Forms of Self-Criticising/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale: Psychometric properties and normative study

Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice

Volumn 88, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 438-452

  Baião, Rita ^a   Gilbert, Paul ^b   McEwan, Kirsten ^c   Carvalho, Sérgio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^b KINGSWAY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c CARDIFF UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

confirmatory factor analysis; FSCRS; normative study; self criticism

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CLASSIFICATION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOMETRY; QUESTIONNAIRE; REPRODUCIBILITY; SELF EVALUATION; SELF REPORT; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SELF REPORT; SELF-ASSESSMENT; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84945490067     PISSN: 14760835     EISSN: 20448341     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/papt.12049     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Bollen, K. A., (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York, NY: Wiley.
2. Brown, T. A., (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
3. Castilho, P., Pinto-Gouveia, J., &, Duarte, J., (2015). Exploring self-criticism: Confirmatory factor analysis of the FSCRS in clinical and nonclinical samples. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22, 153-164. doi: 10.1002/cpp.1881
4. Cheung, G. W., &, Rensvold, R. B., (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233-255. doi: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902-5
5. Cox, B. J., Walker, J. R., Enns, M. W., &, Karpinski, D. C., (2002). Self-criticism in generalized social phobia and response to cognitive-behavioral treatment. Behaviour Therapy, 33, 479-491. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80012-0
6. Curran, P. J., West, S. G., &, Finch, G. F., (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1, 16-29. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.16
7. Diamantopoulos, A., &, Siguaw, J. A., (2000). Introducing LISREL. London, UK: Sage.
8. Fornell, C., &, Larcker, D. F., (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. doi: 10.2307/3151312
9. Gilbert, P., (2010). Compassion focused therapy: The CBT distinctive features series. London, UK: Routledge.
10. Gilbert, P., Allan, S., Brough, S., Melley, S., &, Miles, J. N. V., (2002). Relationship of anhedonia and anxiety to social rank, defeat and entrapment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 71, 141-151. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00392-5
11. Gilbert, P., Baldwin, M. W., Irons, C., Baccus, J. R., &, Palmer, M., (2006). Self-criticism and self-warmth: An imagery study exploring their relation to depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 183-200. doi: 10.1891/jcop.20.2.183
12. Gilbert, P., Cheung, M., Irons, C., &, McEwan, K., (2005). An exploration into depression-focused and anger-focused rumination in relation to depression in a student population. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33, 273-283. doi: 10.1017/S1352465804002048
13. Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J. N. V., &, Irons, C., (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 31-50. doi: 10.1348/014466504772812959
14. Gilbert, P., Durrant, R., &, McEwan, K., (2006). Investigating relationships between perfectionism, forms and functions of self-criticism, and sensitivity to put-down. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1299-1308. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.05.004
15. Gilbert, P., &, Irons, C., (2005). Focused therapies and compassionate mind training for shame and self-attacking. In, P. Gilbert, (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 263-325). London, UK: Routledge.
16. Gilbert, P., Irons, C., Olsen, K., Gilbert, J., &, McEwan, K., (2006). Interpersonal sensitivities: Their link to mood, anger and gender. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory Research and Practice, 79, 37-51. doi: 10.1348/147608305X43856
17. Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Catarino, F., &, Baião, R., (2014a). Fears of negative emotions in relation to fears of happiness, compassion, alexithymia and psychopathology in a depressed population: A preliminary study. Journal of Depression & Anxiety. Advance online publication. doi: 10.4172/2167-1044.S2-004
18. Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Catarino, F., &, Baião, R., (2014b). Fears of compassion in a depressed population-Implications for Psychotherapy. Journal of Depression & Anxiety. Advance online publication. doi: 10.4172/2167-1044.S2-00
19. Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Gibbons, L., Chotai, S., Duarte, J., &, Matos, M., (2012). Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness and self-criticism. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 8, 374-390. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02046.x
20. Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Irons, C., Bhundia, R., Christie, R., Broomhead, C., &, Rockliff, H., (2010). Self-harm in a mixed clinical population: The roles of self-criticism, shame, and social rank. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 563-576. doi: 10.1348/014466509X479771
21. Gilbert, P., &, Miles, J. N. V., (2000). Sensitivity to social put-down: Its relationship to perceptions of social rank, shame, social anxiety, depression, anger and self-other blame. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 757-774. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00230-5
22. Gilbert, P., &, Procter, S., (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: A pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 353-379. doi: 10.1002/cpp.507
23. Goodall, T., Gilbert, P., &, McEwan, K., (2014). Early memories of childhood warmth: The effect on self-evaluation and future emotions. Manuscript submitted for publication.
24. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., &, Black, W. C., (1998). Multivariate data analysis. New York, NY: Prentice Hall.
25. Hu, L., &, Bentler, P., (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
26. Irons, C., Gilbert, P., Baldwin, M. W., Baccus, J. R., &, Palmer, M., (2006). Parental recall, attachment relating and self-attacking/self-reassurance: Their relationship with depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 297-308. doi: 10.1348/014466505X68230
27. Jöreskog, K., &, Sörbom, D., (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
28. Judge, L., Cleghorn, A., McEwan, K., &, Gilbert, P., (2012). An exploration of group-based compassion focused therapy for a heterogeneous range of clients presenting to a community mental health team. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5, 420-429. doi: 10.1521/ijct.2012.5.4.420
29. Kupeli, N., Chilcot, J., Schmidt, U. H., Campbell, I. C., &, Troop, N. A., (2013). A confirmatory factor analysis and validation of the forms of self-criticism/reassurance scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52, 12-25. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.2012.02042.x
30. Leaviss, J., &, Uttley, L., (2015). Psychotherapeutic benefits of compassion-focused therapy: An early systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 45, 927-945. doi: 10.1017/S0033291714002141
31. Longe, O., Maratos, F. A., Gilbert, P., Evans, G., Volker, F., Rockliffe, H., &, Rippon, G., (2010). Having a word with yourself: Neural correlates of self-criticism and selfreassurance. NeuroImage, 49, 1849-1856. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.019
32. Lucre, K. M., &, Corten, N., (2013). An exploration of group compassion-focused therapy for personality disorder. Psychol Psychother, 86, 387-400. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.2012.02068.x
33. Marôco, J., (2010). Análise estatística com o PASW Statistics [Statistical analysis using PASW Statics]. Pêro Pinheiro, Portugal: ReportNumber.
34. Marôco, J., &, Bispo, R., (2003). Estatística aplicada às ciências sociais e humanas [Statistics applied to social and human sciences]. Lisboa, Portugal: Climepsi Editores.
35. Marsh, H. W., &, Hocevar, D., (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First- and higher-order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 562-582. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.97.3.562
36. Mayhew, S. L., &, Gilbert, P., (2008). Compassionate mind training with people who hear malevolent voices: A case series report. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 15, 113-138. doi: 10.1002/cpp.566
37. Mills, A., Gilbert, P., Bellew, R., McEwan, K., &, Gale, C., (2007). Paranoid beliefs and self-criticism in students. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 358-364. doi: 10.1002/cpp.537
38. Neff, K. D., (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self & Identity, 2, 85-102. doi: 10.1080/15298860309032
39. Procter, S., &, Bradley, B., (2005). Compassionate mind training in a clinical sample. Unpublished manuscript.
40. Rector, N. A., Bagby, R. M., Segal, Z. V., Joffe, R. T., &, Levitt, A., (2000). Self-criticism and dependency in depressed patients treated with cognitive therapy or pharmacotherapy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 571-584. doi: 10.1023/A:1005566112869
41. Richter, A., Gilbert, P., &, McEwan, K., (2009). Development of an early memories of warmth and safeness scale and its relationship to psychopathology. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 82, 171-184. doi: 10.1348/147608308X395213
42. Rockliff, H., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Lightman, S., &, Glover, D., (2008). A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion focused imagery. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5, 132-139.
43. Rockliff, H., Karl, A., McEwan, K., Gilbert, J., Matos, M., &, Gilbert, P., (2011). Effects of intranasal oxytocin on 'compassion focused imagery'. Emotion, 11, 1388-1396. doi: 10.1037/a0023861
44. Tabachnick, B. G., &, Fidell, L. S., (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
45. Whelton, W. J., &, Greenberg, L. S., (2005). Emotion in self-criticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1583-1595. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.024
46. Zuroff, D. C., Santor, D., &, Mongrain, M., (2005). Dependency, self-criticism, and maladjustment. In, J. S. Auerbach, K. N. Levy, &, C. E. Schaffer, (Eds.), Relatedness, self-definition and mental representation. Essays in honour of Sidney J. Blatt (pp. 75-90). London, UK; New York, NY: Routledge.