The formation of moist vortices and tropical cyclones in idealized simulations

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 72, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 3499-3516

  Davis, Christopher A ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Convective scale processes; Hurricanes; Mesoscale processes

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; HURRICANES; IMPORTANCE SAMPLING; LAKES; OCEANOGRAPHY; SPIN DYNAMICS; STORMS; SURFACE PROPERTIES; SURFACE WATERS; TROPICS;

CONVECTIVE INTENSITY; CONVECTIVE-SCALE PROCESS; MESOSCALE PROCESS; ROTATING STRUCTURES; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST); THERMODYNAMIC CHANGES; THERMODYNAMIC STABILIZATION; UNIFORM SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

VORTEX FLOW;

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE; HURRICANE; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL CYCLONE; UPDRAFT; VORTEX;

EID: 84945161956     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-15-0027.1     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Barnes, G. M., and K. Sieckman, 1984: The environment of fast-and slow-moving tropical mesoscale convective cloud lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1782-1794, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112, <1782: TEOFAS>2.0.CO;2.
2. Bister, M., and K. A. Emanuel, 1997: The genesis of Hurricane Guillermo: TEXMEX analyses and a modeling study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2662-2682, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125, <2662: TGOHGT>2.0.CO;2.
3. Bretherton, C., P. Blossey, and M. Khairoutdinov, 2005: An energy-balance analysis of deep convective self-aggregation above uniform SST. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 4273-4292, doi: 10.1175/JAS3614.1.
4. Bryan, G. H., and J. M. Fritsch, 2002: A benchmark simulation for moist nonhydrostatic numerical models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2917-2928, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130, <2917: ABSFMN>2.0.CO;2.
5. Bryan, G. H., and H. Morrison, 2012: Sensitivity of a simulated squall line to horizontal resolution and parameterization of microphysics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 202-225, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00046.1.
6. Chou, M.-D., and M. J. Suarez, 1999: A solar radiation parameterization for atmospheric studies. NASA Tech. Memo. NASA/TM-1999-104606, 51 pp. [Available online at http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990060930.pdf.]
7. Creighton, G. A., R. E. Hart, and P. Cunningham, 2013: A spatial filter approach to evaluating the role of convection on the evolution of a mesoscale vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1954-1976, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-12-0186.1.
8. Davis, C. A., and L. F. Bosart, 2006: The formation of Hurricane Humberto (2001): The importance of extra-tropical precursors. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 2055-2085, doi: 10.1256/qj.05.42.
9. Davis, C. A., and D. A. Ahijevych, 2013: Thermodynamic environments of deep convection in Atlantic tropical disturbances. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1912-1928, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-12-0278.1.
10. Dunkerton, T. J., M. T. Montgomery, and Z. Wang, 2009: Tropical cyclogenesis in a tropical wave critical layer: Easterly waves. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5587-5646, doi: 10.5194/acp-9-5587-2009.
11. Eliassen, A., 1962: On the vertical circulation in frontal zones. Geofys. Publ., 24 (4), 147-160.
12. Emanuel, K., A. A. Wing, and E. Vincent, 2013: Radiative-convective instability. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 6, 75-90, doi: 10.1002/2013MS000270.
13. Fang, J., and F. Zhang, 2011: Evolution of multiscale vortices in the development of Hurricane Dolly (2008). J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 103-122, doi: 10.1175/2010JAS3522.1.
14. Gjorgjievska, S., and D. J. Raymond, 2014: Interaction between dynamics and thermodynamics during tropical cyclogenesis. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3065-3082, doi: 10.5194/acp-14-3065-2014.
15. Held, M. I., R. S. Hemler, and V. Ramaswamy, 1993: Radiative-convective equilibrium with explicitly two-dimensional moist convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3909-3927, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050, <3909: RCEWET>2.0.CO;2.
16. Hendricks, E. A., M. T. Montgomery, and C. A. Davis, 2004: The role of "vortical" hot towers in the formation of Tropical Cyclone Diana (1984). J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1209-1232, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061, <1209: TROVHT>2.0.CO;2.
17. Hong, S.-Y., Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia, 2006: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2318-2341, doi: 10.1175/MWR3199.1.
18. Houze, R., Jr., 2004: Mesoscale convective systems. Rev. Geophys., 42, RG4003, doi: 10.1029/2004RG000150.
19. James, R. P., and P. M. Markowski, 2010: A numerical investigation of the effects of dry air aloft on deep convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 140-161, doi: 10.1175/2009MWR3018.1.
20. Jeevanjee, N., and D. M. Romps, 2013: Convective selfaggregation, cold pools, and domain size. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 994-998, doi: 10.1002/grl.50204.
21. Kilroy, G., and R. K. Smith, 2013: A numerical study of rotating convection during tropical cyclogenesis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 1255-1269, doi: 10.1002/qj.2022.
22. Komaromi, W. A., 2013: An investigation of composite dropsonde profiles for developing and nondeveloping tropical waves during the 2010 PREDICT field campaign. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 542-558, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-12-052.1.
23. McBride, J. L., and R. Zehr, 1981: Observational analysis of tropical cyclone formation. Part II: Comparison of non-developing versus developing systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1132-1151, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038, <1132: OAOTCF>2.0.CO;2.
24. Montgomery, M. T., and R. K. Smith, 2014: Paradigms for tropical cyclone intensification. Aust. Meteor. Oceanogr. J., 64, 37-66.
25. Montgomery, M. T., M. E. Nicholls, T. A. Cram, and A. B. Saunders, 2006: A vortical hot tower route to tropical cyclogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 355-386, doi: 10.1175/JAS3604.1.
26. Muller, C., and I. Held, 2012: Detailed investigation of the selfaggregation of convection in cloud-resolving simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2551-2565, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-11-0257.1.
27. Nolan, D. S., 2007: What is the trigger for tropical cyclogenesis? Aust. Meteor. Mag., 56, 241-266.
28. Nolan, D. S., and M. G. McGauley, 2012: Tropical cyclogenesis in wind shear: Climatological relationships and physical processes. Cyclones: Formation, Triggers, and Control. K. Oouchi and H. Fudyasu, Eds., Nova Science Publishers, 1-36.
29. Nolan, D. S., E. D. Rappin, and K. A. Emanuel, 2007: Tropical cyclone genesis sensitivity to environmental parameters in radiative-convective equilibrium. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 2085-2107, doi: 10.1002/qj.170.
30. Parsons, D. B., 1992: An explanation for intense frontal updrafts and narrow cold-frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1810-1825, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049, <1810: AEFIFU>2.0.CO;2.
31. Raymond, D. J., 2012: Balanced thermal structure of an intensifying tropical cyclone. Tellus, 64A, 19 181, doi: 10.3402/tellusa.v64i0.19181.
32. Raymond, D. J., and S. Sessions, 2007: Evolution of convection during tropical cyclogenesis. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06811, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028607.
33. Raymond, D. J., S. L. Sessions, and C. Lopez Carrillo, 2011: Thermodynamics of tropical cyclogenesis in the northwest Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D18101, doi: 10.1029/2011JD015624.
34. Romps, D. M., and Z. Kuang, 2010: Do undiluted convective plumes exist in the upper tropical troposphere? J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 468-484, doi: 10.1175/2009JAS3184.1.
35. Rotunno, R., and K. A. Emanuel, 1987: Air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part II: Evolutionary study using a nonhydrostatic, axisymmetric numerical model. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 542-561, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044, <0542: AAITFT>2.0.CO;2.
36. Rotunno, R., J. B. Klemp, and M. L. Weisman, 1988: A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 463-485, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045, <0463: ATFSLL>2.0.CO;2.
37. Sawyer, J. S., 1956: The vertical circulation at meteorological fronts and its relation to frontogenesis. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A234, 346-362, doi: 10.1098/rspa.1956.0039.
38. Schecter, D. A., and T. J. Dunkerton, 2009: Hurricane formation in diabatic Ekman turbulence. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 823-838, doi: 10.1002/qj.405.
39. Simpson, J., E. Ritchie, G. J. Holland, J. Halverson, and S. Stewart, 1997: Mesoscale interactions in tropical cyclone genesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2643-2661, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125, <2643: MIITCG>2.0.CO;2.
40. Tobin, I., S. Bony, and R. Roca, 2012: Observational evidence for relationships between the degree of aggregation of deep convection, water vapor, surface fluxes, and radiation. J. Climate, 25, 6885-6904, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00258.1.
41. Tompkins, A., 2001: Organization of tropical convection in low wind shears: The role of water vapor. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 529-545, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058, <0529: OOTCIL>2.0.CO;2.
42. Wang, Z., 2012: Thermodynamic aspects of tropical cyclone formation. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2433-2451, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-11-0298.1.
43. Wheeler, M., and G. N. Kiladis, 1999: Convectively coupled equatorial waves: Analysis of clouds and temperature in the wavenumber-frequency domain. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 374-399, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056, <0374: CCEWAO>2.0.CO;2.
44. Wicker, L. J., and W. C. Skamarock, 2002: Time-splitting methods for elastic models using forward time schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2088-2097, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130, <2088: TSMFEM>2.0.CO;2.
45. Wing, A. A., and K. A. Emanuel, 2014: Physical mechanisms controlling self-aggregation of convection in idealized numerical modeling simulations. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 6, 59-74, doi: 10.1002/2013MS000269.
46. Wissmeier, U., and R. K. Smith, 2011: Tropical cyclone convection: The effects of ambient vertical vorticity. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 845-857, doi: 10.1002/qj.819.
47. Zawislak, J., and E. J. Zipser, 2014a: Analysis of the thermodynamic properties of developing and nondeveloping tropical disturbances using a comprehensive dropsonde dataset. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 1250-1264, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00253.1.
48. Zawislak, J., and E. J. Zipser, 2014b: A multisatellite investigation of the convective properties of developing and nondeveloping tropical disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 4624-4645, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00028.1.