Progesterone or progestogen-releasing intrauterine systems for heavy menstrual bleeding

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2015, Issue 4, 2015, Pages

  Lethaby, Anne ^a   Hussain, Munawar ^b   Rishworth, Josephine R ^a   Rees, Margaret C ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

^b ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DANAZOL; GESTAGEN; LEVONORGESTREL; MEFENAMIC ACID; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; PLACEBO; PROGESTERONE; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE; NORETHISTERONE;

ABLATION THERAPY; CONTRACEPTION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ENDOMETRIUM ABLATION; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; HYSTERECTOMY; MENOPAUSE; MENORRHAGIA; MENSTRUATION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PERCEPTION; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SEXUAL FUNCTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UTERUS MYOMA; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ENDOMETRIUM; FEMALE; INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE; META ANALYSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

ENDOMETRIUM; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYSTERECTOMY; INTRAUTERINE DEVICES, MEDICATED; LEVONORGESTREL; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE; MENORRHAGIA; NORETHINDRONE; PROGESTERONE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84944463479     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002126.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Barrington JW, Arunkalaivanan AS, Abdel-Fattah M. Comparison between the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and thermal balloon ablation in the treatment of menorrhagia. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2003;108:72-4.
2. Cameron IT. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Bailliere's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1989;3(2):315-27.
3. Cameron IT, Leask R, Kelly RW, Baird DT. The effects of danazol, mefenamic acid, norethisterone and a progesterone-impregnated coil on endometrial prostaglandin concentrations in women with menorrhagia. Prostaglandins 1987;34(1):99-110.
4. Crosignani PG, Vercellini P, Mosconi P, Oldani S, Cortesi I, De Giorgi O. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device versus hysteroscopic endometrial resection in treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 1997;90:257-63.
5. Silva-Filho AL, Pereira FAN, de Souza SS, Loures LF, Rocha APC, Valadares CN, et al. Five-year follow-up of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system versus thermal balloon ablation for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding: a randomised controlled trial. Contraception 2013;87:409-15.
6. de Souza SS, Camargos AF, de Rezende CP, Pereira FAN, Araujo CAA, Filho ALS. A randomised prospective trial comparing the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system with thermal balloon ablation for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding. Contraception 2010;81:226-31.
7. Ergun B, Bastu E, Kuru O, Sen S, Kilic Y, Dural O. Comparison of rollerball endometrial ablation and levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012;119:S672.
8. Ergun B, Kuru O, Sen S, Kilic Y, Bastu E. Rollerball endometrial ablation versus levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Gineco.ro 2012;8(30):199-201.
9. Gupta J, Kai J, Middleton L, Pattison H, Gray R, Daniels J. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus medical therapy for menorrhagia. New England Journal of Medicine 2013;368:128-37.
10. Sanghera S, Roberts T, Barton P, Daniels J, Middleton L, Gennard L, et al. Cost effectiveness of levonorgestrel intrauterine system for menorrhagia. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2013;120:390-1.
11. Sanghera S, Roberts TE, Barton P, Frew E, Daniels J, Middleton L, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system vs usual medical treatment for menorrhagia: an economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial. PLOS One 2014;9(3):e91891.
12. Halmesmaki K, Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Grenman S, Kivela A, Kujansuu E, et al. The effect of hysterectomy or levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on sexual functioning among women with menorrhagia: a 5-year randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2007;114:563-8.
13. Halmesmaki K, Hurskainen R, Tiitinen A, Teperi J, Grenman S, Kivela A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of hysterectomy or levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of menorrhagia - effect on FSH levels and menopausal symptoms. Human Reproduction 2004;19(2):378-82.
14. Halmesmaki KH, Hurskainen RA, Paavonen JA, Tuppurainen MT. Randomised controlled trial of the effect of hysterectomy or LNG-IUS use on bone mineral density: a five-year follow up. Therapy 2006;3:509.
15. Heliovaara-Peippo S, Halmesmaki K, Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Grenman S, Kivela A, et al. The effect of hysterectomy or levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on lower abdominal pain and back pain among women treated for menorrhagia: a five-year randomised controlled trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica 2009;88:1389-96.
16. Heliovaara-Peippo S, Halmesmaki K, Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Grenman S, Kivela A, et al. The effect of hysterectomy or levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on lower urinary tract symptoms: a 10-year follow-up study of a randomised trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2010;117:602-9.
17. Heliovaara-Peippo S, Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Aalto A-M, Grenman S, Halmesmaki K, et al. Quality of life and costs of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy in the treatment of menorrhagia: a 10 year randomised controlled trial. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 2014;69(4):204-5.
18. Heliovaara-Peippo S, Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Aalto A-M, Grenman S, Halmesmaki K, et al. Quality of life and costs of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy in the treatment of menorrhagia: a 10-year randomised controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013;209(6):535.e1-14.
19. Heliovaara-Peippo S, Oksjoki R, Halmesmaki K, Kaaja R, Teperi J, Grenman S, et al. The effect of hysterectomy or levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on cardiovascular disease risk factors in menorrhagia patients: a 10-year follow-up of a randomised trial. Maturitas 2011;69:354-8.
20. Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Aalto A-M, Grenman S, Kivela A, Kujansuu E, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy in the treatment of essential menorrhagia: predictors of outcome. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2004;83:401-3.
21. Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Rissanen P, Aalto A-M, Grenman S, Kivela A, et al. Clinical outcomes and costs with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy for treatment of menorrhagia. JAMA 2004;291:1456-63.
22. Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Rissanen P, Aalto A-M, Grenman S, Kivela A, et al. Quality of life and cost-effectiveness of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system versus hysterectomy for treatment of menorrhagia: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357:273-7.
23. Inki P, Hurskainen R, Palo P, Ekholm E, Grenman S, Kivela A, et al. Comparison of ovarian cyst formation in women using the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system versus hysterectomy. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2002;20:381-5.
24. Leminen H, Heliovaara-Peippo S, Halmesmaki K, Teperi J, Grenman S, Kivela A, et al. The effect of hysterectomy or levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on premenstrual symptoms in women treated for menorrhagia: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2012;91(3):318-325.
25. Irvine GA, Campbell-Brown MB, Lumsden MA, Heikkila A, Walker JJ, Cameron IT. Randomised comparative trial of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and norethisterone for the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105:592-8.
26. Kaunitz AM, Bissonnette F, Monteiro I, Lukkari-Lax E, DeSanctis Y, Jensen J. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for heavy menstrual bleeding improves hemoglobin and ferritin levels. Contraception 2012;86(5):452-7.
27. Kaunitz AM, Bissonnette F, Monteiro I, Lukkari-Lax E, Muysers C, Jensen JT. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or medroxyprogesterone for heavy menstrual bleeding. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010;116(3):625-32.
28. Kilic S, Yuksel B, Doganay M, Bardakci H, Akinsu F, Uzunlar O, et al. The effect of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device on menorrhagia in women taking anticoagulant medication after cardiac valve replacement. Contraception 2009;80(2):152-7.
29. Istre O, Trolle B. Treatment of menorrhagia with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus endometrial resection. Fertility and Sterility 2001;76(2):304-9.
30. Kittelsen N, Istre O. A randomized study comparing levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) and transcervical resection of the endometrium (TCRE) in the treatment of menorrhagia: preliminary results. Gynecological Endocrinology 1998;7:61-5.
31. Rauramo I, Elo I, Istre O. Long-term treatment of menorrhagia with levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus endometrial resection. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 2004;104:1314-21.
32. Malak KA, Shawki O. Management of menorrhagia with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus endometrial resection. Gynecological Surgery 2006;3:275-80.
33. Ozdegirmenci O, Kayikcioglu F, Akgul MA, Kaplan M, Karcaaltincaba M, Haberal A, et al. Comparison of levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus hysterectomy on efficacy and quality of life in patients with adenomyosis. Fertility and Sterility 2011;95(2):497-502.
34. Reid PC, Virtanen-Kari S. Randomised comparative trial of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and mefenamic acid for the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia: a multiple analysis using total menstrual fluid loss, menstrual blood loss and pictorial blood loss measurements. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2005;112:1121-5.
35. Sayed GH, Zakherah MS, El-Nashar SA, Shaaban MM. A randomised clinical trial of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and a low-dose combined oral contraceptive for fibroid-related menorrhagia. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2011;112:126-30.
36. Sesti F, Piancatelli R, Pietropoli A, Ruggeri V, Piccione E. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system versus laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding: a randomised study. Journal of Women's Health 2012;21(8):851-7.
37. Shabaan MM, Zakherah MS, El-Nashar SA, Sayed GH. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system compared to low dose combined oral contraceptive pills for idiopathic menorrhagia: a randomised clinical trial. Contraception 2011;83:48-54.
38. Shaw RW, Symonds IM, Tamizian O. Randomised comparative trial of thermal balloon ablaion (TBA) v levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) in idiopathic menorrhagia. XVIII FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2006;4:119.
39. Shaw RW, Symonds IM, Tamizian O, Chaplain J, Mukhopadhyay S. Randomised comparative trial of thermal balloon ablation and levonorgestrel intrauterine system in patients with idiopathic menorrhagia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2007;47:335-340.
40. Soysal M, Soysal S, Ozer S. A randomized controlled trial of levonorgestrel releasing IUD and thermal balloon ablation in the treatment of menorrhagia. Zentralblatt Gynakologie 2002;124:213-9.
41. Brown PM, Farquhar CM, Lethaby A, Sadler LC, Johnson NP. Cost-effectiveness analysis of levonorgestrel intrauterine system and thermal balloon ablation for heavy menstrual bleeding. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2006;113:797-803.
42. Busfield RA, Farquhar CM, Sowter MC, Lethaby A, Sprecher M, Yu Y, et al. A randomised trial comparing the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and thermal balloon ablation for heavy menstrual bleeding. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2006;113:257-63.
43. Tam WH, Yuen PM, Ng DPS, Leung PL, Lok IH, Rogers MS. Health status fuction after treatment with thermal balloon ablation and levonorgestrel intrauterine system for idiopathic menorrhagia: a randomised study. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2006;62:84-8.
44. Abu Hashim H, Zayed A, Ghayaty E, El Rakhawy M. LNG-IUS treatment of non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia in perimenopausal women: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology 2013;24(2):128-34.
45. Endrikat J, Shapiro H, Lukkari-Lax E, Kunz M, Schmidt W, Fortier M. A Canadian multicentre study comparing the efficacy of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system to an oral contraceptive in women with idiopathic menorrhagia. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2009;31(4):340-7.
46. Ghazizadeh S, Bakhtiari F, Rahmanpour H, Davari-Tanha F, Ramezanzadeh F. A randomised clinical trial to compare levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) vs transcervical endometrial resection for treatment of menorrhagia. International Journal of Womens Health 2011;3:207-11.
47. Gupta B, Mittal S, Misra R, Deka D, Dadhwal V. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system vs transcervical endometrial resection for dysfunctional uterine bleeding. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2006;95:261-6.
48. Janssen CAH. Menorrhagia and the 3-keto-desogestrel-copper medicated intrauterine device. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1999;85:135-6.
49. Karacaoglu U, Cebi Z, Savan K, Yasar L, Cankaya A, Kupelioglu L, et al. Comparing hysteroscopic ablation with levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in abnormal uterine bleeding cases. Jinekoloji Ve Obstetrik Dergisi 2001;15(3):172-5.
50. Karimi-Zarchi M, Dehghani-Firoozabadi R, Tabatabaie A, Dehghani-Firoozabadi Z, Teimoori S, Chiti Z, et al. A comparison of the effect of levonorgestrel IUD with oral medroxyprogesterone acetate on abnormal uterine bleeding with simple endometrial hyperplasia and fertility preservation. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013;40(3):421-4.
51. Kucuk U, Ertan K. Continuous oral or intramuscular medroxyprogesterone acetate versus the levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of perimenopausal menorrhagia: a randomised prospective controlled trial in female smokers. Clinical Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008;35(1):57-60.
52. Lahteenmaki P, Haukkamaa M, Puolakka J, Riikonen U, Sainio S, Suvisaari J, et al. Open randomised study of use of levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system as alternative to hysterectomy. BMJ 1998;316:1122-6.
53. Lee BS, Ling X, Asif S, Kraemer P, Hanisch JU, Inki P. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system versus conventional medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding in the Asia-Pacific region. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2013;121:24-30.
54. Xu L, Lee BS, Asif S, Kraemer P, Inki P. Satisfaction and health-related quality of life in women with heavy menstrual bleeding; results from a non interventional trial of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or conventional medical therapy. International Journal of Women's Health 2014;6:547-54.
55. Milsom I, Andersson K, Andersch B, Rybo G. A comparison of flurbiprofen, tranexamic acid and a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device in the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1991;164:879-83.
56. Rogerson L, Crocombe W, Duffy S. SMART - Satisfaction with Mirena and ablation: a randomised trial (abstract). British Society of Gynaecological Endocrinology. 1999.
57. Romer T. Prospective comparison study of levonorgestrel IUD versus Roller-Ball endometrial ablation in the management of refractory recurrent hypermenorrhea. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2000;90:27-9.
58. Tosun AK, Tosun I, Suer N. Comparison of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device with oral progestins in heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) cases with uterine leiomyoma (LNG-IUD and oral progestin usage in myoma uteri). Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2014;30(4):834-9.
59. Ghazizadeh S, Panahi Z, Ghanbari Z, Menshadi AT, Farahmandian T, Javadian P. Comparative efficacy of Novasure, the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and hysteroscopic endometrial resection in the treatment of menorrhagia: a randomised clinical trial. Journal of Gynecologic Surgery 2014;30(4):215-8.
60. McMillan L. Randomised controlled study comparing the efficacy of Levonorgestrel intrauterine device with Nd:YAG laser endometrial ablation for the treatment of menorrhagia and premenstrual syndrome. National Research Register, id N0080056736.
61. McMillan L. Randomised controlled study comparing the efficacy of levonorgestrel intrauterine device with surgical treatment of menorrhagia by total endometrial ablation. National Research Register, id N0080056730.
62. Abdel-Alim S A-R. Evaluation of the role of levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in management of menorrhagia. Email contact.
63. Herman MC, van den Brink MJ, Geomini PM, van Meurs HS, Huirne JA, Eising HP, et al. Levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) versus endometrial ablation (Novasure) in women with heavy menstrual bleeding: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMC Women's Health 2013;13:32.
64. SHiPP (Stopping Heavy Periods Project), Identifier NCT02002260. Ongoing study February 2013 - estimated completion date January 2017.
65. Andersson K, Odlind V, Rybo G. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper-releasing (Nova T) IUDs during five years of use: a randomized comparative trial. Contraception 1994;49:56-72.
66. Baldwin MK, Jensen JT. Contraception during the perimenopause. Maturitas 2013;76(3):235-42.
67. Berqvist A, Rybo G. Treatment of menorrhagia with intrauterine release of progesterone. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1983;90:255-8.
68. Chimbira TH, Anderson ABM, Turnbull AC. Relation between measured menstrual blood loss and patient's subjective assessment of loss, duration of bleeding, number of sanitary towels used, uterine weight and endometrial surface area. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1980;87:603-9.
69. Clegg JP, Guest JF, Hurskainen R. Cost-utility of levonorgestrel intrauterine system compared with hysterectomy and second generation endometrial ablative techniques in managing patients with menorrhagia in the UK. Current Medical Research and Opinions 2007;23(7):1637-48.
70. Cole S, Billewicz W, Thomson A. Sources of variation in menstrual blood loss. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 1971;78:939-49.
71. Coulter A, Kelland J, Peto V, Rees MCP. Treating menorrhagia in primary care. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 1995;11(3):456-71.
72. Farquhar CM, Kimble R. How do NZ gynaecologists treat menorrhagia?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 1996;36(4):1-4.
73. Farquhar C, Steiner C. Hysterectomy rates in the United States 1990-1997. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;99:229-34.
74. Fergusson RJ, Lethaby A, Shepperd S, Farquhar C. Endometrial resection and ablation versus hysterectomy for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000329.pub2]
75. Fraser IS, Langham S, Uhl-Hochgraeber K. Health-related quality of life and economic burden of abnormal uterine bleeding. Expert Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009;4:179-89.
76. Ganz ML, Shah D, Gidwani R, Filonenko A, Su W, Pocoski J, et al. The cost effectiveness of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for the treatment of idiopathic heavy menstrual bleeding in the United States. Value in Health 2013;16:325-33.
77. Hallberg L, Hogahl AM, Nilsson L, Rybo G. Menstrual blood loss - a population study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1966;45:320-51.
78. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
79. Higham JM, O'Brien PMS, Shaw RW. Assessment of menstrual blood using a pictorial chart. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1990;97:734-9.
80. Inki P. Long-term use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Contraception 2007;75(Suppl 6):S161-S166.
81. Kaunitz AM, Meredith S, Inki P, Kubba A, Sanchez-Ramos L. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and endometrial ablation in heavy menstrual bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009;113:1104-16.
82. Kaunitz AM, Inki P. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in heavy menstrual bleeding. Drugs 2012;72(2):193-215.
83. Liu Z, Doan QV, Blumenthal P, Dubois RW. A systematic review evaluating health-related quality of life, work impairment, and health-care costs and utilisation in abnormal uterine bleeding. Value Health 2007;10:183-94.
84. Mansour D. Modern management of abnormal uterine bleeding - the levonorgestrel intrauterine system. Best Practice Research in Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;21:1007-21.
85. Matteson KA, Rahn DD, Wheeler TL, Casiano E, Siddiqui NY, Harvie HS, et al. Nonsurgical management of heavy menstrual bleeding: a systematic review. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013;121(3):632-43.
86. Middleton LJ, Champaneria R, Daniels JP, Bhattacharya S, Cooper KG, Hilken NH, et al. Hysterectomy, endometrial destruction and levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) for heavy menstrual bleeding: systematic review and meta-analysis of data from individual patients. BMJ 2010;341:c3929.
87. Moragianni VA, Somkuti SG. Profound hypothyroidism-induced acute menorrhagia resulting in life-threatening anemia. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;110(2 Pt 2):515-7.
88. National Insititute for Care and Excellence. Heavy menstrual bleeding. NICE Clinical Guideline 44. guidance.nice.org.uk/cg44 January 2007.
89. Nilsson CG, Luukkainen T, Arko H. Endometrial morphology of women using a d-norgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Fertility and Sterility 1978;29:397-401.
90. Reid PC, Mukri F. Trends in number of hysterectomies performed in England for menorrhagia: examination of health episode statistics 1989 to 2002-3. BMJ 2005;330:938-9.
91. Roberts TE, Tsourapas A, Middleton LJ, Champaneria R, Daniels JP, Cooper KG, et al. Hysterectomy, endometrial ablation and levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system (Mirean) for treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding: cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ 2011;342:d2202.
92. Rodriguez MI, Darney PD. Non-contraceptive applications of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system. International Journal of Womens' Health 2010;2:63-8.
93. Shapley M, Jordan K, Croft PR. An epidemiological survey of symptoms of menstrual loss in the community. British Journal of General Practice 2004;54:359-64.
94. Somboonporn W, Panna S, Temtanakitpaisan T, Kaewrudee S, Soontrapa S. Effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system plus estrogen therapy in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause 2011;18(10):1060-6.
95. Suvisaari J, Lahteenmaki P. Detailed analysis of menstrual bleeding patterns after postmenstrual and postabortal insertion of a copper IUD or a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Contraception 1996;54:201-8.
96. Wright JD, Herzog TJ, Tsui J, Ananth CV, Lewin SM, Lu Y-S, et al. Nationwide trends in the performance of inpatient hysterectomy in the United States. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013;122(2):233-41.
97. Xu L, Lee BS, Asif S, Kraemer P, Inki P. Satisfaction and health-related quality of life in women with heavy menstrual bleeding; results from a non interventional trial of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or conventional medical therapy. International Journal of Women's Health 2014;6:547-54.
98. You JH, Sahota DS, MoYuen P. A cost utility analysis of hysterectomy, endometriation resection and ablation and medical therapy for menorrhagia. Human Reproduction 2006;21:1878-83.
99. Lethaby AE, Cooke I, Rees M. Progesterone/progestogen releasing intrauterine systems for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002126]
100. Lethaby A, Cooke I, Rees MC. Progesterone or progestogen-releasing intrauterine systems for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002126.pub2]