The Agile City: Building well-being and wealth in an era of climate change

The Agile City: Building Well-being and Wealth in an Era of Climate Change

Volumn 9781610910279, Issue , 2013, Pages 1-290

  Russell, James S ^a  

^a Bloomberg LP   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84945663674     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.5822/978-1-61091-027-9     Document Type: Book

References (246)

1. Kroon Hall information from visit, April 2009;
2. interview with Mike Taylor, Hopkins Architects; Yale University press information; and Mark Simon, Centerbrook Architects.
3. See also James S. Russell, "Yale's Rustic Kroon Hall Fits Carbon Neutral Technology, " Bloomberg, July 20, 2009;
4. Russell, "Carbon Neutral Now, " Metropolis, October 2009, 72-79.
5. Information on Dockside Green from author visit July 2008 and interviews with architect Peter Busby and developer Joe Van Belleghem pursuant to Russell, "Green Project in B. C. Burns Sawdust, Treats Sewage in Backyard, " Bloomberg, August 15, 2008;
6. and Russell, "Carbon Neutral Now"
7. Christopher Leinberger, The Option of Urbanism: Investing in a New American Dream (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009), 35.
8. World Bank, World Development indicators, January 2010, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY. GDP. MKTP. CD/.
9. World Wildlife Fund, "Living Planet Report, " 28, http://www.panda.org.
10. "The N-11: More than an Acronym, " Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper no. 153 (March 28, 2007), accessed via Wikipedia, topic "BRICs"
11. World Wildlife Fund, "Living Planet Index, " 2.
12. Steven Solomon, Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization (New York: Harper, 2010).
13. A combination of climate-regulation uncertainty and rapidly rising demand, especially by China, points the world toward an oil-supply crunch, according to Antony Froggatt and Glada Lahn (lead authors), "Sustainable Energy Security: Strategic Risks and Opportunities for Business, " July 2010, white paper published by Lloyd's, the global specialist insurer, available at http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/papers/view/-/id/891/.
14. Ian Frazier, Great Plains (New York: Picador, 1989).
15. Frank Popper and Deborah Popper continue to document Plains depopulation in web pages devoted to their Buffalo Commons idea: http://policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/popper/.
16. Michael Gallis & associates, "Co-Evolution: Creating a New Framework for Shaping Our Future, " American Forests Ecosystem Center, US Forest Ser - vice State and Private Forestry (2009), http://www.americanforest.org/Co-Evolution/.
17. "Pollution Costs Equal 10% of China's GDP, " Shanghai Daily, June 6, 2006;
18. Mun S. Ho and Dale W. Jorgenson, "Green China: Market-based Policies for Air Pollution Control, " Harvard Magazine, September-October 2008, http://harvardmagazine.com/2008/09/greening-china/.
19. A number of measures help us see the big picture, including the measures of biocapacity and our "ecological footprint." Because each American's footprint is about 22 acres (9 hectares), compared to 6.4 acres (2.6 hectares) for the total human population, America has a long way to go. (The consensus today is that it would take five more planet earths to provide the world's population with a footprint equivalent to America's.) Ecological footprint numbers 2009 from Global Footprint network, http://www.footprintnetwork.org.
20. Coastal marsh loss from Department of Natural Resources, Office of Coastal Management, "Louisiana Coastal Facts, " http://dnr.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?d =pagebuilder&tmp=home&pid=99&pnid=0&nid=51.
21. Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (91-453), 505 U. S. 1003 (1992)
22. Cornell University Law School Supreme Court Collection, http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/91-453. ZO.html.
23. Roger Pielke Jr. et al., "Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900-2005, " http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NormalizedHurricane2008.pdf.
24. Joseph Ellis, "The Big Man" (review of Library of America's edition of Alexander Hamilton's Writings), New Yorker, October 29, 2001. Ellis is a prominent historian of America's founding era and is the author of Founding Brothers (Knopf), among others.
25. This argument was focused for me by Jerold Kayden, a professor of urban planning and design at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design, in a presentation at the Perspectives on Property Rights, Growth and Regulation conference held at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 26, 2007.
26. See Sam Bass Warner Jr., The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of Its Growth (Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1968).
27. Tour with Eskew, January 8, 2006;
28. some material first appeared in James S. Russell, "Can Shrinking Footprint Save New Orleans?, " Bloomberg, January 23, 2006.
29. Kevin McCarthy, D. J. Peterson, Narayan Sastry, and Michael Pollard, "The Repopulation of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, " Rand Gulf States Policy Institute, Rand Corporation (2006), http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical-reports/2006/RAND-TR369.pdf.
30. Volunteer experts from the Urban Land Institute, Washington, DC, made the proposal in November 2005. In a less politically charged form, it resurfaced in Wallace Roberts & Todd, Master Planner, "Action Plan for New Orleans: The New American City, " Bring New Orleans Back Commission, January 11, 2006.
31. Amy LiuandAllisonPlyer, "The NewOrleans Index atFive, " BrookingsInstitute, August 2010, http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2007/08neworleansindex.aspx.
32. The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, o r, a Commentary upon Little ton (1628).
33. Legendary Supreme Court cases that considered these issues included Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon and Fountainbleu v. Forty-Five Twenty Five, discussed in Richard Tseng-Yu Lai, Law in Urban Design and Planning: The Invisible Web (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1988).
34. Lai, Law in Urban Design and Planning, ch. 7.
35. Lai, Law in Urban Design and Planning, ch. 3.
36. James S. Russell, "Whose Property Rights?" Metropolis, March 2008.
37. Andrea Sarzynski, Marilyn A. Brown, and Frank Southworth, "Shrinking the Carbon Footprint of Metropolitan America, " Brookings Institute, May29, 2008, http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/05-carbon-footprint-sarzynski.aspx.
38. Meeting with Van Asche at his farm in Hillsboro, Oregon, January 7, 2007.
39. $20 billion figure from "Summaries of Claims" document on Measure 37: http://www.oregon. gov/LCD/MEASURE37/summaries-of-claims.shtml.
40. Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 382.
41. Phone interview with Jacobs, January 8, 2008.
42. Phone interview with Stachon, January 2007.
43. Phone interview with David Hunnicut, Oregonians in Action, January 3, 2007.
44. Phone interview with Carbonell, December 11, 2009.
45. Information from "Salmon Recovery Plan Implementation, " 2008 data, on Washington State Salmon Recovery home page, http://www.rco.wa.gov/salmon-recovery/index.shtml.
46. Farmlink and Puget Sound Fresh are operated by a nonprofit, the Cascade Harvest Coalition, http://www.cascadeharvest.org.
47. On integrating farmland flood control and salmon recovery, see King County's "Snoqualmie Flood-Farm Task Force Report" (January 2008), http://www.kingcounty.gov/environment/waterandland/agriculture/documents/farm-flood-task-force-report.aspx.
48. Keith Ervin, "Court Decision Sparks Debate on Use of Rural Lands, " Seattle Times, March 5, 2009, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2008814562-rural05m.html.
49. This section was developed through a visit with Stevens in California in February 2008 and several telephone interviews for James S. Russell, "Blending Nature with Development, " American Forests, Spring 2007, and follow-ups in fall 2009.
50. Author interview with Briechle by telephone, December 2009.
51. Author interview with Palmer, February 2007
52. pursuant to Russell, "Blending Nature with Development, " and updated January 2010.
53. Ian L. McHarg, Design with Nature (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, 1969), 7-17;
54. Alexandra Wolfe and Blair Golson, "Dune, Where's My Hampton? It's Seceding!" New York Observer, August 24, 2003.
55. Ernest B. Abbott, "Floods, Flood Insurance, Litigation, Politics- and Catastrophe: The National Flood Insurance Program, " Sea Grant Law and Policy Journal 1(2008):130, http://nsglc.olemiss.edu/SGLPJ/Vol1No1/7Abbott.pdf.
56. Matthew Heberger et al., The Pacific Institute "The Impact of Sea-level Rise on the California Coast" (March 2009), http://www.pacinst.org/reports/sea-level-rise/.
57. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Managed Retreat Stra - tegies" (2007), http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/initiatives/shoreline-ppr-retreat.html.
58. "Valmeyer, Illinois, " case study on Operation Fresh Start website, dedicated to assisting communities postdisaster: http://www.freshstart.ncat.org/case/valmeyer.htm.
59. Yu-Hong and Barrie Needham, Land Readjustment: Analyzing Land Readjustment: Economics, Law, and Collective Action (Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2007).
60. Natural Resources Defense Council, "Chesapeake Bay's Health Threats Need Federal Remedy, " press release, October 8, 2009.
61. Author interview with Frank and Deborah Popper, February 12, 2010.
62. Challenges to farming from the Popper interview and from "New National Park Could Save High Plains in Kansas, " an editorial in the Kansas City Star, November 14, 2009.
63. Prairie reserve: American Prairie Foundation website, http://www.americanprairie.org;
64. Tom Lutey, "Ranchers Wary of Group's Effort to Create Wildlife Reserve Bigger than Yellowstone, " Billings [Mont.] Gazette, December 20, 2009.
65. Harvey L. Molotch, "The City as a Growth Machine, " in John R. Logan and Harvey L. Molotch, Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), ch. 3.
66. James S. Russell, "Along Ravaged Gulf, Young Architects, Nonprofits Lead Renewal, " Bloomberg, December 26, 2007.
67. Russell, "Along Ravaged Gulf, " Author revisited the Global Green houses in August 2010.
68. The Federal Housing Administration, a New Deal program, began making insured loans in 1934. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 203.
69. Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University, State of the Nation's Housing 2009, 14-15, http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/markets/son 2009/son2009.pdf. SONH is one of many resources that show the importance of home equity to personal wealth, especially for middle-income earners.
70. Deductible items are enumerated in many places, including "JCS 1-10: Estimates of Federal Tax Expenditures for Fiscal Years 2009-2013, " prepared by the Joint Committee on Taxation, Congress of the United States, January 11, 2010, http://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=3642/.
71. Deductions for homeowners: Canada Revenue Agency, "Topics for Home - owners, " http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/ndvdls/sgmnts/hmwnr/menu-eng.html.
72. Canadian homeownership rates: 68 percent in 2008, Statistics Canada, "2006 Census: Changing Patterns in Canadian Homeownership and Shelter Costs, " June 4, 2008, http://www.statcan. gc.ca/daily-quotidien/080604/dq080604a-eng.htm.
73. US homeownership rate peaked in 2004 at just over 69 percent but had dropped to 67.3 percent by the last quarter of 2009, according to the New York Times Economix blog sourcing Census data, February 2, 2010.
74. More information on Leinberger and real-estate finance in James S. Russell, "Follow the Money, " Architectural Record, June 2003, 98-104
75. The nineteen lender-friendly building types are described in Christopher Leinberger, The Option of Urbanism: Investing in a New American Dream (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2008), ch. 3.
76. "Second Largest Failure, " Bloomberg data.
77. According to Leinberger, an accounting methodology called Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) also undercuts the idea of buildings as long-term investments. Christopher Leinberger, "Financing Progressive Development and Affordable Housing, " white paper for Brookings Institution, May 2001.
78. "Transportation and Land-Use Preferences and Atlanta Residents' Neighborhood Choices, " SMARTRAQ (Strategies for Metropolitan Atlanta's Transportation and Air Quality), March 2004, http://www.act-trans.ubc.ca/research.htm.
79. Author phone interview with Leinberger, August 19, 2009.
80. According to the Congress for the New Urbanism, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, agencies that bought a high percentage of mortgages with implicit government backing, avoided loans originated for projects that mixed retail with residential that were in downtowns or mixed-use revitalizing neighborhoods. "CNU Joins Call for Action on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Loans, " New Urban News, January 28, 2010. Loans blessed by Fannie and Freddie usually had lower borrowing costs. The agencies had to be taken over by the government after the mortgage meltdown.
81. Author interview with Davis at Seaside, February 2003.
82. Author visit to Unilever, April 2010
83. and interview with Peter Schlaier, manager of the project for Behnisch Architekten. Comparison to American usage from "Sector Collaborative on Energy Efficiency Accomplishments and Next Steps: A Resource of the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, " US Environmental Protection Agency, July 2008, B-1, http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/suca/sector-collaborative.pdf.
84. Russell, "With His Sleek, Ecological Design, Lord Norman Foster Imbues the Reichstag with Germany's New Self-Image, " Architectural Record, July 1999, 102-13.
85. "By 2007, fully 30 percent of all homeowners were at least moderately burdened, and 12 percent were severely burdened. Even so, the share of renters with severe burdens remained nearly twice as high as that of owners, despite a modest 0.6 percentage point dip from 2005 to 2007." State of the Nation's Housing 2009, 26.
86. Joel Warren Barna, The See Through Years: Creation and Destruction in Texas Architecture and Real Estate 1981-1991 (Houston: Rice University Press, 1992), 31.
87. KfW lending from presentation by Christine Willembrook, of the German Ministry of Transport, Buildings and Urban Development, April 14, 2010, Ecologic Institute tour.
88. Author phone interview with Leinberger, August 19, 2009.
89. Interview with Palmer, February 12, 2007.
90. Stapleton community information from its website: http://discover.stapletondenver.com.
91. Tunnel project cost and SR 520 bridge project from Washington State De - partment of Transportation: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/projects/viaduct/and http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/projects/sr520bridge/.
92. I-405 figure is from 2003 estimate of total project, which does not appear to have been updated. Transit plan from "Sound Transit Capital Projects" page of Sound Transit website: http://projects.soundtransit.org.
93. Light-rail timing from published schedule. Rider costs from Larry Lange, "Light Rail's Million Dollar Launch, " Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 16, 2009, ridership from Sound Transit tally for April and May 2010 (highest since opening).
94. Frequency of Canada line ridership from published schedule. Airport line ridership: "Canada Line Delivers a Smooth Ride, " Toronto Globe and Mail, De - cember 28, 2009.
95. Reid Ewing et al., "Growing Cooler: The Evidence on Urban Development and Climate Change, " Urban Land Institute (2008), 17, http://dnr.wi.gov/environmentprotect/gtfgw/documents/GrowingCoolerEs.pdf.
96. Iver Peterson, "In New Jersey, Sprawl Keeps Outflanking Its Foes, " New York Times, March 17, 2000. Author later visited the campus and its surroundings. 7. The proposal by then New Jersey governor Jon Corzine to raise transportation funds through increases on the state's toll roads was heavily debated in 2008 and 2009.
97. Washington, DC, growth in proximity to Metro: author interview with Lang, August 2004.
98. Ewing et al., "Growing Cooler, " 33, 35.
99. Visioning California: Calthorpe Associates, "Vision California/Charting Our Future: Statewide Scenarios Report, " revision of May 12, 2010, http://www.visioncalifornia.org and http://www.calthorpe.com/vision-california.
100. Ewing et al., "Growing Cooler, " 44.
101. Zeke Hausfather, "Hybrid Car? Or All Electric Vehicle? They All Take Energy? How Should You Decide?" Yale Forum on Climate Change and the Media, September 28, 2009, http://www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org/2009/09/hybrid-all-electric-vehicles.
102. The federal fuel tax has not gone up since 1997, and few states have raised their tax rates either. Congress has spent more than the Federal Highway Trust Fund takes in fuel taxes since 1995. Decline in user-fee support: "Analysis Finds Shifting Trends in Highway Funding: User Fees Make Up Decreasing Share, " accessed from SubsidyScope, an initiative of the Pew Charitable Trusts, http://subsidyscope.com/transportation/highways/funding. The analysis reflects data from the Federal Highway Administration statistics, 2008.
103. "Public Road Mileage, 1920-2008, " Highway Statistics 2008, Federal Highway Administration.
104. Antoinette Martin, "'Transit Cities Face Roadblocks, " New York Times, June 19, 2009.
105. $305 billion from $0.25 gas tax rise: Congressional Budget Office accessed from a Washington Post editorial: "Tax Truth: We Need to Raise the Levy on Gasoline, " July 8, 2010.
106. Tom Lewis, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highway System (New York: Viking, 1997, ch. 4.
107. Brenda Goodman, "Amid a Drought, a Georgian Consumes a Niagara, " New York Times, November 15, 2007.
108. Shaila Dewan and Brenda Goodman, "New to Being Dry, the South Struggles to Adapt, " New York Times, October 23, 2007.
109. Water costs: "Splitsville, " National Journal, May 3, 1997. The raw numbers may have changed, but the cost difference likely remains the same.
110. D. L. Bennett, "Atlanta Water, Sewer Rates among Nation's Highest, " Atlanta Journal-Constitution, October 5, 2009.
111. Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 382.
112. Brenda Goodman, "Georgia Loses Federal Case in a Dispute about Water, " New York Times, February 6, 2008.
113. Charles Duhigg, "Clean Water Laws Are Neglected at a Cost in Suffering, " New York Times, September 12, 2009, part of a series on declining water quality in America, "Toxic Waters"
114. Richard Seager et al., "Model Projections of an Imminent Transition to a More Arid Climate in Southwestern North America, " Science, May 2007.
115. Visit to Omega Institute, August 2009, where author interviewed Backus; http://eomega.org.
116. John Todd Ecological Design, http://toddecological.com.
117. Treatment wetlands: Wetland Solutions Inc., http://wetlandsolutionsinc.com/wwd-treatment-wetlands.html.
118. New York City water reductions: Water Conservation FAQ, from New York City Department of Environmental Protection, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/wsstat02c.pdf.
119. "Watershed Protection" page of New York City's Department of Environ mental Protection website: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/watershed-protection/index.shtml;
120. "New York City" page on the Information Center for the Environment website hosted by the University of California, Davis, http://ice.ucdavis.edu/node/133;
121. Anthony De Palma, "For Bronx Water Plant Being Built 10 Stories Down, a Towering Price Tag, " New York Times, April 24, 2008;
122. Elizabeth Royte, "On the Waterfront, " New York Times, February 18, 2007.
123. For more information, see the website of the Philadelphia Water Department's Office of Watersheds: http://www.phillywatersheds.org.
124. Heat island effect information from US Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/hiri/.
125. Charles Duhigg, "Sewers at Capacity, Waste Poisons Waterways, " New York Times, November 23, 2009.
126. "Philadelphia Combined Sewer Overflow Long Term Control Plan Update, " Philadelphia Water Department (2007), http://www.phillywatersheds.org/ltcpu/LTCPU-Section09-Alternatives.pdf.
127. Journalists Forum on Climate Change and Cities, at the Lincoln Institute for Land Management, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 12, 2008.
128. Congressional delegation trip to the Netherlands, presentation by Vrijling in May 2009.
129. Han Meyer, Dale Morris, and David Waggonner, eds., Dutch Dialogues New Orleans Netherlands: Common Challenges in Urbanized Deltas, Sun Uitgeverij, Technical University, Delft, the Netherlands (2008) 36 (Noordwaard), 38 (terp project).
130. Author tour of New Orleans potential water management with Diaz and interview with Waggonner, August 2010. See also James S. Russell, "New Orleans Needs Scenic Canals, Not Billions in Levees, " Bloomberg, September 3, 2010
131. and Meyer et al., Dutch Dialogues.
132. Louisiana Coastal Wetlands Conservation and Restoration Task Force and the Wetlands Conservation and Restoration Authority, "Coast 2050: T oward a Sus tainable Coastal Louisiana, " http://www.coast2050.gov/2050reports.htm.
133. "Louisiana's Comprehensive Plan for a Sustainable Coast" (2007), 46, accessed from the website of the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana, http://www.lacpra.org.
134. Author interview with Paul Harrison, Environmental Defense Fund, and trip down the Mississippi River, August 2010.
135. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York: Basic Books, 1987), 182.
136. For suburbanization of poverty, see Steven Raphael and Michael Stoll, "Job Sprawl and the Suburbanization of Poverty, " Brookings Institution, March 30, 2010, http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2010/0330-job-sprawl-stoll-raphael.aspx.
137. Schaumberg information from Brenda Case Scheer and Mintcho Petkow, "Edge City Morphology: A Comparison of Commercial Centers, " Journal of the American Planning Association 64, no. 3(1998):298-311.
138. Robert Cervero, America's Suburban Centers: The Land Use-Transportation Link (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
139. Robert Lang offers forty-four names proffered over the decades: Robert E. Lang, Edgeless Cities: Exploring the Elusive Metropo - lis (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003), 31.
140. Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York: Doubleday, 1991), xii.
141. Lang, Edgeless Cities, 88-95.
142. Fuerst's e-mail exchanges with author, September 2004. His research was published as chapter 3, "The Impact of 9/11 on the Manhattan Office Market, " in Howard Chernick, ed., Resilient City: The Economic Impact of 9/11 (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2005).
143. Street corner schmoozing: William H. Whyte, City: Rediscovering the Center (New York: Doubleday, 1988).
144. Percent of small space users: Lisa Chamberlain, "Smaller Offices Being Pushed Out of Midtown, " New York Times, July 19, 2006.
145. Small space users historically: Carol Willis, Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1995), 154.
146. Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class and How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
147. "The Blob That Ate Texas, " Economist, June 21, 2001. The world learned of the risks and complexity of deep-sea drilling in the Deepwater Horizon disaster of spring 2010.
148. Whyte, City: Rediscovering the Center, ch. 20.
149. Fuerst, "The Impact of 9/11 on the Manhattan Office Market"
150. Author interviewed Lang at the Metropolitan Institute in Arlington, Virginia, August 2004.
151. Lisa W. Foderaro, "Affluent Town Seeks to Curb Development outside its Borders, " New York Times, March 11, 2000.
152. Author visit to Orlando and interview with Lauten, planner Bruce McLendon, and others, February 2003.
153. Lang, Edgeless Cities.
154. Lauten interviewed by telephone, May 2010.
155. James S. Russell, "Building a House to Withstand a Hurricane, " New York Times, August 19, 1993.
156. "The Impact of Planning on Building Energy Usage, " in Douglas Farr, Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design with Nature (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2008), 189-92.
157. James S. Russell, "Mayne's Flower Power Federal Building, " Bloomberg, March 2, 2007.
158. David Cohn, "Endesa Headquarters, " Architectural Record, March 2006.
159. Tour of Riedburg Primary School, Frankfurt, with Bretzke, April 2010, as part of Ecologic Institute tour. Figures provided by Bretzke. A US reference for Passive House standards: Alex Wilson, "The Passive House Arrives in North America: Could It Revolutionize the Way We Build?" BuildingGreen.com, April 1, 2010, http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2010/3/31/Passive-House-Arrives-in-North-America-Could-It-Revolutionize-the-Way-We-Build/.
160. On Manitoba Hydro Place: presentation to author by architect KPMB, as well as their website: http://www.kpmbarchitects.com/index.asp?navid=30&fid1= 0&fid2=37# credits.
161. See also Charles Linn, "Manitoba Hydro Place, " Green-Source magazine, March 2010. Monitored energy performance was less than the design goal, running about eighty-eight kilowatt hours per square meter per year, according to correspondence from John Peterson, of KPMB.
162. James S. Russell, "Ballard Library, " Architectural Record, May 2006, 158-62.
163. William Morrish, Susanne Schindler, and Katie Swenson, Growing Urban Habi - tats: Seeking a New Housing Development Model (San Francisco: William Stout Publishers, 2009), 76-79
164. and architects' website: http://www.loharchitects.com.
165. Empire State Building: author interview with owner Anthony Malkin and Paul Rode of Johnson Controls, July 2010.
166. "A Landmark Sustainability Program for the Empire State Building, " white paper prepared by the ESB retrofit team (2009), http://www.esbsustainability.com.
167. James S. Russell, "King Kong's Perch Goes Green for $20M as Earth Roasts, " Bloomberg, August 30, 2010.
168. Russell, "Arts Stimulus Ban Is Stupid Economics, " Bloomberg, February 13, 2009.
169. Jeffrey Meltrodt, "Understaffed and Overwhelmed, " New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 28, 2007. Author confirmed Road Home problems in interviews with officials, activists, and users in February 2007.
170. "Trinity River Masterplan" (2009), http://www.thetrinitytrust.org.
171. Great Park description: Orange County Great Park website, http://www.ocgp.org.
172. Financing: Tony Barboza, "Irvine's Great Park Hasn't Exactly Earned Its Name, " Los Angeles Times, April 12, 2008.
173. Cost figure from Ken Smith, the park's landscape designer, in Jeff Byles, "Great Expectations, " Architects' Newspaper, November 25, 2009.
174. BeltLine information from the project's website: http://www.beltline.org. Local news coverage has focused on the city's inability to raise its share of money for the project.
175. Author conversation with Rachele Raynoff, press secretary, New York City Department of City Planning, June 2010.
176. Factsheet: "HUD-DOT-EPA Interagency Partnership for Sustainable Communities, " http://www.epa.gov/dced/partnership/index.html.
177. LEED ND data comes from the "Neighborhood Resources" pages of the website of the US Green Building Council (http://www.usgbc.org)
178. The German equivalent of the US Green Building Council is called DGNB (http://www.dgnb.de). The rating system was established in 2007.
179. James S. Russell, "Berlin Struggles to Reinvent Itself, " Architectural Record, October 1995, 29-31, 112;
180. James S. Russell, "The New Berlin: What Happens When a City Transforms Itself through Architecture, " Architectural Record, March 2002, 76-80.
181. Trevor Boddy, "Vancouverism vs. Lower Manhattanism: Shaping the High Density City, " presented at the Institute for Urban Design, New York, September 20, 2005
182. and reprinted on the website ArchNewsNow, http://www.archnewsnow.com. Author also interviewed Boddy in July 2008.
183. Vancouver's EcoDensity initiative: http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/ecocity/index.htm.
184. James S. Russell, "Where Architecture Is Urban Design, " Architectural Record, March 2005, 62-66.
185. "HafenCity Hamburg Projects: Insights into Current Developments, " published by HafenCity Hamburg GmbH, March 2010, accessed from the website http://www.hafencity.com.
186. McMansion overbuilding: Arthur C. Nelson, "Leadership in a New Era, " Journal of the American Planning Association 72, no. 4(2006):393-406.
187. Nelson was later cited in "Drop in Homeownership Likely to Continue, " USA Today, August 5, 2009.
188. Author visit and briefing, January 2007, and South Waterfront website: http://www.southwaterfront.com/about/.
189. A skeptic's view of Portland's urban growth boundary: Robert Bruegmann, Sprawl: A Compact History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), ch. 13.
190. Sheri Olson, "Portland Grows Up-Not Out-with Sienna Architecture Company's Irvington Place, " Architectural Record, December 2000.
191. Resources for rethinking strip development: Ellen Dunham-Jones and June Williamson, Retrofitting Suburbia: Urban Design Solutions for Redesigning Suburbs (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2009);
192. Galina Tachieva, The Sprawl Repair Manual (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010).
193. For inventive multifamily housing, see William R. Morrish, Susanne Schindler, and Katie Swenson, Growing Urban Habitats: Seeking a New Housing Development Model (San Francisco: William Stout Publishers, 2009).
194. Damon Darlin, "Street Corners vs. Cul de Sacs, " New York Times, January 9, 2010.
195. Author interview of Chakrabarti, June 2010.
196. There's a large literature that claims regulations are a key driver of higher development costs, especially for housing. Prominent ones include "'Not in My Backyard': Removing Barriers to Affordable Housing, " a report spearheaded by Jack Kemp, secretary of HUD (1991), http://www.huduser.org/publications/RBCPUBS/NotinMyBackyward.html;
197. and much work by planning analyst Anthony Downs. It can be difficult to attribute higher costs to regulations alone, since several factors enter in, especially wealth. Affluent communities of all political stripes tend to welcome regulation that protects property values and "quality of life, " costing anti-regulatory forces a powerful constituency. Arthur C. Nelson et al. make the case that regulations only marginally impact costs of housing in Environmental Regulations and Housing Costs (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009).
198. William Fulton, The Reluctant Metropolis: The Politics of Urban Growth in Los Angeles (Point Arena, CA: Solano, 1997).
199. James S. Russell, "Can LEED Survive the Carbon Neutral Era?" Metropolis, November 2007.
200. STAR Community Index: http://www.icleiusa.org/programs/sustainability/star-community-index.
201. Suzanne Dailey, "Safety Net Frays in Spain, as Elsewhere in Europe, " New York Times, June 27, 2010.
202. S&L regulations and collapse: "The S&L Crisis: A Chrono-Bibliography, " on website of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: http://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/s%26l/index.html. Construction volume from Dodge Construction Index.
203. The go-go bubble (but not the eventual crash) was memorably chronicled by Michael Lewis in The New New Thing: A Silicon Valley Story (New York: Norton, 2000).
204. James S. Russell, "475 Brannan Street, " Architectural Record, June 2000, 162-64.
205. After ten years, the NASDAQ had recovered less than half its peak value: Sam Guston, "Ten Years after the Dot Com Bust, Tech Is Booming Again, " AOL Daily Finance website, March 10, 2010, http://srph.it/byHhAE.
206. Joseph E. Stiglitz, Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy (New York: Norton, 2010)
207. Alex Blumberg and Adam Davidson, "The Giant Pool of Money, " a coproduction of the public radio program This American Life and National Public Radio (first aired May 9, 2008), summarizes the same events with extraordinary clarity.
208. Stiglitz, Freefall, 19, makes this point, as do many other authorities.
209. Stiglitz, Freefall, 182
210. on offshoring. By 2050, China's economy may be twice as large as America's, with India's equal to it: "The N-11: More than an Acronym, " Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper no. 153 (March 28, 2007), accessed via Wikipedia, topic "BRICs"
211. Ucilia Wang, "China Tops the World in Solar Panel Manufacturing, " AOL Daily Finance website, June 3, 2010, http://srph.it/d4wO9u, confirming a comment made on visit to German manufacturer Solon in April 2010. Germany had previously been the solar-production leader as well as the world's largest solar market.
212. Stiglitz, Freefall, 357
213. and referencing William D. Nordhaus and James Tobin, "Is Growth Obsolete?" Economic Research: Retrospect and Prospect, vol. 5, Economic Growth (New York: Columbia University Press, for the National Bureau of Economic Research, 1972).
214. Stiglitz, Freefall, 181, 259, is one of many economists.
215. Also, Paul Collier considers economic and political means to avoid exploitation of resources to exhaustion: The Plundered Planet: Why We Must- and How We Can-Manage Nature for Global Prosperity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
216. The Lake Washington cleanup was so defining in Seattle that it played a part in Roger Sale's history of the city, Seattle, Past to Present (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), 197-200.
217. J. Clarence Davies and Jan Mazurek, Pollution Control in the United States: Evaluating the System (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1998), 126-35.
218. The lower Cuyahoga River, in Cleveland, caught fire in 1969-not for the first time- and the resulting publicity helped focus the public's attention on the need for clean-water legislation. US Environmental Protection Agency, "Cuyahoga River Area of Concern, " undated web-based document: http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/aoc/cuyahoga.html.
219. On energy conservation: Steven Mufson, "In Energy Conservation California Sees the Light, " Washington Post, February 17, 2007.
220. California Assembly Bill 32 sets the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020: http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm.
221. Vision California: Calthorpe Associates, "Vision California/Charting Our Future: Statewide Scenarios Report, " revision of May 12, 2010, http://www.visioncalifornia.org
222. and http://www.calthorpe.com/vision-california.
223. John Timmer, "Testing the Vehicle-to-grid Connection, " Ars Technica website, February 22, 2010, http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2010/02/testing-theelectric-vehicle-to-grid-connection. ars.
224. David J. Leeds, "The Networked EV: Smart Grids and Electric Vehicles; First Stop, California, " in GreenTechGrid, in - dustry news website, February 23, 2010, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/the-networked-ev-smart-grids-and-electric-vehicles-first-step-california/.
225. John M. Broder, "A Call to Triple U. S. Spending on Energy Research, " New York Times, June 9, 2010.
226. Paul D. Gottlieb, "Growing without Growth: An Alternative Economic Development Goal for Metropolitan Areas, " discussion Paper for the Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, 2002. There's also a new research focus on shrinking cities that seeks a stable economic basis for European communities that are aging and losing population, and for American industrial cities that have failed to find new engines for either economic or population growth. The work has identified means to shrink more gracefully but in my view has not yet made a persuasive case for nurturing wealth or well-being in the absence of at least some long-term population gain.
227. David I. Stern, "The Environmental Kuznets Curve, " International Society for Ecological Economics Internet Encyclopedia of Ecological Economics, June 2003, http://www.ecoeco.org/pdf/stern.pdf.
228. Keith Bradsher, "China Fears Warming Effects of Consumer Wants, " New York Times, July 4, 2010.
229. Collier, The Plundered Planet. Stiglitz, in Freefall, 405
230. Alex Morales and Marianne Stigset, "Norway Offers 40 Percent Emissions Cut, Biggest among Developed World, " Bloomberg, October 8, 2009.
231. Alice Waters, of Chez Panisse restaurant, was an early champion of what has come to be known as slow food. Eric Schlosser's Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal focused on industrially processed food (New York: Harper Perennial, 2005).
232. Michael Pollan contrasted the heavy use of oil and corn in food production with local and organic food in The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006).
233. The founding of the Slow Cities movement-Cittaslow, in Italian-is attributed to Paolo Saturnini, once mayor of Greve, in the Chianti region: http://www.cittaslow.org.
234. Frances Mayes, Under the Tuscan Sun (New York: Broadway Books, 1997)
235. Bike culture in Portland, local-food cultures in California, and Brooklyn's nexus of designers and producers of specialized food, furniture, and clothing are "slow city" hubs in America, even if not explicitly so. Environmental writer Bill McKibben endorses local economies as a global warming solution in Deep Economy: The Wealth of Communities and the Durable Future (New York: Times Books, 2007).
236. Jane Jacobs, Cities and the Wealth of Nations: Principles of Economic Life (New York: Random House, 1984).
237. "Sustainable Energy Security: Strategic Risks and Opportunities for Business, " July 2010
238. white paper published by Lloyd's, the global specialist insurer, available at http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/papers/view/-/id/891/.
239. European agricultural subsidies: Pietro Nivola, Laws of the Landscape: How Policies Shape Cities in Europe and America (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1999).
240. A deep literature has developed on environmental economics, valuing "eco - system services" and integrating them into human endeavor. Driving down resource use forges "natural capital, " for example, in Hunter Lovins, Amory Lovins, and Paul Hawken, Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revo lution (Boston: Back Bay Books, 2008).
241. GDP measures "growth" that erodes rather than enhances well-being: Stiglitz, Freefall, 259.
242. James S. Russell, ed., The Mayors' Institute: Excellence in City Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002).
243. See also http://www.micd.org (Mayors' Institute)
244. and http://www.govinstitute.org (Governors' Institute).
245. Architectural Record magazine and Tulane University hosted the "High Density on the High Ground" competition in New Orleans in spring 2006. James S. Russell, "Designing the Future of New Orleans, " Architectural Record, June 2006, 114-23.
246. Jess Smee, "The Watery Future of East Germany's Coal Mines, " Spiegel Online, September 28, 2010, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0, 1518, 717855, 00.html.abs