A detailed cloud fraction climatology of the upper indus basin and its implications for near-surface air temperature

Journal of Climate

Volumn 28, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 3537-3556

  Forsythe, N ^a   Hardy, A J ^b   Fowler, H J ^a   Blenkinsop, S ^a   Kilsby, C G ^a   Archer, D R ^c   Hashmi, M Z ^d  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c JBA CONSULTING   (United Kingdom)

^d Global Change Impact Studies Centre   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Asia; Cloud cover; Cloud forcing; Reanalysis data; Remote sensing; Satellite observations

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS; CATCHMENTS; CLIMATOLOGY; RADIOMETERS; REMOTE SENSING; RUNOFF; SATELLITE IMAGERY;

ASIA; CLOUD COVER; CLOUD FORCING; REANALYSIS; SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS;

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE;

AIR TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE VARIATION; CLIMATOLOGY; CLOUD COVER; CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING; DIURNAL VARIATION; MODIS; REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SEASONAL VARIATION; SPATIAL VARIATION;

BESHAM; INDUS BASIN; KHYBER-PAKHTUNKHWA; PAKISTAN;

EID: 84944080856     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00505.1     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Ackerman, S. A., R. E. Holz, R. Frey, E. W. Eloranta, B. C. Maddux, and M. McGill, 2008: Cloud detection with MODIS. Part II: Validation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 25, 1073-1086, doi:10.1175/2007JTECHA1053.1.
2. Andrews, T., J. M. Gregory, M. J. Webb, and K. E. Taylor, 2012: Forcing, feedbacks and climate sensitivity in CMIP5 coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L09712, doi:10.1029/2012GL051607.
3. Archer, D. R., 2004: Hydrological implications of spatial and altitudinal variation in temperature in the upper Indus basin. Nord. Hydrol., 35, 209-222.
4. Archer, D. R., and H. J. Fowler, 2004: Spatial and temporal variations in precipitation in the upper Indus basin, global teleconnections and hydrological implications. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 47-61, doi:10.5194/hess-8-47-2004.
5. Archer, D. R., N. Forsythe, H. J. Fowler, and S. M. Shah, 2010: Sustainability of water resources management in the Indus basin under changing climatic and socio economic conditions. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1669-1680, doi:10.5194/hess-14-1669-2010.
6. Barnett, T. P., J. C. Adam, and D. P. Lettenmaier, 2005: Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature, 438, 303-309, doi:10.1038/nature04141.
7. Betts, A. K., R. Desjardins, and D. Worth, 2013: Cloud radiative forcing of the diurnal cycle climate of the Canadian Prairies. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 8935-8953, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50593.
8. Betts, A. K., R. Desjardins, D. Worth, S.Wang, and J. Li, 2014: Coupling of winter climate transitions to snow and clouds over the Prairies. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 1118-1139, doi:10.1002/2013JD021168.
9. Bolstad, P. V., L. Swift, F. Collins, and J. Régnière, 1998: Measured and predicted air temperatures at basin to regional scales in the southern Appalachian mountains. Agric. For. Meteor., 91, 161-176, doi:10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00076-8.
10. Dee, D. P., and et al, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/qj.828.
11. Delany, A. C., and S. R. Semmer, 1998: An integrated surface radiation measurement system. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 46-53, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0046:AISRMS>2.0.CO;2.
12. Di Girolamo, L., A. Menzies, G. Zhao, K. Mueller, C. Moroney, and D. J. Diner, 2010: Level 3 cloud fraction by altitude algorithm theoretical basis. JPL Tech. Doc. D-62358, 18 pp. [Available online at eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atbd/MISR_CFBA_ATBD.pdf.].
13. Dimri, A. P., T. Yasunari, A. Wiltshire, P. Kumar, C. Mathison, J. Ridley, and D. Jacob, 2013: Application of regional climate models to the Indian winter monsoon over the western Himalayas. Sci. Total Environ., 468-469, S36-S47, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.040.
14. Duan, A., and G. Wu, 2006: Change of cloud amount and the climate warming on the Tibetan Plateau. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L22704, doi:10.1029/2006GL027946.
15. Ebell, K., S. Crewell, U. Lohnert, D. D. Turner, and E. J. O'Connor, 2011: Cloud statistics and cloud radiative effect for a low mountain site. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137 (S1), 306-324, doi:10.1002/qj.748.
16. Ebita, A., and et al, 2011: The Japanese 55-year Reanalysis "JRA-55": An interim report. SOLA, 7, 149-152, doi:10.2151/sola.2011-038.
17. Forsythe, N., C. G. Kilsby, H. J. Fowler, and D. R. Archer, 2012: Assessment of runoff sensitivity in the upper Indus basin to interannual climate variability and potential change using MODIS satellite data products. Mt. Res. Dev., 32, 16-29, doi:10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00027.1.
18. Fowler, H. J., and D. R. Archer, 2006: Conflicting signals of climate change in the upper Indus basin. J. Climate, 19, 4276-4293, doi:10.1175/JCLI3860.1.
19. Frey, R. A., S. A. Ackerman, Y. Liu, K. I. Strabala, H. Zhang, J. R. Key, and X. Wang, 2008: Cloud detection with MODIS. Part I: Improvements in the MODIS cloud mask for Collection 5. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 25, 1057-1072, doi:10.1175/2008JTECHA1052.1.
20. Gardelle, J., E. Berthier, and Y. Arnaud, 2012: Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas. Nat. Geosci., 5, 322-325, doi:10.1038/ngeo1450.
21. Gettelman, A., J. E. Kay, and K. M. Shell, 2012: The evolution of climate sensitivity and climate feedbacks in the Community Atmosphere Model. J. Climate, 25, 1453-1469, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00197.1.
22. Grundstein, A. J., and D. J. Leathers, 1998: Acase study of the synoptic patterns influencing midwinter snowmelt across the northern Great Plains. Hydrol. Processes, 12, 2293-2305, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199812)12:15<2293::AID-HYP797>3.0.CO;2-9.
23. Hewitt, K., 2005: The Karakoram Anomaly? Glacier Expansion and the 'Elevation Effect,' Karakoram Himalaya. Mt. Res. Dev., 25, 332-340, doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0332:TKAGEA]2.0.CO;2.
24. Holderness, T., 2011: Python Spatial Image Processing (PyRaster). [Available online at https://github.com/talltom/PyRaster.].
25. Jin, Y., C. B. Schaaf, C. E. Woodcock, F. Gao, X. Li, A. H. Strahler, W. Lucht, and S. Liang, 2003: Consistency of MODIS surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function and albedo retrievals: 2. Validation. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4159, doi:10.1029/2002JD002804.
26. Khan, A., K. S. Richards, G. T. Parker, A. McRobie, and B. Mukhopadhyay, 2014: Howlarge is the upper Indus basin? The pitfalls of auto-delineation using DEMs. J. Hydrol., 509, 442-453, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.028.
27. Khattak, M. S., M. S. Babel, and M. Sharif, 2011: Hydro-meteorological trends in the upper Indus River basin in Pakistan. Climate Res., 46 (2), 103-119, doi:10.3354/cr00957.
28. Kotarba, A. Z., 2010: Satellite-derived cloud climatology over high elevation areas based on circulation types: A 2007 analysis of the Tatra Mountains. Phys.Chem. Earth, 35, 462-468, doi:10.1016/j.pce.2009.11.009.
29. Li, J., and et al, 2005: Retrieval of cloud microphysical properties from MODIS and AIRS. J. Appl. Meteor., 44, 1526-1543, doi:10.1175/JAM2281.1.
30. Lookingbill, T. R., and D. L. Urban, 1993: Spatial estimation of air temperature differences for landscape-scale studies inmontane environments. Agric. For. Meteor., 114, 141-151, doi:10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00196-X.
31. Mace, G. G., Q. Zhang, M. Vaughan, R. Marchand, G. Stephens, C. Trepte, and D. Winker, 2009: Adescription of hydrometeor layer occurrence statistics derived from the first year of merged CloudSat and CALIPSO data. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00A26, doi:10.1029/2007JD009755.
32. Marks, D., and J. Dozier, 1992: Climate and energy exchange at the snow surface in the alpine region of the Sierra Nevada: 2. Snow cover energy balance. Water Resour. Res., 28, 3043-3054, doi:10.1029/92WR01483.
33. Maussion, F., D. Scherer, T. Mölg, E. Collier, J. Curio, and R. Finkelnburg, 2014: Precipitation seasonality and variability over the Tibetan Plateau as resolved by the High Asia Reanalysis. J. Climate, 27, 1910-1927, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00282.1.
34. Mölg, T., F. Maussion, and D. Scherer, 2014: Mid-latitude westerlies as a driver of glacier variability in monsoonal High Asia. Nat. Climate Change, 4, 68-73, doi:10.1038/nclimate2055.
35. Naud, C. M., J. F. Booth, and A. D. Del Genio, 2014: Evaluation of ERA-Interim and MERRA cloudiness in the Southern Ocean. J. Climate, 27, 2109-2124, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00432.1.
36. Pellicciotti, F., C. Buergi, W. W. Immerzeel, M. Konz, and A. B. Shrestha, 2012: Challenges and uncertainties in hydrological modeling of remote Hindu Kush-Karokoram-Himalayan (HKH) basins: Suggestions for calibration strategies. Mt. Res. Dev., 32, 39-50, doi:10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00092.1.
37. Platnick, S., M.D. King, S.A. Ackerman, W. P. Menzel, B.A. Baum, J. C. Riedi, and R. A. Frey, 2003: The MODIS cloud products: Algorithms and examples from Terra. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 459-473, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.808301.
38. Qian, T., A. Dai, and K. E. Trenberth, 2007: Hydroclimatic trends in the Mississippi River Basin from 1948 to 2004. J. Climate, 20, 4599-4614, doi:10.1175/JCLI4262.1.
39. Rienecker, M.M., and et al, 2011: MERRA: NASA'sModern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. J. Climate, 24, 3624-3648, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1.
40. Sade, R., A. Rimmer,M. I. Litaor, E. Shamir, and A. Furman, 2011: The sensitivity of snow-surface temperature equation to sloped terrain. J. Hydrol., 408, 308-313, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.08.001.
41. Saeed, F., S. Hagemann, and D. Jacob, 2012: A framework for the evaluation of the South Asian summer monsoon in a regional climate model applied to REMO. Int. J. Climatol., 32, 430-440, doi:10.1002/joc.2285.
42. Saha, S., and et al, 2010: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Bull. Amer.Meteor. Soc., 91, 1015-1057, doi:10.1175/2010BAMS3001.1.
43. Sherwood, S. C., 2010: Direct versus indirect effects of tropospheric humidity changes on the hydrologic cycle. Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 025206, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025206.
44. Shupe, M. D., and J. M. Intrieri, 2004: Cloud radiative forcing of the Arctic surface: The influence of cloud properties, surface albedo, and solar zenith angle. J. Climate, 17, 616-628, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0616:CRFOTA>2.0.CO;2.
45. Singh, P., N. Kumar, and M. Arora, 2000: Degree-day factors for snow and ice for Dokriana Glacier, Garhwal Himalayas. J. Hydrol., 235, 1-11, doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00249-3.
46. Soden, B. J., I. M. Held, R. Colman, K. M. Shell, J. T. Kiehl, and C.A. Shields, 2008:Quantifying climate feedbacks using radiative kernels. J. Climate, 21, 3504-3520, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI2110.1.
47. Stephens,G. L., 2005: Cloud feedbacks in the climate system: Acritical review. J. Climate, 18, 237-273, doi:10.1175/JCLI-3243.1.
48. Weisz, E., J. Li, W. P. Menzel, A. K. Heidinger, B. H. Kahn, and C.-Y. Liu, 2007: Comparison of AIRS, MODIS, CloudSat and CALIPSO cloud top height retrievals. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17811, doi:10.1029/2007GL030676.
49. White, D. A., 2013: The MODIS Conversion Toolkit plugin for ENVI. [Available online at https://github.com/dawhite/MCTK.].
50. Yadav, R. K., K. Rupa Kumar, and M. Rajeevan, 2009: Increasing influence of ENSO and decreasing influence of AO/NAO in the recent decades over northwest India winter precipitation. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D12112, doi:10.1029/2008JD011318.
51. Zhao, G., and L. Di Girolamo, 2004: A cloud fraction versus view angle technique for automatic in-scene evaluation of the MISR cloud mask. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 860-869, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0860:ACFVVA>2.0.CO;2.
52. Zhou, H., E. Aizen, and V. Aizen, 2013: Deriving long term snow cover extent dataset from AVHRR and MODIS data: Central Asia case study. Remote Sens. Environ., 136, 146-162, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2013.04.015.
53. Zib, B. J., X. Dong, B. Xi, and A. Kennedy, 2012: Evaluation and intercomparison of cloud fraction and radiative fluxes in recent reanalyses over the Arctic using BSRN surface observations. J. Climate, 25, 2291-2305, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00147.1.