Solar sails: A novel approach to interplanetary travel

Solar Sails: A Novel Approach to Interplanetary Travel

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1-267

  Vulpetti, Giovanni ^a   Johnson, Les ^a   Matloff, Gregory L ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURE; INTERPLANETARY FLIGHT; PROPULSION; ROCKETS; SHIP PROPULSION; SHIPS; SOLAR EQUIPMENT; SOLAR RADIATION;

GENERAL PUBLICS; INTERPLANETARY TRAVEL; MIXED APPROACH; SAIL SYSTEM; SOLAR SAIL TECHNOLOGY; SPACE MISSIONS; SPACE VEHICLE PROPULSION; TECHNICAL BACKGROUND;

SOLAR SAILS;

EID: 84944259401     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0941-4     Document Type: Book

References (177)

1. Many sources address the prehistory and early history of space travel. Two classics are the following: Carsbie C. Adams, Space Flight: Satellites, Spaceships, Space Stations, Space Travel Explained (1st ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958. http://www.rarebookcellar. com/
2. Arthur C. Clarke, The Promise of Space, Harper & Row, New York, 1968.
3. The Minoan myth of Daedalus and Icarus is also widely available. See, for example, F. R. B. Godolphin, ed., Great Classical Myths, The Modern Library, New York, 1964.
4. Many popular periodicals routinely review space travel progress. Two of these are the following: Spaceflight, published by the British Interplanetary Society; and Ad Astra, published by the US National Space Society. Recently, the monthly newsletter Principium of the Institute for Interstellar Studies (http://www.i4is.org/) hosts articles on deep space propulsion, spacecraft concepts and designs, and even interviews distinguished personalities among the interstellar community.
5. Martin J. L. Turner, Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion, 2nd ed., Springer-Praxis, Chichester, UK, 2005.
6. T. W. Lee, Aerospace Propulsion, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2014.
7. Many references describe the Apollo lunar expeditions of the late 1960s and early 1970s. For example, you may consult Eric Burgess, Outpost on Apollo's Moon, Columbia University Press, NY, 1993.
8. A more technical treatment is found in Martin J. L. Turner, Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion, 2nd ed., Springer-Praxis, Chichester, UK, 2005. Turner's monograph also considers in greater detail many of the rocket varieties examined in this chapter.
9. Various nuclear approaches to interstellar travel are discussed in a number of sources. For a recent popular treatment, see Paul Gilster, Centauri Dreams, Copernicus, NY, 2004.
10. A recent technical monograph is Gregory L. Matloff, Deep-Space Probes, 2nd ed., Springer-Praxis, Chichester, UK, 2005.
11. A photographic sequence showing an Orion prototype in flight is reproduced in Eugene Mallove and Gregory Matloff The Starflight Hand-book, Wiley, NY, 1989. The history of Projects Orion and Daedalus are also reviewed in this semipopular source.
12. K. F. Long, R. K. Obousy, A. C. Tziolas, A. Mann, R. Osbourne, A. Presby and M. Fogg, "Project Icarus: Son of Daedalus-Flying Closer to Another Star," JBIS, 62, 403-416 (2009).
13. R. K. Obousy, A. C. Tziolas, K. F. Long, P. Galea, A. Crowl, I. A. Crawford, R. Swinney, A. Hein, R. Osbourne, and P. Reiss, "Project Icarus: Progress Report on Technical Developments and Design Considerations," JBIS, 64, 358-371 (2011).
14. The discovery of an Earth-mass planet circling near Alpha Centauri B, was accomplished using the HARPS instrument at the European Southern Observatory (ESO). The ESO press release regarding this discovery can be accessed at http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1241/
15. The kinematics of minimum energy or Hohmann interplanetary transfer ellipses are presented in many technical books on Astrodynamics. One good source is Roger R. Bates, Donald D. Mueller, and Jerry E. White, Fundamentals of Astrodynamics, Dover, NY, 1971.
16. For a technical review of planetary gravity assist technology, interstellar ramjets, MagSails and the mini-magnetosphere, consult Gregory L. Matloff Deep-Space Probes, 2nd ed., Springer-Praxis, Chichester, UK, 2005.
17. A more popular review of these topics is Paul Gilster, Centauri Dreams, Springer Copernicus Books, NY, 2004.
18. G.L. Matloff, L. Johnson, C. Bangs, Living Off the Land in Space, Praxis Copernicus, 2007. Aeroassist, tethers and related technology are treated in this book as well.
19. For the multiple propulsion mode concepts, papers were published in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (JBIS) in the 1970s and 1990s.
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43. For readers interested in science fiction stories that use the solar sail as a primary means of propulsion, we recommend Arthur C. Clarke, Project Solar Sail, ROC/Penguin, New York, 1990.
44. A more technical treatment of solar sails can be found in Louis Friedman, Starsailing, Solar Sails and Interstellar Travel, Wiley, New York, 1988.
45. For graduate students in astronautical engineering or physics, a closer presentation of sailcraft concept and the solar-wind properties can be found at http://www.giovannivulpetti. it/SolarSailing/SailPhotonPhysics/tabid/64/Default.aspx, Lecture 2: Sailcraft Concepts, by author Vulpetti.
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55. E. Mallove and G. Matloff, The Starflight Handbook, Wiley, New York, 1989
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57. G. L. Matloff, Deep-Space Probes, 2nd ed., Springer-Praxis, Chichester, UK, 2005
58. G. L. Matloff, L. Johnson, C. Bangs, Living Off the Land in Space: Green Roads to the Cosmos, Springer, 2007
59. A. Everett and T. Roman, Time Travel and Warp Drives, The University of Chicago Press, 2012
60. K. F. Long, Deep Space Propulsion - a Roadmap to Interstellar Flight, Springer, 2012
61. G. Vulpetti, Lectures on Physics of in-Space Propulsion at the Dept. of Astronautical Engineering of Rome University 'La Sapienza' (Italy), November-December 2013, downloadable from http://www.giovannivulpetti.it/(Solar-Photon Physics page in Solar Sailing menu)
62. Everett, Allen and Thomas Roman: Time Travel and Warp Drives, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-22498-5, 2012.
63. F.J. Dyson, "Interstellar Transport," Physics Today, Vol. 20, No. 10, p. 41-45 (October 1968).
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65. G.L. Matloff and E.F. Mallove, "Solar Sail Starships: The Clipper Ships of the Galaxy," JBIS, Vol. 34, pp. 371-380 (1981).
66. G.L. Matloff and E.F. Mallove, "The Interstellar Solar Sail: Optimization and Further Analysis," JBIS, Vol. 36, pp. 201-209 (1983).
67. Principles of beamed propulsion are reviewed in E. Mallove and G. Matloff, The Starflight Handbook, Wiley, NY, 1989.
68. For a more up-to-date technical treatment and review, see G. L. Matloff, Deep-Space Probes, 2nd ed., Springer-Praxis, Chichester, UK, 2005.
69. AIP Conference Proceedings 664: First International symposium on Beamed-energy Propulsion, May 2003, American Institute of Physics.
70. Wright, Jerome L.: Space Sailing, Taylor & Francis, 1992, p. 147, 149
71. McInnes, C.: "Delivering fast and capable missions to the outer solar system," Advances in Space Research, 2004
72. Vulpetti, Giovanni: Fast Solar Sailing, Springer, 2012
73. rd International Symposium on Solar Sailing, Glasgow, June 2013
74. Much of the historical material in this chapter has been reviewed or referenced in G.L. Matloff, Deep-Space Probes, 2nd ed., Springer-Praxis, Chichester, UK, (2005). A preliminary theory for the metallic perforated solar sail is also presented in that reference.
75. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology.
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95. Two excellent sources considering in greater depth the material covered in this chapter are Jerome L. Wright Space Sailing, Gordon and Breach, 1992
96. Colin McInnes Solar Sailing, Springer-Praxis, Chichester, UK, 1999.
97. More information on various sail configurations can be found in the appendix of Gregory L. Matloff Deep-Space Probes, 2nd ed., Springer-Praxis, Chichester, UK, 2005.
98. An excellent review of the JAXA IKAROS sail mission is T. Tsuda, O. Mori, R. Funase, H. Sawada, T. Yamamoto, T. Saiki, T. Endo, K. Yonekura, H. Hoshino, and J. Kamaguchi, "Achievement of IKAROS-Japanese Deep Space Solar Sail Demonstration Mission," Acta Astronautica, 82, 183-188 (2013).
99. An earlier version of this manuscript is in Proceedings of the Seventh IAA Symposium on Realistic Near-Term Advanced Scientific Space Missions-Missions to the Outer Solar System and Beyond, ed. G. Genta, Aosta, Italy, 11-13 July, 2011.
100. For a description of IKAROS gamma-ray burst observations, see D. Yonetoku, T. Murakami, S. Gunji, T. Mihara, K. Toma, T. Morihara, T. Takahashi, Y. Wakashima, H. Yonemochi, T. Sakashita, N. Toukairin, H. Fujimoto, and Y. Kodama, "Gamma-Ray Burst Jets Probed by Gamma-Ray Polarization," Astrophysical Journal Letters, 758, No. 1, L1 (2012).
101. Nanosail has been described in several sources. One useful paper is L. Johnson, M. Whorton, A. Heaton, R. Pinson, G. Laue, and C. Adams. "Nanosail-D: A Solar Sail Demonstration Mission," Acta Astronautica, 68, 571-575 (2011).
102. An earlier version of this manuscript is in Proceedings of the Sixth IAA Symposium on Realistic Near-Term Advanced Scientific Space Missions-Missions to the Outer Solar System and Beyond, ed. G. Genta and G. Vulpetti, Aosta, Italy, 6-9 July, 2009
103. For additional information regarding Nanosail, consult the project's website http://www. nasa.gov/mission_pages/smallsats/nanosaild.html
104. L. Johnson, et al, Solar Sails: Technology and Demonstration Status, International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Science, 13(4), 421-427 (2012).
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107. National Research Council. Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013.
108. Y. Tsuda et al., Flight Status of IKAROS Deep Space Solar Sail Demonstrator, Acta Astronautica, 69, 833-840, 2011
109. Osamu Mori et al., Overview of IKAROS Mission, Advances in Solar Sailing, inaugural issue, Springer, 2014
110. Special Issue on IKAROS, The Journal of Space Technology and Science by the Japanese Rocket Society, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2013 spring
111. Y. Tsuda, An Attitude Control Strategy for Spinning Solar Sail, 17th, IFAC Symposium on Automatic Control in Aerospace, WE-P02, 2007 June 25-29, Toulouse, France. (This is the first paper showing the specific concept of Reflectance Control Device- RCD-for controlling a sailcraft in attitude. This can be considered the first reliable design concept after James Wright, who suggested the utilization of variable reflectance for space sailing in his book of 1992. The RCD has been implemented onboard IKAROS.)
112. Y. Mimasu, T. Yamaguchi, M. Matsumoto, M. Nakamiya, R. Funase, and J. Kawaguchi, Spinning solar sail orbit steering via spin rate control, Advances in Space Research, Vol. 48, December, 2011, pp. 1810-1821 (This paper explains how controlling the orbit of a spinning sail via the attitude perturbations induced by the solar radiation pressure.)
113. Y. Tsuda, T. Saiki, R. Funase, Y. Mimasu, Generalized Attitude Model for Spinning Solar Sail Spacecraft, AIAA Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2013, pp. 967-974, doi: 10.2514/1.59516 (Unique attitude behavior discovered during IKAROS operations.)
114. Y. Tsuda, O. Mori, R. Funase, H. Sawada, T. Yamamoto, T. Saiki, T. Endo, K. Yonekura, H. Hoshino, J. Kawaguchi, Achievement of IKAROS Japanese Deep Space Solar Sail Demonstration Mission, Acta Astronautica, Vol. 82, No. 2, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.actaastro. 2012.03.032 (This is the report of achievements after the nominal operational phase of the IKAROS mission was completed.)
115. M. Miyauchi, R. Yokota, Development of heat sealable polyimide thin films with high space environmental stabilities for solar sail IKAROS membrane, Protection of Materials and Structures from the Space Environment, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 32, 303-316, 2012 (asymmetric thermoplastic material suitable for solar-sail petals)
116. R. Yokota, M. Miyauchi, Y. Ishida, Novel Asymmetric Aromatic Polyimide Having Excellent Space Environmental Stability and Application for Solar Sail IKAROS Membrane, Int. J. Soc. Mater. Eng. Resour., Vol. 20, No. 1, April 2014 (development of new polyimide chemical structures that meet some basic requirements of sail membrane working in Space)
117. Katan, Chelsea, "NASA's Next Solar Sail: Lessons from NanoSail - D2," 26th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites: Enhancing Global Awareness through Small Satellites, Logan, UT, USA, 13-16 Aug. 2012
118. Fernandez, Juan M., et al. "Design and development of a gossamer sail system for deorbiting in low earth orbit." Acta Astronautica 103 (2014): 204-225
119. A nice online review of JAXA plans for a hybrid sail/ion-drive mission to Jupiter and the Trojan asteroids can be found in S. Sasaki et al., Japanese mission plan for Jupiter system: the Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Trojan asteroid explorer, presented at EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011. This is its web-address: http://yly-mac.gps.caltech. edu/A_DPS/dps%202011%20/a_dps%202011%20program%20+%20abstracts/pdf/EPSC-DPS2011-1091. pdf, checked successfully on May 20, 2014.
120. Many texts consider the kinematics of Hohmann transfer orbits. We used R. R. Bate, D. D. Mueller and J. E. White, Fundamentals of Astrodynamics, Dover, NY (1971).
121. A nice source for the numerical values of astronomical and physical constants is K. Lodders and B. Fegley Jr., The Planetary Scientist's Companion, Oxford University Press, NY (1998).
122. Our reference for the ion-thruster power level of the NASA Deep Space 1 probe is M. J. L. Turner, Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion, 2nd ed., Springer-Praxis, Chichester, UK (2005).
123. The gravity tractor as a NEO deflection scheme has received a fair amount of attention in recent years. One reference is B. Wie, "Deflection and Control of Gravity Tractor Spacecraft for Asteroid Deflection," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 31, 1413-1423 (2008).
124. Orbit cranking by solar radiation pressure, as a method of altering orbital inclination without the expenditure of fuel, is considered by C. McInnes on pp. 143-146 of Solar Sailing: Technology, Dynamics, and Mission Applications, Springer-Praxis, Chichester, UK (1999). However, this method was first considered by JPL in the 1970s.
125. A review of the paintball NEO-diversion suggestion is available on-line as J. Chu, "Paintballs may Deflect an Incoming Asteroid," MIT News, http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2012/deflecting-an-asteroid-with-paintballs-1026.html (accessed February 14, 2013).
126. The application of the solar collector in NEO deflection is discussed in the paper G. L. Matloff, Deflecting Earth-Threatening Asteroids Using the Solar Collector, Acta Astronautica, 82, 209-214 (2013).
127. Using both nuclear ion propulsion and solar-photon sailing for very high energy missions was first proposed and analyzed in detail by author Vulpetti in his paper Missions to the Heliopause and Beyond by Staged Propulsion Spacecraft, paper IAA-92-0240, The World Space Congress, Aug. 28 - Sept. 5, Washington D.C. (1992)
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136. J. M. Palmer, B. G. Grant., The Art of Radiometry, SPIE Press Monograph, PM184, December 2009
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138. V. Domingo, I. Ermolli, P. Fox, C. Frohlich, M. Haberreiter, N. Krivova, G. Kopp, W. Schmutz, S. K. Solanki, H. C. Spruit, Y. Unruh, A. Vogler, Solar Surface Magnetism and Irradiance on Time Scales from Days to the 11-Year Cycle, Space Science Review,2009
139. G. Vulpetti, Effect of the total solar irradiance variations on solar-sail low eccentricity orbits, Acta Astronautica, Vol. 67, No. 1-2, July/August 2010
140. G. Vulpetti, Total solar irradiance fluctuation effects on sailcraft-Mars rendezvous, Acta Astronautica, Vol. 68, No. 5-6, March/April 2011
141. G. Vulpetti, Impact of Total Solar Irradiance Fluctuations on Solar-Sail Mission Design, SciTopics, November 2010 (an overview of the problem).
142. G. Kopp and J. L. Lean, A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, L01706, doi:10.1029/2010GL045777, 2011
143. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_sail. The reader should be aware that many different authors write on Wikipedia.org independently, and in different periods. Wikipedia Staff members try to keep things simple and uniform. Nevertheless, when the technical topic is particularly complicated, these aims sacrifice many aspects of Physics and Engineering. Some numerical results regarding solar sailing reflect a particular historical period where simple physical models were assumed for the sake of simplicity. Such oversimplified models of thrust (e.g. the sail as a perfect mirror) are analytically very attractive, and hence often still nowadays used by some authors even in advanced algorithms. However, the student should be aware that any real sail is quite a different thing. Therefore, the authors of this book recommend her/him considering soon more realistic sail models in their learning exercises.
144. http://www.giovannivulpetti.it/SolarSailing/SailPhotonPhysics/tabid/64/Default.aspx (updated periodically).
145. G. Vulpetti, Applying Vector Scattering Theory to Solar-Photon Sail Thrust Modeling in Advances in Solar Sailing, ISBN 978-3-642-34906-5, Springer, 2014
146. G. Vulpetti and S. Scaglione, The Aurora Project: Estimation of the Optical Sail Parameters, Special issue of Acta Astronautica, vol. 44, no. 2-4, pp. 123-132,1999.
147. G. Vulpetti, Fast Solar Sailing: Astrodynamics of Special Sailcraft Trajectories, Springer, 2012
148. 2-reversal trajectory: a new mission application for high-performance solar sailing, Advances in Space Research, 2010
149. X. Zeng, H. Baoyin, J. Li, S. Gong, New application of the H-reversal trajectory using solar sails, in Cornell University Library, arXiv:1103.1470v1 [astro-ph.SR], 2011
150. J. M. Palmer, The measurement of transmission, absorption, emission and reflection, Handbook of Optics: Vol. II, 3rd edition, 2010, McGraw-Hill, New York
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153. J. L. Wright, Space Sailing, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1992
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155. G. L. Matloff, Deflecting Asteroids, IEEE Spectrum, March 28, 2012
156. rd International Symposium on Solar Sailing, June 11-13, Glasgow, 2013
157. rd International Symposium on Solar Sailing, June 11-13, Glasgow, 2013
158. th IAA Symposium on the Future of Space Exploration: Towards the Stars, Turin, July 3-5, 2013
159. J. F. L. Simmons, A. J. C. McDonald, and J. C. Brown, The Restricted 3-Body Problem with Radiation Pressure, Celestial Mechanics, 35 (1985), 145-187
160. V. V. Markellos, E. Perdios, K. Papadakis, The stability of inner collinear equilibrium points in the photo-gravitational elliptic restricted problem, Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 199, No. 1, 1993, pp. 139-146
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162. G. Vulpetti, Sailcraft at High Speed by Orbital Angular Momentum Reversal, Acta Astronautica 1997, 40: 733-758
163. G. Vulpetti, 3D high-speed escape heliocentric trajectories by all-metallic-sail lowmass sailcraft, Acta Astronautica 1996; 39: 161-170
164. G. Vulpetti, Sailcraft-Based Mission to The Solar Gravitational Lens, STAIF-2000, Albuquerque (New Mexico, USA), 30 Jan - 3 Feb, 2000
165. G. Vulpetti, Fundamentals and Progress of Solar-Photon Sailing, Lectures at Dept. of Astronautical Engineering of Rome University 'La Sapienza', April-May 2013, in /SolarSailing/SailPhotonPhysics of http://www.giovannivulpetti.it
166. G. L. Matloff, G. Vulpetti, C. Bangs, R. Haggerty, The Interstellar Probe (ISP): Pre-Perihelion Trajectories and Application of Holography, NASA/CR-2002-211730, June 2002.
167. G. Vulpetti, Fast Solar Sailing: Astrodynamics of Special Sailcraft Trajectories, Springer, 2012
168. G. L. Matloff, Deep-Space Probes, 2nd ed., Springer-Praxis, Chichester, UK, 2005.
169. Studies by the International Academy of Astronautics, Key Technologies to Enable Near-Term Interstellar Scientific Precursor Missions, May 2013
170. NASA/CR-2002-211730, Chapter 4, author Vulpetti, where there is an introductory mathematical treatment of the sail degradation problem.
171. Roman Ya. Kezerashvili and Gregory L. Matloff, Solar radiation and the beryllium hollow-body sail: 1 The ionization and disintegration effects, JBIS 2007; 60:169-179 (a more comprehensive treatment of the near-Sun environmental issues.)
172. To consult the Australian on-line source with up-to-date solar wind information, key-in http://www.ips.gov.au/Solar/1/4. The data presented in this website is refreshed at 10-minute intervals.
173. The analysis of the interaction between the near-Sun space environment and the beryllium hollow-body solar-photon sail required several years and resulted in many research papers. Much of this work is cited and summarized in Roman Ya. Kezerashvili and Gregory L. Matloff, "Microscopic Approach to Analyze Solar-Sail Space Environment Effects," Advances in Space Research, 44, 859-869 (2009).
174. With regard to SI, see The International System of Units (SI), also published by NIST (USA), http://www.nist.gov/index.html
175. Shu T. Lai, Fundamentals of Spacecraft Charging: Spacecraft Interactions with Space Plasmas, Princeton University Press, 2012
176. Henry B. Garrett and Albert C. Whittlesey, Guide to Mitigating Spacecraft Charging Effects, JPL Space Science and Technology Series, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012
177. In addition, a graduate student, who completed university courses in electromagnetism, may find useful analytic approach to the complicated problems of the (1) sail floating potential, and (2) degradation of the sail's reflective layer as carried out in Chap. 4 of Fast Solar Sailing, Springer, August 2012, by author Vulpetti. The effects of optical degradation of the sail's reflective layer on fast sailcraft trajectories are dealt with in the Chap. 9 of the same book.