Disease monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 21, Issue 40, 2015, Pages 11246-11259

  Chang, Shannon ^a   Malter, Lisa ^a   Hudesman, David ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; C reactive protein; Crohn's disease; Fecal calprotectin; Fecal immunochemical test; Inflammatory bowel disease; Postoperative recurrence; Remission; Ulcerative colitis

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CALGRANULIN; INFLIXIMAB; AUTACOID; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ARTICLE; CANCER SCREENING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COLORECTAL CANCER; CROHN DISEASE; ENDOSCOPY; FECAL IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST; GOLD STANDARD; HUMAN; IMMUNOCHEMISTRY; PATIENT MONITORING; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; RECURRENT DISEASE; RELAPSE; REMISSION; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; BLOOD; CHEMISTRY; COLITIS, ULCERATIVE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM EXAMINATION; FECES; GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

BIOMARKERS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; COLITIS, ULCERATIVE; CROHN DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; ENDOSCOPY, GASTROINTESTINAL; FECES; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; LEUKOCYTE L1 ANTIGEN COMPLEX; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RECURRENCE; REMISSION INDUCTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84944884796     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11246     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Lichtenstein GR, Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ. Management of Crohn's disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 465-483; quiz 464, 484 [PMID: 19174807 DOI:10.1038/ajg.2008.168].
2. Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Feagan BG, Reinisch W, Olson A, Johanns J, Lu J, Horgan K, Rachmilewitz D, Hanauer SB, Lichtenstein GR, de Villiers WJ, Present D, Sands BE, Colombel JF. Colectomy rate comparison after treatment of ulcerative colitis with placebo or infliximab. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 1250-1260; quiz 1520 [PMID: 19596014 DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.061].
3. Cellier C, Sahmoud T, Froguel E, Adenis A, Belaiche J, Bretagne JF, Florent C, Bouvry M, Mary JY, Modigliani R. Correlations between clinical activity, endoscopic severity, and biological parameters in colonic or ileocolonic Crohn's disease. A prospective multicentre study of 121 cases. The Groupe d'Etudes Thérapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives. Gut 1994; 35: 231-235 [PMID: 7508411]1.
4. Papi C, Fascì-Spurio F, Rogai F, Settesoldi A, Margagnoni G, Annese V. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: Treatment efficacy and predictive factors. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45: 978-985 [PMID: 24018244 DOI:10.1016/j.dld.2013.07.006].
5. Lichtenstein GR, Yan S, Bala M, Blank M, Sands BE. Infliximab maintenance treatment reduces hospitalizations, surgeries, and procedures in fistulizing Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 862-869 [PMID: 15825070].
6. Frøslie KF, Jahnsen J, Moum BA, Vatn MH. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian populationbased cohort. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 412-422 [PMID: 17681162 DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.051].
7. Schnitzler F, Fidder H, Ferrante M, Noman M, Arijs I, Van Assche G, Hoffman I, Van Steen K, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P. Mucosal healing predicts long-term outcome of maintenance therapy with infliximab in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15: 1295-1301 [PMID: 19340881 DOI:10.1002/ibd.20927].
8. Sands BE. Biomarkers of Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2015; 149: 1275-1285.e2 [PMID: 26166315 DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.003].
9. Wu F, Guo NJ, Tian H, Marohn M, Gearhart S, Bayless TM, Brant SR, Kwon JH. Peripheral blood microRNAs distinguish active ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17: 241-250 [PMID: 20812331 DOI:10.1002/ibd.21450].
10. Poulsen NA, Andersen V, Møller JC, Møller HS, Jessen F, Purup S, Larsen LB. Comparative analysis of inflamed and non-inflamed colon biopsies reveals strong proteomic inflammation profile in patients with ulcerative colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12: 76 [PMID: 22726388 DOI:10.1186/1471-230X-12-76].
11. Tillett WS, Francis T. Serological reactions in pneumonia with a non-protein somatic fraction of pneumococcus. J Exp Med 1930; 52: 561-571 [PMID: 19869788].
12. Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. Laboratory markers in IBD: useful, magic, or unnecessary toys? Gut 2006; 55: 426-431 [PMID: 16474109 DOI:10.1136/gut.2005.069476].
13. Fengming Y, Jianbing W. Biomarkers of inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Markers 2014; 2014: 710915 [PMID: 24963213 DOI:10.1155/2014/710915].
14. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 836-843 [PMID: 10733371 DOI:10.1056/NEJM200003233421202].
15. Bataille R, Boccadoro M, Klein B, Durie B, Pileri A. C-reactive protein and beta-2 microglobulin produce a simple and powerful myeloma staging system. Blood 1992; 80: 733-737 [PMID: 1638024].
16. Solem CA, Loftus EV, Tremaine WJ, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Sandborn WJ. Correlation of C-reactive protein with clinical, endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11: 707-712 [PMID: 16043984].
17. Fagan EA, Dyck RF, Maton PN, Hodgson HJ, Chadwick VS, Petrie A, Pepys MB. Serum levels of C-reactive protein in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Eur J Clin Invest 1982; 12: 351-359 [PMID: 6814926].
18. Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. The role of C-reactive protein as an inflammatory marker in gastrointestinal diseases. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 2: 580-586 [PMID: 16327837 DOI:10.1038/ncpgasthep0359].
19. Saverymuttu SH, Hodgson HJ, Chadwick VS, Pepys MB. Differing acute phase responses in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Gut 1986; 27: 809-813 [PMID: 3732890].
20. Talstad I, Gjone E. The disease activity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1976; 11: 403-408 [PMID: 935802].
21. Karoui S, Ouerdiane S, Serghini M, Jomni T, Kallel L, Fekih M, Boubaker J, Filali A. Correlation between levels of C-reactive protein and clinical activity in Crohn's disease. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39: 1006-1010 [PMID: 17889628 DOI:10.1016/j.dld.2007.06.015].
22. Tilakaratne S, Lemberg DA, Leach ST, Day AS. C-reactive protein and disease activity in children with Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 131-136 [PMID: 19830556 DOI:10.1007/s10620-009-1017-8].
23. Jones J, Loftus EV, Panaccione R, Chen LS, Peterson S, McConnell J, Baudhuin L, Hanson K, Feagan BG, Harmsen SW, Zinsmeister AR, Helou E, Sandborn WJ. Relationships between disease activity and serum and fecal biomarkers in patients with Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6: 1218-1224 [PMID: 18799360 DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.06.010].
24. Kiss LS, Szamosi T, Molnar T, Miheller P, Lakatos L, Vincze A, Palatka K, Barta Z, Gasztonyi B, Salamon A, Horvath G, Tóth GT, Farkas K, Banai J, Tulassay Z, Nagy F, Szenes M, Veres G, Lovasz BD, Vegh Z, Golovics PA, Szathmari M, Papp M, Lakatos PL. Early clinical remission and normalisation of CRP are the strongest predictors of efficacy, mucosal healing and dose escalation during the first year of adalimumab therapy in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 911-922 [PMID: 21883326 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04827.x].
25. Björkesten CG, Nieminen U, Turunen U, Arkkila P, Sipponen T, Färkkilä M. Surrogate markers and clinical indices, alone or combined, as indicators for endoscopic remission in anti-TNFtreated luminal Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 528-537 [PMID: 22356594 DOI:10.3109/00365521.2012.660542].
26. Hanauer SB, Sandborn W; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Management of Crohn's disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 635-643 [PMID: 11280528 DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.3671-c.x].
27. Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I, Stray N, Sauar J, Vatn MH, Moum B. C-reactive protein: A predictive factor and marker of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Results from a prospective population-based study. Gut 2008; 57: 1518-1523 [PMID: 18566104 DOI:10.1136/gut.2007.146357].
28. Mosli MH, Zou G, Garg SK, Feagan SG, MacDonald JK, Chande N, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG. C-Reactive Protein, Fecal Calprotectin, and Stool Lactoferrin for Detection of Endoscopic Activity in Symptomatic Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 802-819; quiz 820 [PMID: 25964225 DOI:10.1038/ajg.2015.120].
29. Boirivant M, Leoni M, Tariciotti D, Fais S, Squarcia O, Pallone F. The clinical significance of serum C reactive protein levels in Crohn's disease. Results of a prospective longitudinal study. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988; 10: 401-405 [PMID: 3418087].
30. Koelewijn CL, Schwartz MP, Samsom M, Oldenburg B. C-reactive protein levels during a relapse of Crohn's disease are associated with the clinical course of the disease. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 85-89 [PMID: 18176967].
31. Bitton A, Dobkin PL, Edwardes MD, Sewitch MJ, Meddings JB, Rawal S, Cohen A, Vermeire S, Dufresne L, Franchimont D, Wild GE. Predicting relapse in Crohn's disease: A biopsychosocial model. Gut 2008; 57: 1386-1392 [PMID: 18390994 DOI:10.1136/gut.2007.134817].
32. Consigny Y, Modigliani R, Colombel JF, Dupas JL, Lémann M, Mary JY. A simple biological score for predicting low risk of shortterm relapse in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12: 551-557 [PMID: 16804391 DOI:10.1097/01.ibd.0000225334.60990.5b].
33. Travis SP, Farrant JM, Ricketts C, Nolan DJ, Mortensen NM, Kettlewell MG, Jewell DP. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut 1996; 38: 905-910 [PMID: 8984031].
34. Gelbmann CM. Prediction of treatment refractoriness in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease-do we have reliable markers? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2000; 6: 123-131 [PMID: 10833072].
35. Vargas EJ, Ramos Rivers CM, Regueiro M, Baidoo L, Barrie A, Schwartz M, Swoger JM, Coates M, Dunn MA, Dudekula A, Binion DG. 557 Silent Crohn's Disease: Elevated C Reactive Protein in Asymptomatic Patients and Risk of Subsequent Hospitalization. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: S-102 [DOI:10.1016/S0016-5085(13)60377-7].
36. Reinisch W, Wang Y, Oddens BJ, Link R. C-reactive protein, an indicator for maintained response or remission to infliximab in patients with Crohn's disease: A post-hoc analysis from ACCENT I. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 568-576 [PMID: 22251435 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04987.x].
37. Jürgens M, Mahachie John JM, Cleynen I, Schnitzler F, Fidder H, van Moerkercke W, Ballet V, Noman M, Hoffman I, van Assche G, Rutgeerts PJ, van Steen K, Vermeire S. Levels of C-reactive protein are associated with response to infliximab therapy in patients with Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 421-427.e1 [PMID: 21334460 DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.02.008].
38. Karmiris K, Paintaud G, Noman M, Magdelaine-Beuzelin C, Ferrante M, Degenne D, Claes K, Coopman T, Van Schuerbeek N, Van Assche G, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P. Influence of trough serum levels and immunogenicity on long-term outcome of adalimumab therapy in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 1628-1640 [PMID: 19664627 DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.062].
39. Hibi T, Sakuraba A, Watanabe M, Motoya S, Ito H, Sato N, Yoshinari T, Motegi K, Kinouchi Y, Takazoe M, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto T, Kawakami K, Matsumoto T, Hirata I, Tanaka S, Ashida T, Matsui T. C-reactive protein is an indicator of serum infliximab level in predicting loss of response in patients with Crohn's disease. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49: 254-262 [PMID: 23604570 DOI:10.1007/s00535-013-0807-0].
40. Schoepfer AM, Lewis JD. Serial fecal calprotectin measurements to detect endoscopic recurrence in postoperative Crohn's disease: is colonoscopic surveillance no longer needed? Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 889-892 [PMID: 25805423 DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.022].
41. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Reinisch W, Colombel JF, Mantzaris GJ, Kornbluth A, Diamond R, Rutgeerts P, Tang LK, Cornillie FJ, Sandborn WJ. Clinical disease activity, C-reactive protein normalisation and mucosal healing in Crohn's disease in the SONIC trial. Gut 2014; 63: 88-95 [PMID: 23974954 DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304984].
42. Regueiro M, Kip KE, Schraut W, Baidoo L, Sepulveda AR, Pesci M, El-Hachem S, Harrison J, Binion D. Crohn's disease activity index does not correlate with endoscopic recurrence one year after ileocolonic resection. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17: 118-126 [PMID: 20848538 DOI:10.1002/ibd.21355].
43. Sorrentino D, Paviotti A, Terrosu G, Avellini C, Geraci M, Zarifi D. Low-dose maintenance therapy with infliximab prevents postsurgical recurrence of Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 591-599.e1; quiz e78-e79 [PMID: 20139033 DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2010.01.016].
44. Boschetti G, Laidet M, Moussata D, Stefanescu C, Roblin X, Phelip G, Cotte E, Passot G, Francois Y, Drai J, Del Tedesco E, Bouhnik Y, Flourie B, Nancey S. Levels of Fecal Calprotectin Are Associated With the Severity of Postoperative Endoscopic Recurrence in Asymptomatic Patients With Crohn's Disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 865-872 [PMID: 25781366 DOI:10.1038/ajg.2015.30].
45. Smith LA, Gaya DR. Utility of faecal calprotectin analysis in adult inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 6782-6789 [PMID: 23239916 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v18.i46.6782].
46. Fagerhol MK, Dale I, Andersson T. A radioimmunoassay for a granulocyte protein as a marker in studies on the turnover of such cells. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1980; 16 Suppl: 273-282 [PMID: 7225633].
47. Røseth AG, Fagerhol MK, Aadland E, Schjønsby H. Assessment of the neutrophil dominating protein calprotectin in feces. A methodologic study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 793-798 [PMID: 1411288].
48. Lobatón T, Rodríguez-Moranta F, Lopez A, Sánchez E, Rodríguez-Alonso L, Guardiola J. A new rapid quantitative test for fecal calprotectin predicts endoscopic activity in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 1034-1042 [PMID: 23470502 DOI:10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182802b6e].
49. Sipponen T, Kärkkäinen P, Savilahti E, Kolho KL, Nuutinen H, Turunen U, Färkkilä M. Correlation of faecal calprotectin and lactoferrin with an endoscopic score for Crohn's disease and histological findings. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 1221-1229 [PMID: 18752630 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03835.x].
50. Sipponen T, Björkesten CG, Färkkilä M, Nuutinen H, Savilahti E, Kolho KL. Faecal calprotectin and lactoferrin are reliable surrogate markers of endoscopic response during Crohn's disease treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: 325-331 [PMID: 20034360 DOI:10.3109/00365520903483650].
51. Yamamoto T, Shiraki M, Bamba T, Umegae S, Matsumoto K. Faecal calprotectin and lactoferrin as markers for monitoring disease activity and predicting clinical recurrence in patients with Crohn's disease after ileocolonic resection: A prospective pilot study. United European Gastroenterol J 2013; 1: 368-374 [PMID: 24917985 DOI:10.1177/2050640613501818].
52. Lamb CA, Mohiuddin MK, Gicquel J, Neely D, Bergin FG, Hanson JM, Mansfield JC. Faecal calprotectin or lactoferrin can identify postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease. Br J Surg 2009; 96: 663-674 [PMID: 19384912 DOI:10.1002/bjs.6593].
53. Sipponen T. Diagnostics and prognostics of inflammatory bowel disease with fecal neutrophil-derived biomarkers calprotectin and lactoferrin. Dig Dis 2013; 31: 336-344 [PMID: 24246984 DOI:10.1159/000354689].
54. Limburg PJ, Ahlquist DA, Sandborn WJ, Mahoney DW, Devens ME, Harrington JJ, Zinsmeister AR. Fecal calprotectin levels predict colorectal inflammation among patients with chronic diarrhea referred for colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 2831-2837 [PMID: 11051356 DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03194.x].
55. Tibble JA, Sigthorsson G, Foster R, Scott D, Fagerhol MK, Roseth A, Bjarnason I. High prevalence of NSAID enteropathy as shown by a simple faecal test. Gut 1999; 45: 362-366 [PMID: 10446103].
56. Naismith GD, Smith LA, Barry SJ, Munro JI, Laird S, Rankin K, Morris AJ, Winter JW, Gaya DR. A prospective single-centre evaluation of the intra-individual variability of faecal calprotectin in quiescent Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 613-621 [PMID: 23347334 DOI:10.1111/apt.12221].
57. Calafat M, Cabré E, Mañosa M, Lobatón T, Marín L, Domènech E. High within-day variability of fecal calprotectin levels in patients with active ulcerative colitis: What is the best timing for stool sampling? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21: 1072-1076 [PMID: 25793326 DOI:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000349].
58. Pavlidis P, Chedgy FJ, Tibble JA. Diagnostic accuracy and clinical application of faecal calprotectin in adult patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms in primary care. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 1048-1054 [PMID: 23883068 DOI:10.3109/00365521.2013.816771].
59. Poullis A, Foster R, Shetty A, Fagerhol MK, Mendall MA. Bowel inflammation as measured by fecal calprotectin: A link between lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 279-284 [PMID: 14973103].
60. Joshi S, Lewis SJ, Creanor S, Ayling RM. Age-related faecal calprotectin, lactoferrin and tumour M2-PK concentrations in healthy volunteers. Ann Clin Biochem 2010; 47: 259-263 [PMID: 19740914 DOI:10.1258/acb.2009.009061].
61. Li F, Ma J, Geng S, Wang J, Liu J, Zhang J, Sheng X. Fecal calprotectin concentrations in healthy children aged 1-18 months. PLoS One 2015; 10: E0119574 [PMID: 25742018 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119574].
62. Sipponen T, Savilahti E, Kolho KL, Nuutinen H, Turunen U, Färkkilä M. Crohn's disease activity assessed by fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin: correlation with Crohn's disease activity index and endoscopic findings. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 40-46 [PMID: 18022866 DOI:10.1002/ibd.20312].
63. Walkiewicz D, Werlin SL, Fish D, Scanlon M, Hanaway P, Kugathasan S. Fecal calprotectin is useful in predicting disease relapse in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 669-673 [PMID: 18240279 DOI:10.1002/ibd.20376].
64. D'Haens G, Ferrante M, Vermeire S, Baert F, Noman M, Moortgat L, Geens P, Iwens D, Aerden I, Van Assche G, Van Olmen G, Rutgeerts P. Fecal calprotectin is a surrogate marker for endoscopic lesions in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 2218-2224 [PMID: 22344983 DOI:10.1002/ibd.22917].
65. Schoepfer AM, Beglinger C, Straumann A, Safroneeva E, Romero Y, Armstrong D, Schmidt C, Trummler M, Pittet V, Vavricka SR. Fecal calprotectin more accurately reflects endoscopic activity of ulcerative colitis than the Lichtiger Index, C-reactive protein, platelets, hemoglobin, and blood leukocytes. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 332-341 [PMID: 23328771 DOI:10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182810066].
66. Røseth AG, Aadland E, Jahnsen J, Raknerud N. Assessment of disease activity in ulcerative colitis by faecal calprotectin, a novel granulocyte marker protein. Digestion 1997; 58: 176-180 [PMID: 9144308].
67. Takashima S, Kato J, Hiraoka S, Nakarai A, Takei D, Inokuchi T, Sugihara Y, Takahara M, Harada K, Okada H, Tanaka T, Yamamoto K. Evaluation of Mucosal Healing in Ulcerative Colitis by Fecal Calprotectin Vs. Fecal Immunochemical Test. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 873-880 [PMID: 25823769 DOI:10.1038/ajg.2015.66].
68. Tibble J, Teahon K, Thjodleifsson B, Roseth A, Sigthorsson G, Bridger S, Foster R, Sherwood R, Fagerhol M, Bjarnason I. A simple method for assessing intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease. Gut 2000; 47: 506-513 [PMID: 10986210].
69. Costa F, Mumolo MG, Bellini M, Romano MR, Ceccarelli L, Arpe P, Sterpi C, Marchi S, Maltinti G. Role of faecal calprotectin as non-invasive marker of intestinal inflammation. Dig Liver Dis 2003; 35: 642-647 [PMID: 14563186].
70. Røseth AG, Aadland E, Grzyb K. Normalization of faecal calprotectin: A predictor of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 1017-1020 [PMID: 15513345 DOI:10.1080/00365520410007971].
71. Falvey JD, Hoskin T, Meijer B, Ashcroft A, Walmsley R, Day AS, Gearry RB. Disease activity assessment in IBD: clinical indices and biomarkers fail to predict endoscopic remission. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21: 824-831 [PMID: 25738372 DOI:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000341].
72. Bunn SK, Bisset WM, Main MJ, Gray ES, Olson S, Golden BE. Fecal calprotectin: validation as a noninvasive measure of bowel inflammation in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33: 14-22 [PMID: 11479402].
73. Fagerberg UL, Lööf L, Myrdal U, Hansson LO, Finkel Y. Colorectal inflammation is well predicted by fecal calprotectin in children with gastrointestinal symptoms. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 40: 450-455 [PMID: 15795593].
74. Lobatón T, López-García A, Rodríguez-Moranta F, Ruiz A, Rodríguez L, Guardiola J. A new rapid test for fecal calprotectin predicts endoscopic remission and postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7: E641-e651 [PMID: 23810085 DOI:10.1016/j.Crohns.2013.05.005].
75. Sipponen T, Haapamäki J, Savilahti E, Alfthan H, Hämäläinen E, Rautiainen H, Koskenpato J, Nuutinen H, Färkkilä M. Fecal calprotectin and S100A12 have low utility in prediction of small bowel Crohn's disease detected by wireless capsule endoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 778-784 [PMID: 22519419 DOI:10.3109/00365521.2012.677953].
76. Gecse KB, Brandse JF, van Wilpe S, Löwenberg M, Ponsioen C, van den Brink G, D'Haens G. Impact of disease location on fecal calprotectin levels in Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50: 841-847 [PMID: 25636819 DOI:10.3109/00365521.2015.1008035].
77. Schoepfer AM, Beglinger C, Straumann A, Trummler M, Vavricka SR, Bruegger LE, Seibold F. Fecal calprotectin correlates more closely with the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's disease (SES-CD) than CRP, blood leukocytes, and the CDAI. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 162-169 [PMID: 19755969 DOI:10.1038/ajg.2009.545].
78. Shaoul R, Sladek M, Turner D, Paeregaard A, Veres G, Wauters GV, Escher J, Dias JA, Lionetti P, Staino A, Kolho KL, de Ridder L, Nuti F, Cucchiara S, Sheva O, Levine A. Limitations of fecal calprotectin at diagnosis in untreated pediatric Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 1493-1497 [PMID: 22275268 DOI:10.1002/ibd.21875].
79. Gecse K, Khanna R, Stoker J, Jenkins JT, Gabe S, Hahnloser D, D' Haens G. Fistulizing Crohn's disease: Diagnosis and management. United European Gastroenterol J 2013; 1: 206-213 [PMID: 24917961 DOI:10.1177/2050640613487194].
80. Chang CW, Wong JM, Tung CC, Shih IL, Wang HY, Wei SC. Intestinal stricture in Crohn's disease. Intest Res 2015; 13: 19-26 [PMID: 25691840 DOI:10.5217/ir.2015.13.1.19].
81. Konikoff MR, Denson LA. Role of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12: 524-534 [PMID: 16775498].
82. Naismith GD, Smith LA, Barry SJ, Munro JI, Laird S, Rankin K, Morris AJ, Winter JW, Gaya DR. A prospective evaluation of the predictive value of faecal calprotectin in quiescent Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8: 1022-1029 [PMID: 24566170 DOI:10.1016/j.Crohns.2014.01.029].
83. Mao R, Xiao YL, Gao X, Chen BL, He Y, Yang L, Hu PJ, Chen MH. Fecal calprotectin in predicting relapse of inflammatory bowel diseases: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 1894-1899 [PMID: 22238138 DOI:10.1002/ibd.22861].
84. De Vos M, Louis EJ, Jahnsen J, Vandervoort JG, Noman M, Dewit O, D'haens GR, Franchimont D, Baert FJ, Torp RA, Henriksen M, Potvin PM, Van Hootegem PP, Hindryckx PM, Moreels TG, Collard A, Karlsen LN, Kittang E, Lambrecht G, Grimstad T, Koch J, Lygren I, Coche JC, Mana F, Van Gossum A, Belaiche J, Cool MR, Fontaine F, Maisin JM, Muls V, Neuville B, Staessen DA, Van Assche GA, de Lange T, Solberg IC, Vander Cruyssen BJ, Vermeire SA. Consecutive fecal calprotectin measurements to predict relapse in patients with ulcerative colitis receiving infliximab maintenance therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 2111-2117 [PMID: 23883959 DOI:10.1097/MIB.0b013e31829b2a37].
85. Molander P, Färkkilä M, Ristimäki A, Salminen K, Kemppainen H, Blomster T, Koskela R, Jussila A, Rautiainen H, Nissinen M, Haapamäki J, Arkkila P, Nieminen U, Kuisma J, Punkkinen J, Kolho KL, Mustonen H, Sipponen T. Does fecal calprotectin predict shortterm relapse after stopping TNFα-blocking agents in inflammatory bowel disease patients in deep remission? J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 33-40 [PMID: 25052347 DOI:10.1016/j.Crohns.2014.06.012].
86. Lasson A, Öhman L, Stotzer PO, Isaksson S, Überbacher O, Ung KA, Strid H. Pharmacological intervention based on fecal calprotectin levels in patients with ulcerative colitis at high risk of a relapse: A prospective, randomized, controlled study. United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 3: 72-79 [PMID: 25653861 DOI:10.1177/2050640614560785].
87. De Vos M, Dewit O, D'Haens G, Baert F, Fontaine F, Vermeire S, Franchimont D, Moreels T, Staessen D, Terriere L, Vander Cruyssen B, Louis E. Fast and sharp decrease in calprotectin predicts remission by infliximab in anti-TNF naïve patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6: 557-562 [PMID: 22398050 DOI:10.1016/j.Crohns.2011.11.002].
88. Sipponen T, Savilahti E, Kärkkäinen P, Kolho KL, Nuutinen H, Turunen U, Färkkilä M. Fecal calprotectin, lactoferrin, and endoscopic disease activity in monitoring anti-TNF-alpha therapy for Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 1392-1398 [PMID: 18484671 DOI:10.1002/ibd.20490].
89. Molander P, af Bjorkesten C, Mustonen H, Haapamaki J, vauhkonen M, Kolho K, Farkkila M, sipponen T. Fecal calprotectin concentration predicts outcome in inflammatory bowel disease after induction therapy with TNFa blocking agents. Inflamm bowel dis 2012; 18: 2011-2017 [PMID: 22223566 DOI:10.1002/ibd.22863].
90. Kolho KL, Sipponen T. The long-term outcome of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy related to fecal calprotectin values during induction therapy in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49: 434-441 [PMID: 24597837 DOI:10.3109/00365521.2014.886719].
91. Sipponen T, Kolho KL. Faecal calprotectin in children with clinically quiescent inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: 872-877 [PMID: 20377469 DOI:10.3109/00365521003782389].
92. Kostakis ID, Cholidou KG, Vaiopoulos AG, Vlachos IS, Perrea D, Vaos G. Fecal calprotectin in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58: 309-319 [PMID: 22899243 DOI:10.1007/s10620-012-2347-5].
93. Yamamoto T. The clinical value of faecal calprotectin and lactoferrin measurement in postoperative Crohn's disease. United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 3: 5-10 [PMID: 25653853 DOI:10.1177/2050640614558106].
94. Orlando A, Modesto I, Castiglione F, Scala L, Scimeca D, Rispo A, Teresi S, Mocciaro F, Criscuoli V, Marrone C, Platania P, De Falco T, Maisano S, Nicoli N, Cottone M. The role of calprotectin in predicting endoscopic post-surgical recurrence in asymptomatic Crohn's disease: A comparison with ultrasound. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2006; 10: 17-22 [PMID: 16494106].
95. Scarpa M, D'Incà R, Basso D, Ruffolo C, Polese L, Bertin E, Luise A, Frego M, Plebani M, Sturniolo GC, D'Amico DF, Angriman I. Fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin after ileocolonic resection for Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50: 861-869 [PMID: 17473939 DOI:10.1007/s10350-007-0225-6].
96. Wright EK, Kamm MA, De Cruz P, Hamilton AL, Ritchie KJ, Krejany EO, Leach S, Gorelik A, Liew D, Prideaux L, Lawrance IC, Andrews JM, Bampton PA, Jakobovits SL, Florin TH, Gibson PR, Debinski H, Macrae FA, Samuel D, Kronborg I, Radford-Smith G, Selby W, Johnston MJ, Woods R, Elliott PR, Bell SJ, Brown SJ, Connell WR, Day AS, Desmond PV, Gearry RB. Measurement of fecal calprotectin improves monitoring and detection of recurrence of Crohn's disease after surgery. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 938-947.e1 [PMID: 25620670 DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.026].
97. Papamichael K, Karatzas P, Mantzaris GJ. Faecal calprotectin but not C-reactive protein (CRP) or Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) may predict post-operative endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7: E700-e701 [PMID: 23953238 DOI:10.1016/j.Crohns.2013.07.008].
98. Lasson A, Strid H, Ohman L, Isaksson S, Olsson M, Rydström B, Ung KA, Stotzer PO. Fecal calprotectin one year after ileocaecal resection for Crohn's disease-a comparison with findings at ileocolonoscopy. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8: 789-795 [PMID: 24418661 DOI:10.1016/j.Crohns.2013.12.015].
99. Nakarai A, Kato J, Hiraoka S, Kuriyama M, Akita M, Hirakawa T, Okada H, Yamamoto K. Evaluation of mucosal healing of ulcerative colitis by a quantitative fecal immunochemical test. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 83-89 [PMID: 23007005 DOI:10.1038/ajg.2012.315].
100. Vilkin A, Rozen P, Levi Z, Waked A, Maoz E, Birkenfeld S, Niv Y. Performance characteristics and evaluation of an automateddeveloped and quantitative, immunochemical, fecal occult blood screening test. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2519-2525 [PMID: 16279909 DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00231.x].
101. Levi Z, Gal E, Vilkin A, Chonen Y, Belfer RG, Fraser G, Niv Y. Fecal immunochemical test and small bowel lesions detected on capsule endoscopy: results of a prospective study in patients with obscure occult gastrointestinal bleeding. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23: 1024-1028 [PMID: 21975696 DOI:10.1097/MEG.0b013e32834a3e00].
102. Whitehead SJ, French J, Brookes MJ, Ford C, Gama R. Between-assay variability of faecal calprotectin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Ann Clin Biochem 2013; 50: 53-61 [PMID: 23129721 DOI:10.1258/acb.2012.011272].
103. D'Inca R, Dal Pont E, Di Leo V, Benazzato L, Martinato M, Lamboglia F, Oliva L, Sturniolo GC. Can calprotectin predict relapse risk in inflammatory bowel disease? Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2007-2014 [DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01870.x].
104. Pariente B, Laharie D. Review article: Why, when and how to deescalate therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40: 338-353 [PMID: 24957164 DOI:10.1111/apt.12838].
105. Louis E, Mary JY, Vernier-Massouille G, Grimaud JC, Bouhnik Y, Laharie D, Dupas JL, Pillant H, Picon L, Veyrac M, Flamant M, Savoye G, Jian R, Devos M, Porcher R, Paintaud G, Piver E, Colombel JF, Lemann M. Maintenance of remission among patients with Crohn's disease on antimetabolite therapy after infliximab therapy is stopped. Gastroenterology 2012; 142: 63-70. e5; quiz e31 [PMID: 21945953 DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.09.034].
106. Van Assche G, Magdelaine-Beuzelin C, D'Haens G, Baert F, Noman M, Vermeire S, Ternant D, Watier H, Paintaud G, Rutgeerts P. Withdrawal of immunosuppression in Crohn's disease treated with scheduled infliximab maintenance: A randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 1861-1868 [PMID: 18440315 DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.004].
107. García-Sánchez V, Iglesias-Flores E, González R, Gisbert JP, Gallardo-Valverde JM, González-Galilea A, Naranjo-Rodríguez A, de Dios-Vega JF, Muntané J, Gómez-Camacho F. Does fecal calprotectin predict relapse in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis? J Crohns Colitis 2010; 4: 144-152 [PMID: 21122498 DOI:10.1016/j.Crohns.2009.09.008].
108. Tibble JA, Sigthorsson G, Bridger S, Fagerhol MK, Bjarnason I. Surrogate markers of intestinal inflammation are predictive of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 15-22 [PMID: 10889150].
109. Kallel L, Ayadi I, Matri S, Fekih M, Mahmoud NB, Feki M, Karoui S, Zouari B, Boubaker J, Kaabachi N, Filali A. Fecal calprotectin is a predictive marker of relapse in Crohn's disease involving the colon: A prospective study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 22: 340-345 [PMID: 19581809 DOI:10.1097/MEG.0b013e32832bab49].
110. Costa F, Mumolo MG, Ceccarelli L, Bellini M, Romano MR, Sterpi C, Ricchiuti A, Marchi S, Bottai M. Calprotectin is a stronger predictive marker of relapse in ulcerative colitis than in Crohn's disease. Gut 2005; 54: 364-368 [PMID: 15710984 DOI:10.1136/gut.2004.043406].
111. Guidi L, Marzo M, Andrisani G, Felice C, Pugliese D, Mocci G, Nardone O, De Vitis I, Papa A, Rapaccini G, Forni F, Armuzzi A. Faecal calprotectin assay after induction with anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor α agents in inflammatory bowel disease: Prediction of clinical response and mucosal healing at one year. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46: 974-979 [PMID: 25096964 DOI:10.1016/j.dld.2014.07.013].