., Fairbank J.A., Gruber M.J., Jones R.T., Lakoma M.D., Pfefferbaum B., Sampson N.A., Kessler R.C. Serious emotional disturbance among youths exposed to Hurricane Katrina 2 years postdisaster. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2009, 48(11):1069-1078. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b76697.
36. Miller B.A., Maguin E., Downs W.R. Alcohol, drugs, and violence in children's lives. Recent Developments in Alcoholism 1997, vol. 13:357-385. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
37. Miller B.A., Smyth N.J., Mudar P.J. Mothers' alcohol and other drug problems and their punitiveness toward their children. J. Stud. Alcohol 1999, 60(5):632-642. 10.15288/jsa.1999.60.632.
38. Milner J.S., Chilamkurti C. Physical child abuse perpetrator characteristics: a review of the literature. J. Interpers. Violence 1991, 6(3):345-366. 10.1177/088626091006003007.
39. Paquette D., Bolté C., Turcotte G., Dubeau D., Bouchard C. A new typology of fathering: defining and associated variables. Infant Child Dev. 2000, 9(4):213-230. 10.1002/1522-7219(200012)9:4<213::AID-ICD233>3.0.CO;2-0.
40. Pears K.C., Capaldi D.M. Intergenerational transmission of abuse: a two-generational prospective study of an at-risk sample. Child Abuse Negl. 2001, 25(11):1439-1461. 10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00286-1.
41. Pine D.S., Costello J., Masten A. Trauma, proximity, and developmental psychopathology: the effects of war and terrorism on children. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30(10):1781-1792. 10.1038/sj.npp.1300814.
42. Pynoos R.S., Steinberg A.M., Piacentini J.C. A developmental psychopathology model of childhood traumatic stress and intersection with anxiety disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 1999, 46(11):1542-1554. 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00262-0.
43. Qouta S., Punamäki R.L., Miller T., El-Sarraj E. Does war beget child aggression? Military violence, gender, age and aggressive behavior in two Palestinian samples. Aggress. Behav. 2008, 34(3):231-244. 10.1002/ab.20236.
44. Ratnasooriya H.A.R., Samarawickrama S.P., Imamura F. Post tsunami recovery process in Sri Lanka. J. Nat. Disaster Sci. 2007, 29(1):21-28. 10.2328/jnds.29.21.
45. Rodriguez C.M., Richardson M.J. Stress and anger as contextual factors and preexisting cognitive schemas: predicting parental child maltreatment risk. Child Maltreatment 2007, 12(4):325-337. 10.1177/1077559507305993.
46. Rutter M. Protective factors in children's responses to stress and disadvantage. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 1979, 8(3):324-338.
47. Saile R., Ertl V., Neuner F., Catani C. Does war contribute to family violence against children? Findings from a two-generational multi-informant study in Northern Uganda. Child Abuse Negl. 2014, 38(1):135-146. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.007.
48. Saile R., Neuner F., Ertl V., Catani C. Prevalence and predictors of partner violence against women in the aftermath of war: a survey among couples in Northern Uganda. Soc. Sci. & Med. 2013, 86:17-25. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.02.046.
49. Saunders J.B., Aasland O.G., Babor T.F., de la Fuente J.R., Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction 1993, 88(6):791-804. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x.
50. Scher C.D., Forde D.R., McQuaid J.R., Stein M.B. Prevalence and demographic correlates of childhood maltreatment in an adult community sample. Child Abuse Negl. 2004, 28(2):167-180. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.012.
51. Shaw J.A. Children exposed to war/terrorism. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 2003, 6(4):237-246. 10.1023/B: CCFP.0000006291.10180.bd.
52. Snyder D. Left behind: Displaced Sri Lankans have no Home to Return to 2013, Retrieved from. http://www.caritas.org/activities/emergencies/LeftBehind.html.
53. Steele C.M., Josephs R.A. Alcohol myopia. Its prized and dangerous effects. Am. Psychol. 1990, 45(8):921-933. 10.1037/0003-066X.45.8.921.
54. Straus M.A., Hamby S.L., Finkelhor D., Moore D.W., Runyan D. Identification of child maltreatment with the parent-child Conflict Tactics Scales: development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse Negl. 1998, 22(4):249-270. 10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00174-9.
55. Subramaniam P., Sivayogan S. The prevalence and pattern of wife beating in the Trincomalee district in eastern Sri Lanka. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 2001, 32(1):186-195.
56. Summerfield D. War and mental health: a brief overview. Br. Med. J. 2000, 321(7255):232-235. 10.1136/bmj.321.7255.232.
57. Tajima E.A. Correlates of the co-occurrence of wife abuse and child abuse among a representative sample. J. Fam. Violence 2004, 19(6):399-410. 10.1007/s10896-004-0684-7.
58. Taylor C.A., Guterman N.B., Lee S.J., Rathouz P.J. Intimate partner violence, maternal stress, nativity, and risk for maternal maltreatment of young children. Am. J. Public Health 2009, 99(1):175-183. 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126722.
59. Thabet A.A.M., Karim K., Vostanis P. Trauma exposure in pre-school children in a war zone. Br. J. Psychiatry 2006, 188(2):154-158. 10.1192/bjp.188.2.154.
60. The World Bank World Development Report 2011-Conflict, Security, and Development 2011, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 10.1596/978-0-8213-8439-8.
61. The World Bank South Asia - Tsunami in Sri Lanka 2013, Retrieved from. http://go.worldbank.org/PG6ZG5A1L0.
62. Thornberry T.P., Knight K.E., Lovegrove P.J. Does maltreatment beget maltreatment? A systematic review of the intergenerational literature. Trauma Violence Abuse 2012, 13(3):135-152. 10.1177/1524838012447697.
63. United Nations Report of the Secretary General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka 2011, Retrieved from. http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf.
64. Walsh C., MacMillan H.L., Jamieson E. The relationship between parental substance abuse and child maltreatment: findings from the Ontario Health Supplement. Child Abuse Negl. 2003, 27(12):1409-1425. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.07.002.
65. Widom C.S. The cycle of violence. Science 1989, 244(4901):160-166. 10.1300/J173v04n01_12.
66. Woerner W., Fleitlich-Bilyk B., Martinussen R., Fletcher J., Cucchiaro G., Dalgalarrondo P., Lui M., Tannock R. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire overseas: Evaluations and applications of the SDQ beyond Europe. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2004, 13(2):47-54. 10.1007/s00787-004-2008-0.