Precarious islands: Kulkalgal reef island settlement and high mobility across 700 km of seascape, central Torres Strait and northern Great Barrier Reef

Quaternary International

Volumn 385, Issue , 2015, Pages 39-55

  McNiven, Ian J ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Central Torres Strait; Kulkalgal; Reef islands; Risk buffering; Settlement patterns

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGY; ATOLL; DRY SEASON; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; SETTLEMENT HISTORY; SETTLEMENT PATTERN; SUSTAINABILITY;

AUSTRALIA; CORAL SEA; GREAT BARRIER REEF; QUEENSLAND; TORRES STRAIT;

EID: 84944172398     PISSN: 10406182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.015     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. ABM Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Climatic Statistics for Torres Strait 2014, http://www.bom.gov.au.
2. Alkire W.H. Coral Islanders 1978, AHM Publishing Corporation, Arlington Heights, Illinois.
3. The Journal of John Sweatman 1977, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia. J. Allen, P. Corris (Eds.).
4. Anderson A., Wallin P., Martinsson-Wallin H., Fankhauser B., Hope G. Towards a first prehistory of Kiritimati (Christmas) Island, Republic of Kiribati. The Journal of the Polynesian Society 2000, 109(3):273-293.
5. Anonymous Exploration of New Guinea. The voyage of the Chevert. The Sydney Morning Herald, September 18 1875, 5.
6. Anonymous A trip to New Guinea. Along the coast. The Argus, April 26 1884, 4.
7. Anonymous A trip to New Guinea. Homeward bound. The Argus, June 28 1884, 4.
8. Anonymous A trip to New Guinea. Homeward bound. The Argus, June 21 1884, 4.
9. Barham A.J. The local environmental impact of prehistoric populations on Saibai Island, northern Torres Strait, Australia: enigmatic evidence from Holocene swamp lithostratigraphic records. Quaternary International 1999, 59:71-105.
10. Barham A.J. Late Holocene maritime societies in the Torres Strait Islands, northern Australia - cultural arrival or cultural emergence?. East of Wallace's Line 2000, 223-314. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. S. O'Connor, P. Veth (Eds.).
11. Barham A.J., Rowland M.J., Hitchcock G. Torres Strait bepotaim: an overview of archaeological and ethnoarchaeological investigations and research. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series 2004, 3(1):1-72.
12. Bass B. Early Neolithic offshore accounts: remote islands, maritime exploitations, and the trans-Adriatic cultural network. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 1999, 11(2):165-190.
13. Bayliss-Smith T. Atoll production systems: fish and fishing on Ontong Java atoll, Solomon Islands. Pacific Production Systems 1990, 57-69. Department of Prehistory, Australian National University, Canberra. D.E. Yen, J.M.J. Mummery (Eds.).
14. Beaton J.M. Archaeology of the Great Barrier Reef. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 1978, 284(999):141-147.
15. Beckett J. The Torres Strait Islanders. Bridge and Barrier: the Natural and Cultural History of Torres Strait 1972, 307-326. Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. D. Walker (Ed.).
16. Beckett J. Torres Strait Islanders: Custom and Colonialism 1987, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
17. Best S.B. Tokelau archaeology: a preliminary report of an initial survey and excavations. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 1988, 8:104-118.
18. Billy J.A. Affidavit of Jack Ackin Billy. 26 August 2008. Torres Strait Regional Seas Native Title Claim 2008, Q6040 of 2001, Native Title Office, Torres Strait Regional Authority, Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia.
19. Billy K.L. Affidavit of Kris Lui Billy. 18 August 2008. Torres Strait Regional Seas Native Title Claim, Q6040 of 2001 2008, Native Title Office, Torres Strait Regional Authority, Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia.
20. Billy N. Affidavit of Nelson Billy. 14 August 2008. Torres Strait Regional Seas Native Title Claim, Q6040 of 2001 2008, Native Title Office, Torres Strait Regional Authority, Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia.
21. Brady L.M. Pictures, Patterns and Objects: Rock-Art of the Torres Strait Islands, Northeastern Australia 2010, Australian Scholarly Publishing, North Melbourne.
22. Brierly O.W. Panoramic Sketches of Cocoa Nut, Poll, Bet, and Sue Islands, and Other Islets 1849, I October 1849. PXA 510.123, Mitchell Library, Sydney.
23. Brierly O.W. Panoramic Sketches of Cocoa Nut Island 1849, 8 December 1849. PXA 510.96, Mitchell Library, Sydney.
24. Brierly O.W. Panoramic Sketches of Arden, [Roberts], and Cocoa Nut Islands 1849, 30 September 1849. PXA 510.126, Mitchell Library, Sydney.
25. Brierly O.W. Panoramic Sketches of Marsden, Rennel and Auridh Islands 1849, 30 September 1849. PXA 510.127, Mitchell Library, Sydney.
26. Brockett W.E. Narrative of a Voyage from Sydney to Torres Straits, in Search of the Survivors of the Charles Eaton 1836, Henry Bull, Sydney.
27. Carter M., Lilley I. Between the Australian and Melanesian realms: the archaeology of the Murray Islands and consideration of a settlement model for Torres Strait. Comparative Island Archaeologies. British Archaeological Reports 2008, 69-83. J. Conolly, M. Campbell (Eds.).
28. Cashdan E.A. Coping with risk: reciprocity among the Basarwa of northern Botswana. Man 1985, 20(3):454-474.
29. Chester H.H. Account of a Visit to Warrior Island in September and October 1870 1870, Col/A151, 3425 of 1870, Queensland State Archives, Brisbane.
30. Cheyne A. Sailing Directions from New South Wales, to China & Japan 1855, J.D. Potter, London.
31. Chilcott F.B. Torres Straits. The Australian, December 17 1846, 4.
32. Coral C. Yarns of old identities of Torres Strait Islands: the recollections of Maino. The Queenslander, 11th July 1925, 11. [Rev. W.H. MacFarlane].
33. Coral C. Yarns of the old identities of Torres Strait Islands: two men of Damut. The Queenslander, 1st August 1925, 11. [Rev. W.H. MacFarlane].
34. Coral C. Yarns of the old identities of Torres Strait Islands: a call at Auridh. The Queenslander, 30th May 1925, 11. [Rev. W.H. MacFarlane].
35. Coral C. Yarns of the old identities of Torres Strait Islands: an island of ghosts. The Queenslander, 16th January 1925, 11. [Rev. W.H. MacFarlane].
36. Coral C. Yarns of the old identities of Torres Strait Islands: Old Charlie. The Queenslander, 7th March 1925, 11. [Rev. W.H. MacFarlane].
37. Crouch J. Reading between the lands: towards an amphibious archaeological settlement model for maritime migrations. Handbook of Landscape Archaeology 2008, 131-140. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA. B. David, J. Thomas (Eds.).
38. David B., McNiven I.J., Crouch J., Mura Badulgal Corporation Committee, Skelly R., Barker B., Courtney K., Hewitt G. Koey Ngurtai: the emergence of a ritual domain in Western Torres Strait. Archaeology in Oceania 2009, 44(1):1-17.
39. Dickinson W.R. Pacific atoll living: how long already and until when?. GSA Today 2009, 19(3):4-10.
40. Di Piazza A., Pearthree E. An island for gardens, an island for birds and voyaging: a settlement pattern for Kiritimati and Tabuaeran, two "mystery islands" in the Northern Lines, Republic of Kiribata. Journal of the Polynesian Society 2001, 110(2):149-170.
41. Di Piazza A., Pearthree E. Sailing Routes of Old Polynesia: the Prehistoric Discovery, Settlement and Abandonment of the Phoenix Islands. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Anthropology II 2004, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.
42. Duce S.J., Parnell K.E., Smithers S.G., McNamara K.E. A Synthesis of Climate Change and Coastal Science to Support Adaptation in the Communities of the Torres Strait 2010, Reef & Rainforest Research Centre Limited, Cairns.
43. Dumont d'Urville J. Voyage au Pole Sud et dans l'Oceanie. Atlas Pittoresque. vol. 2 1846, Gide et J. Baudry, Paris.
44. Fitzpatrick J., Cordell J., McNiven I.J. Torres Strait Culture Site Documentation Project 1998, Final Draft Report, Prepared for the Island Coordinating Council, Thursday Island, Queensland.
45. Flinders M. A Voyage to Terra Australis 1814, vol. 3. G. and W. Nicol, London.
46. Fuary M. In So Many Words: an Ethnography of Life and Identity on Yam Island, Torres Strait 1991, (PhD thesis), James Cook University, Townsville.
47. Fuary M. Fishing and its social significance on Yam Island, Torres Strait. Traditional Fishing in the Torres Strait Islands 1991, 144-156. CSIRO, Hobart. R.E. Johannes, J.W. MacFarlane (Eds.).
48. Fuary M. Torres Strait cultural history. Indigenous Minorities and Education: Australian and Japanese Perspectives on Their Indigenous Peoples, the Ainu, Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders 1993, 165-186. Sanyusha, Tokyo. N. Loos, T. Osanai (Eds.).
49. Fuary M. Torres Strait and Dawdhay: dimensions of self and Otherness on Yam Island. Oceania 2000, 70:219-230.
50. Gall W. Reports upon the Operations of Certain Sub-departments of the Home Secretary's Department. Aboriginal Department 1924, Information Contained in Report for the Year Ended 31st December, 1923, Queensland Government Printer, Brisbane.
51. Gill W.W. Torres Straits and New Guinea. The Leisure Hour 1874, 1162:217-222. 1164, 245-248, 1197, 775-779.
52. Haddon A.C. The ethnography of the Western Tribe of Torres Strait. Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 1890, 19:297-440.
53. Haddon A.C. Head-Hunters: Black, White and Brown 1901, Methuen, London.
54. Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Sociology, Magic and Religion of the Western Islanders 1904, vol. V. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. A.C. Haddon (Ed.).
55. Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Sociology, Magic and Religion of the Eastern Islanders 1908, vol. VI. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. A.C. Haddon (Ed.).
56. Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Arts and Crafts 1912, vol. IV. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. A.C. Haddon (Ed.).
57. Haddon A.C. Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. General Ethnography, vol. I 1935, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
58. Haddon A.C., Sollas W.J., Cole G.A.J. On the Geology of Torres Straits. The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy 1894, 30(11).
59. Hale H.M., Tindale N.B. Aborigines of Princess Charlotte Bay, north Queensland. Records of the South Australian Museum 1934, 5(1):63-172.
60. Halstead P., O'Shea J. Bad Year Economics: Cultural Responses to Risk and Uncertainty 1989, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
61. Harris D.R. Subsistence strategies across Torres Strait. Sunda and Sahul: Prehistoric Studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia 1977, 421-463. Academic Press, London. J. Allen, J. Golson, R. Jones (Eds.).
62. Harris D.R. Foragers and farmers in the western Torres Strait islands: an historical analysis of economic, demographic, and spatial differentiation. Social and Ecological Systems 1979, 75-109. Academic Press, London. P.C. Burnham, R.F. Ellen (Eds.).
63. Hart D.E. The maintenance of reef islands. Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium 2009, vol. 1:416-420.
64. Hilder B. The Voyage of Torres 1980, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia.
65. Hopley D., Smithers S.G., Parnell K.E. The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
66. Huxley J. T.H. Huxley's Diary of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake 1936, Doubleday, Doran & Co. Inc, New York.
67. Hynes R.A., Chase A.K. Plants, sites and domiculture: Aboriginal influence upon plant communities in Cape York Peninsula. Archaeology in Oceania 1982, 17(1):38-50.
68. Ireland J. The Shipwrecked Orphans 1845, S. Babcock, New Haven.
69. Johannes R.E., MacFarlane J.W. Traditional Fishing in the Torres Strait Islands 1991, CSIRO Division of Fisheries, Hobart.
70. Jones S., Steadman D.W., O'Day P.M. Archaeological investigations on the small islands of Aiwa Levu and Aiwa Lailai, Lau Group, Fiji. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2007, 2(1):72-98.
71. Jukes J.B. Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H.M.S. Fly 1847, vol. 2. T. & W. Boone, London.
72. Kebisu M. Affidavit of Mareko Kebisu. 21 October 2008. Torres Strait Regional Seas Native Title Claim, Q6040 of 2001 2008, Native Title Office, Torres Strait Regional Authority, Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia.
73. Keegan W.F., Diamond J.M. Colonization of islands by humans: a biogeographical perspective. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 1987, 10:49-91.
74. Keegan W.F., Fitzpatrick S.M., Sealey K.S., LeFebvre M.J., Sinelli P.T. The role of small islands in marine subsistence strategies: case studies from the Caribbean. Human Ecology 2008, 36(5):635-654.
75. Kench P.S., Brander R.W. Wave processes on coral reef flats: implications for reef geomorphology using Australian case studies. Journal of Coastal Research 2006, 22(1):209-223.
76. King P.P. A Voyage to Torres Strait in Search of the Survivors of the Ship "Charles Eaton" 1837, Stratham, Sydney.
77. Kirch P.V. On the Road of the Winds 2000, University of California Press, Berkeley.
78. Laade W. Fieldnotes. How the Coconut Islanders Made Use of Firearms 1962-1964a, Box 16. Item MS3802, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra.
79. Laade W. Fieldnotes. The Maidam Stone. Told by Lawrence Mosby 1962-1964b, Box 16. Item MS3802, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra.
80. Laade W. Fieldnotes. The Coconut-zogo. Told by Lawrence Mosby 1962-1964c, Box 16. Item MS3802, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra.
81. Laade W. Fieldnotes. The Massacre of the Yorke Island People. Told by Kabiri Diu 1962-1964d, Box 16. Item MS3802, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra.
82. Laade W. Fieldnotes. The Fight with the North Moa People. Told by Daniel Pearson 1962-1964e, Box 16. Item MS3802, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra.
83. Laade W. Fieldnotes. Coconut. Told by Jim Mosby 1962-1964f, Box 16. Item MS3802, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra.
84. Laade W. The Torres Strait Islanders' own traditions about their origin. Ethnos 1968, 33:141-158.
85. Laade W. Ethnographic notes on the Murray Islanders, Torres Strait. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 1969, 94(1):33-46.
86. Laade W. Oral Traditions and Written Documents on the History and Ethnography of the Northern Torres Strait Islands, Saibai - Dauan - Boigu. Adi - Myths, Legends, Fairy Tales, vol. 1 1971, Franz Steiner Verlag GMBH, Wiesbaden.
87. Laade W. Notes on the clans, economy, trade and traditional law of the Murray Islanders, Torres Straits. Journal de la Société des Oceanistes 1973, 29(30):151-167.
88. Lahn J. Past Visions, Present Lives: Sociality and Locality in a Torres Strait Community 2003, (PhD thesis), James Cooks University, Townsville.
89. Lahn J. Women's gift fish and sociality in the Torres Strait, Australia. Oceania 2006, 76:297-309.
90. Lahn J. Native title and the Torres Strait: encompassment and recognition in the Central Islands. Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research 2007, 135-149. The Australian National University, Canberra. B.R. Smith, F. Morphy (Eds.).
91. Lahn J. The 1836 Lewis collection and the Torres Strait turtle-shell mask of Kulka. The Journal of Pacific History 2013, 48(4):386-408.
92. Landtman G. The Folk-tales of the Kiwai Papuans 1917, Finnish Society of Literature, Helsingfors.
93. Lavery T.H., Watson J.L., Leung L.K.-P. Terrestrial vertebrate richness of the inhabited Torres Strait Islands, Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 2012, 60:180-191.
94. Lawrence D. Customary exchange across Torres Strait. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1994, 34(2):241-446.
95. Lawrie M. Myths and Legends of Torres Strait 1970, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia.
96. Laza A. Kuiyku Mabaigal: Waii and Sobai 1998, Magabala, Books, Broome.
97. Lee I. Captain Bligh's Second Voyage to the South Seas 1920, Longmans, Green & Co., London.
98. Leon J.A., Woodroffe C.D. Morphological characterisation of reef types in Torres Strait and an assessment of their carbonate production. Marine Geology 2013, 338:64-75.
99. Lui G. Affidavit of George Lui. 15 August 2008. Torres Strait Regional Seas Native Title Claim, Q6040 of 2001 2008, Native Title Office, Torres Strait Regional Authority, Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia.
100. MacArthur R.H., Wilson E.O. The Theory of Island Biogeography 1967, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
101. MacFarlane W.H. Collected Papers, Diaries and Journals 1917-1956, MS2616, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra.
102. MacGillivray J. Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake 1852, T. & W. Boone, London.
103. MacGillivray J. Wanderings in tropical Australia. No. VII. The Sydney Morning Herald, February 14 1862, 4.
104. MacGillivray J. Wanderings in tropical Australia. No. IX. The Sydney Morning Herald, February 27 1862, 4.
105. MacGillivray J. Wanderings in tropical Australia. No. VIII. The Sydney Morning Herald, February 21 1862, 4.
106. MacGregor W. Letter from Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman, dated 23 March 1893. Documents and Correspondence on New Guinea's Boundaries 1893, 29-32. Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1966. P.W. van der Veur (Ed.).
107. MacKenzie W. Letter to the Editor. The Sydney Morning Herald, May 8 1852, 4.
108. McNamara K.E., Westoby R. Local knowledge and climate change adaptation on Erub Island, Torres Strait. Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability 2011, 16(9):887-901.
109. McNiven I.J. Enmity and amity: reconsidering stone-headed club (gabagaba) procurement and trade in Torres Strait. Oceania 1998, 69:94-115.
110. McNiven I.J. Ritual engines of the sea. Ballaarat Mechanics' Institute Journal 2005, 4(2):23-31.
111. McNiven I.J. Dauan 4 and the emergence of ethnographically-known social arrangements across Torres Strait 600-800 years ago. Australian Archaeology 2006, 62:1-12.
112. McNiven I.J. Torres Strait Islanders: the 9000-year history of a maritime people. The Torres Strait Islands 2011, 210-219. Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane.
113. McNiven I.J., Feldman R. Ritually orchestrated seascapes: hunting magic and dugong bone mounds in Torres Strait, NE Australia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2003, 13(2):169-194.
114. McNiven I.J., Hitchcock G. Torres Strait Islander marine subsistence specialisation and terrestrial animal translocation. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series 2004, 3(1):105-162.
115. McNiven I.J., Crouch J., David M. Tudu (Warrior Island), Torres Strait: Historical and Archaeological Survey. Report to the Tudu/Yama Community, Torres Strait. Cultural Heritage Report Series: 4 2004, School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria.
116. McNiven I.J., David B., Goemulgau Kod, Fitzpatrick J. The great kod of Pulu: mutual historical emergence of ceremonial sites and social groups in Torres Strait, NE Australia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2009, 19(3):291-317.
117. Melville H.S. Sketches in Australia and the Adjacent Islands 1849, Dickinson & Co., London, n.d.
118. Melville H.S. The Adventures of a Griffin on a Voyage of Discovery 1867, Bell and Daldy, London.
119. Mills R.A. Aboriginal Occupation of Lizard Island 1992, (Litt.M thesis), University of Sydney.
120. Mitchell P. Towards a comparative archaeology of Africa's islands. Journal of African Archaeology 2004, 2(2):229-250.
121. Moore D.R. Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York 1979, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.
122. Moresby J. Recent discoveries at the eastern end of New Guinea. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 1875, 44:1-14.
123. Moss I. Water: A Report on the Provision of Water and Sanitation in Remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities 1994, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
124. Mullins S. Torres Strait's pre-colonial population: the historical evidence reconsidered. Queensland Archaeological Research 1992, 9:38-42.
125. Mulrennan M.E., Scott C.H. Mare nullius: indigenous rights in saltwater environments. Development and Change 2008, 31:681-708.
126. Mundle R. Flinders: The Man Who Mapped Australia 2012, Hachette, Sydney.
127. Nares G.S. Treatment of natives, Torres Straits. The Sydney Morning Herald, June 10 1867, 4.
128. Nietschmann B. Traditional sea territories, resources and rights in Torres Strait. A Sea of Small Boats 1989, 60-93. Cultural Survival, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts. J. Cordell (Ed.).
129. Nunn P.D. Geographical influences on settlement-location choices by initial colonizers: a case study of the Fiji islands. Geographical Research 2009, 47(3):306-319.
130. Ohshima G. Land use and sea surface use of coral islands. Kwansei Gakuin University Annual Studies 32 1983, 49-57.
131. Perry C.Y., Kench P.S., Smithers S.G., Riegl B., Yamano H., O'Lear M.J. Implications of reef ecosystem change for the stability and maintenance of coral reef islands. Global Change Biology 2011, 17(12):3679-3696.
132. Pinney P., Runcie E. Too Many Spears 1978, Angus and Robertson, London.
133. Rainbird P. The Archaeology of Micronesia 2004, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
134. Raven-Hart R. The Happy Isles 1949, Georgian House, Melbourne.
135. Roberts J. Two Years at Sea 1834, Richard Bentley, London.
136. An Account in Two Volumes of Two Voyages to the South Seas by Captain (Late Rear-Admiral) Jules S-C Dumont D'Urville. Astrolabe and Zélée 1837-1840 1987, vol. II. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. H. Rosenman (Ed.).
137. Roth W.E. Transport and trade. North Queensland Ethnography Bulletin 14. Records of the Australian Museum 1910, 8(1):1-19.
138. Rowland M.J. Archaeological investigations on Moa and Naghi Islands, western Torres Strait. Australian Archaeology 1985, 21:119-132.
139. Rowland M.J. Prehistoric archaeology of the Great Barrier Reef Province - retrospect and prospect. Tempus 1996, 4:191-212.
140. Samosorn B., Woodroffe C.D. Nearshore wave environments around a sandy cay on a platform reef, Torres Strait, Australia. Continental Shelf Research 2008, 28(16):2257-2274.
141. SEA, 2011. Torres Strait Extreme Water Level Study. Final Report to the Torres Strait Regional Authority by Systems Engineering Australia Pty Ltd, Newstead, Queensland.
142. Sharp N. Saltwater People 2002, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest.
143. Shnukal A. The spread of Torres Strait Creole to the central islands of Torres Strait. Aboriginal History 1985, 9(2):220-234.
144. Shnukal A. The post-contact created environment in the Torres Strait Central Islands. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series 2004, 3(1):317-346.
145. Simpson Capt A voyage from Sydney to Isle de Reunion. The Sydney Morning Herald, September 8 1863, 4.
146. Simpson T.B. Extracts from a private log of the late captain T.B. Simpson, from the General Palmer. The Sydney Morning Herald, September 6 1858, 3.
147. Specht J. Small islands in the big picture: the formative period of Lapita in the Bismarck Archipelago. Terra Australia 26 2007, 51-70. Australian National University E Press, Canberra. S. Bedford, C. Sand, S.P. Connaughton (Eds.).
148. Spennemann D.H.R. Freshwater lens, settlement patterns, resource use and connectivity in the Marshall Islands. Transforming Cultures 2006, 1(2):44-63.
149. Stanton D.J., Fell D.G., Gooding D.O. Vegetation Communities and Regional Ecosystems of the Torres Strait Islands, Queensland Australia 2008, Final report to the TSRA Land & Sea Management Unit, Thursday Island.
150. St Julian C. The latent resources of Polynesia. The Sydney Morning Herald, December 21 1850, 2. Chapter III.
151. Stokes J.L. Discoveries in Australia 1846, T. and W. Boone, London.
152. Takamiya H. An unusual case? Hunter-gatherer adaptations to an island environment: a case study from Okinawa, Japan. Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology 2006, 1(1):49-66.
153. Yam Island of Torres Strait 1987, Far Northern Schools Development Unit, Cairns. T. Teske (Ed.).
154. Central Islands Coconut-Waraber-Yorke. Island of Torres Strait 1991, Far Northern Schools Development Unit, Cairns. T. Teske (Ed.).
155. Thomas F.R. Historical ecology in Kiribati: linking past with present. Pacific Science 2009, 63(4):567-600.
156. Thompson V.D., Turck J.A. Island archaeology and the Native American economies (2500 BC-AD 1700) of the Georgia Coast. Journal of Field Archaeology 2010, 35(3):283-297.
157. Thomson D.F. Notes on the smoking-pipes of North Queensland and the Northern Territory of Australia. Man 1939, 39:81-91.
158. Vanderwal R. The Torres Strait: Protohistory and beyond. The University of Queensland, Anthropology Museum, Occasional Papers in Anthropology 2 1973, 157-194.
159. Webb A.P., Kench P.S. The dynamic response of reef islands to sea-level rise: evidence from multi-decadal analysis of island change in the Central Pacific. Global and Planetary Change 2010, 72:234-246.
160. Weisler M.I. The settlement of marginal Polynesia: new evidence from Henderson Island. Journal of Field Archaeology 1994, 21:83-102.
161. Weisler M.I. Taking the mystery out of the Polynesian 'mystery islands': a case study from Mangareva and the Pitcairn Group. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication, Dunedin 1996, pp. 615-629.
162. Weisler M.I. Atolls as settlement landscapes: Ujae, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 1999, 460.
163. Weisler M.I. On the Margins of Sustainability: Prehistoric Settlement of Utrōk Atoll, Northern Marshall Islands. BAR International Series 967 2001.
164. Weisler M.I. Precarious landscapes: prehistoric settlement of the Marshall Islands. Antiquity 2001, 75:31-32.
165. Weisler M.I. Contraction of the southeast Polynesian interaction sphere and resource depression on Temoe Atoll. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 2003, 25:57-88.
166. Woodroffe C.D., Kennedy D.M., Hopley D., Rasmussen C.E., Smithers S.G. Holocene reef growth in Torres Strait. Marine Geology 2000, 170:331-346.
167. Woodroffe C.D., Samosorn B., Hua Q., Hart D.E. Incremental accretion of a sandy reef island over the past 3000 years indicated by component-specific radiocarbon dating. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34(L03602):1-5.
168. Wright D., Hiscock P., Aplin K. Re-excavation of Dabangay, a mid-Holocene settlement site on Mabuyag in western Torres Strait. Queensland Archaeological Research 2013, 16:15-31.
169. Yamaguchi T., Kayanne H., Yamano H. Archaeological investigation of the landscape history of an Oceanic atoll: Majuro, Marshall Islands. Pacific Science 2009, 63(4):537-565.