Monocentric or polycentric? The urban spatial structure of employment in beijing

Sustainability (Switzerland)

Volumn 7, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 11632-11656

  Huang, Daquan ^a   Liu, Zhen ^a   Zhao, Xingshuo ^b  

^a BEIJING NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development   (China)

Author keywords

Beijing; Employment density; Subcenter; Urban development; Urban spatial structure

Indexed keywords

BUSINESS; EMPLOYMENT; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; SUBURBAN AREA; TEMPORAL RECORD; URBAN DEVELOPMENT;

BEIJING [CHINA]; CHINA;

EID: 84944463531     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20711050     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/su70911632     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Bai, X.M.; Shi, P.J.; Liu, Y.S. Realizing China's urban dream. Nature 2014, 509, 158-160.
2. Hu, Z. Review and outlook of Population Scale in Beijing. Urban Stud. 2011, 18, 8-10. (In Chinese).
3. Hu, Z. Review and Recognition on Urban Size of Beijing. J. Urban Reg. Plan. 2011, 2, 1-18. (In Chinese).
4. Huang, D.; Jin, H.; Zhao, X.; Liu, S. Factors Influencing the Conversion of Arable Land to Urban Use and Policy Implications in Beijing, China. Sustainability 2015, 7, 180-194.
5. Sun, C.; Zheng, S.Q.; Wang, R. Restricting driving for better traffic and clearer skies: Did it work in Beijing? Transp. Policy 2014, 32, 34-41.
6. Wen, H.; Sun, J.; Zhang, X. Study on Traffic Congestion Patterns of Large City in China Taking Beijing as an Example. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 2014, 138, 482-491.
7. Cai, H.; Xie, S.D. Traffic-related air pollution modeling during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games: The effects of an odd-even day traffic restriction scheme. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409, 1935-1948.
8. Hou, L.F.; Wang, S.; Dou, C.; Zhang, X.; Yu, Y.; Zheng, Y.N.; Avula, U.; Hoxha, M.; Diaz, A.; McCracken, J.; et al. Air pollution exposure and telomere length in highly exposed subjects in Beijing, China: A repeated-measure study. Environ. Int. 2012, 48, 71-77.
9. Tian, L.; Zhang, W.; Lin, Z.Q.; Zhang, H.S.; Xi, Z.G.; Chen, J.H.; Wang, W. Impact of Traffic Emissions on Local Air Quality and the Potential Toxicity of Traffic-related Particulates in Beijing, China. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2012, 25, 663-671.
10. Dang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, W. Land-based interests and the spatial distribution of affordable housing development: The case of Beijing, China. Habitat Int. 2014, 44, 137-145.
11. Yu, L.; Cai, H.P. Challenges for housing rural-to-urban migrants in Beijing. Habitat Int. 2013, 40, 268-277.
12. Huang, D.Q.; Wan, W.; Dai, T.Q.; Liang, J.S. Assessment of industrial land use intensity: A case study of Beijing economic-technological development area. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 2011, 21, 222-229.
13. Dong, G. Sixty years and twenty years-Review and Prospect of the modernization development process in Beijing (2). Beijing Plan. Rev. 2010, 5, 168-171. (In Chinese).
14. Dong, G. Sixty years and twenty years-Review and Prospect of the modernization development process in Beijing (1). Beijing Plan. Rev. 2010, 6, 177-180. (In Chinese).
15. Kuang, W.; Liu, J.; Shao, Q.; Sun, C. Spatio-temporal patterns and driving forces of urban expansion in Beijing Central City since 1932. J. Geo-Inf. Sci. 2009, 4, 428-435. (In Chinese).
16. Feng, J.; Zhou, Y. The Growth and Distribution of Population in Beijing Metropolitan Area (1982-2000). Acta Geogr. Sinica 2003, 58, 903-916. (In Chinese).
17. Feng, J.; Zhou, Y. The social spatial structure of Beijing Metropolitan Area and its evolution: 1982-2000. Geogr. Res. 2003, 22, 465-483. (In Chinese).
18. Feng, J.; Zhou, Y.; Wu, F. New trends of suburbanization in Beijing since 1990: From government-led to market-oriented. Reg. Stud. 2008, 42, 83-99.
19. Feng, J.; Wang, F.; Zhou, Y. The spatial restructuring of population in metropolitan Beijing: Toward polycentricity in the post-reform era. Urban Geogr. 2009, 30, 779-802.
20. Ma, Q.; Zhang, W. Characteristics and factors analyses of suburbanization in Beijing. Geogr. Res. 2006, 25, 121-130. (In Chinese).
21. Wang, F.; Zhou, Y. Modelling urban population densities in Beijing 1982-1990: Suburbanisation and its causes. Urban Stud. 1999, 36, 271-287.
22. Alonso, W. Location and land use: Toward a general theory of land rent. Econ. Geogr. 1964, 42, 277-279.
23. Brueckner, J.K. The structure of urban equilibria: A unified treatment of the Muth-Mills model. Handb. Reg. Urban Econ. 1987, 2, 821-845.
24. Mills, E.S. An aggregative model of resource allocation in a metropolitan area. Am. Econ. Rev. 1967, 57, 197-210.
25. Muth, R. Cities and Housing: The Spatial Patterns of Urban Residential Land Use; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1969.
26. McMillen, D.P. Nonparametric employment subcenter identification. J. Urban Econ. 2001, 50, 448-473.
27. Tao, R.; Jin, Y. Improvement of Data Quality Assessment of Economic Census in China. Stat. Res. 2009, 26, 8-12. (In Chinese).
28. Gu, Y.; Zheng, S.; Cao, Y. The Identification of Employment Centers in Beijing. Urban Stud. 2009, 9, 118-124. (In Chinese).
29. Liu, X.; Sun, T.; Li, G. Research on the spatial structure of employment distribution in Beijing. Geogr. Res.2011, 30, 1262-1270. (In Chinese).
30. Sun, T.; Wang, L.; Li, G. Distributions of Population and Employment and Evolution of Spatial Structures in the Beijing Metropolitan Area. Acta Geogr. Sinica 2012, 67, 829-840. (In Chinese).
31. Long, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Cui, C. Identifying Commuting Pattern of Beijing Using Bus Smart Card Data. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2012, 67, 1339-1352. (In Chinese).
32. Beijing Municipal Statistical Bureau. Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2011; China Statistics Press: Beijing, China, 2011.
33. McMillen, D.P.; Lester, T.W. Evolving subcenters: Employment and population densities in Chicago, 1970-2020. J. Hous. Econ. 2003, 12, 60-81.
34. McDonald, J.F.; Prather, P.J. Suburban employment centres: The case of Chicago. Urban Stud. 1994, 31, 201-218.
35. Giuliano, G.; Small, K.A. Subcenters in the Los Angeles region. Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 1991, 21, 163-182.
36. McMillen, D.P.; McDonald, J.F. Suburban subcenters and employment density in metropolitan Chicago. J. Urban Econ. 1998, 43, 157-180.
37. McDonald, J.F. The identification of urban employment subcenters. J. Urban Econ. 1987, 21, 242-258.
38. McDonald, J.F.; McMillen, D.P. Employment subcenters and land values in a polycentric urban area: The case of Chicago. Environ. Plan. A 1990, 22, 1561-1574.
39. Small, K.A.; Song, S.F. Population and employment densities-Structure and change. J. Urban Econ. 1994, 36, 292-313.
40. Muñiz, I.; Garcia-López, M.à.; Galindo, A. The effect of employment sub-centres on population density in Barcelona. Urban Stud. 2008, 45, 627-649.
41. Heikkila, E.; Gordon, P.; Kim, J.I.; Peiser, R.B.; Richardson, H.W.; Dale-Johnson, D. What happened to the CBD-distance gradient? Land values in a policentric city. Environ. Plan. A 1989, 21, 221-232.
42. White, H. A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica 1980, 48, 817-838.
43. Cervero, R.; Wu, K.L. Polycentrism, commuting, and residential location in the San Francisco Bay Area. Environ. Plan. A 1997, 29, 865-886.
44. Glaeser, E.L.; Kahn, M.E. Decentralized Employment and the Transformation of the American City; National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011. Availiable online: http://www.nber.org/papers/w8117 (accessed on 17 August 2015).
45. Garcia-López, M.-à.; Muñiz, I. Employment decentralisation: Polycentricity or scatteration? The case of Barcelona. Urban Stud. 2010, doi:10.1177/0042098009360229.
46. Hughes, H.L. Metropolitan structure and the suburban hierarchy. Am. Sociol. Rev. 1993, 58, 417-433.
47. Veneri, P. The identification of sub-centres in two Italian metropolitan areas: A functional approach. Cities 2013, 31, 177-185.
48. Wang, F.; Meng, Y. Analyzing urban population change patterns in Shenyang, China 1982-1990: Density function and spatial association approaches. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 1999, 5, 121-130.
49. Ding, C.; Bethka, K. Employment Concentration and Urban Economic Growth. Urban Plan. Overseas 2005, 4, 11-18. (In Chinese).